针对在受限空间内工作的行波管阵列所面临的多热源、高热流密度、高散热功率冷却问题,研制了一种新型热管冷板.在自行设计建立的试验台上,对新型热管冷板在大倾角下（60°≤θ≤90°）工作时的传热性能进行了系统的试验研究.试验结果表明,在不同加热总功率P（1600-4000W）和不同冷却水流量Q（100-400L/h）下,热管冷板均能在3-15min内正常起动.除了P=1600W、Q＞300L/h情况下的冷板均温性不能符合行波管冷却要求外,其余试验工况下冷板壁面的最大温差ΔTmax＜10℃,冷板壁面的最高温度ΔTmax＜70℃,热管冷板的总热阻＜0.01℃/W,表明新型热管冷板具有优异的均温高效传热性能.为了有效地发挥新型热管冷板的均温高效散热性能,必须保证其在匹配的冷凝段冷却条件和蒸发段加热条件下工作.在试验的倾角范围内,随着倾角的增大,热阻单调递增;冷却水流量增大或加热功率增加时,热管冷板的换热增强,热阻减小.冷板的密度 应该是长*宽*厚，你说的这个应该是长为1000毫米，宽为200毫米，厚为20毫米的钢板，面积就是长乘以宽，1000*200=0.2平方米 重量要用到密度，用长乘以宽乘以高乘以密度就可以了，一般钢密度在7.9千克/立方米左右硅钢片越薄，功率损耗越小，效果越好。整个铁心是有许多硅钢片叠加而成的，每片之间要绝缘。一般买来的硅钢片，表面有一层不导电的氧化膜，有足够的绝缘能力。国产小功率变压器铁心的常用标准可以参考相关的国标规格。 例如一台设计用50Hz，220V电源的变压器，若用25Hz，220V电源，则磁通将要增加一倍，由于磁路饱和，激磁电流剧增，变压器马上烧毁。所以在降频使用时，电源电压必须与频率成正比地下降。另外，在维持磁通不变的条件下，也不能用到400Hz，1600V的电源上。此时虽不存在磁路的饱和问题，但是升频使用时耐压和铁耗却变成了主要矛盾。因为铁耗与频率成1.5～2次方的关系。频率增大时，铁耗增加很多。由于这个原因，一般对于铁心采用0.35mm厚的热轧硅钢片的变压器，50Hz时的磁通密度可达0.9～1T，而400Hz时的磁通密度只能取到0.4T。此外变压器用的绝缘材料的耐压等级是一定的，低压变压器允许的工作电压不超过300-500V。所以在升频使用时，电源电压不能与频率成正比的增加，而只能适当地增加。 为减小交变磁通在铁心中所引起的涡流损耗，铁心一般用厚为0.35～0.5mm的硅钢片叠装而成；并且在硅钢片两面涂以绝缘漆。

4月20日消息： 定义铝铸锻件是指是采用铸造的加工方式而得到的纯铝或铝合金的设备器件。一般是采用砂型模或金属模将加热为液态的铝或铝合金浇入模腔，而得到的各种形状和尺寸的铝零件或铝合金零件通常就称为铝压铸件。 铸造模式铸轧、热轧、冷轧、箔轧 铸轧 连续铸轧是直接将金属熔体“轧制”成半成品带坯或成品带材的工艺，这种工艺的显著特点是使其结晶器为两个带水冷却系统的旋转铸轧辊，熔体在辊缝间完成凝固和热轧两个过程，而且是在很短的时间内。 铸轧工艺参数： 铸轧采用双辊倾斜式铸轧机φ650mm×1600mm和φ980mm×1600mm。前箱内熔体温度，纯铝为685～700℃，3A11为690～705℃；辊缝要求，板坯厚7.0～7.5mm时，纯铝为6.3～6.5mm，3A11为6.0～6.3mm；铸轧区长度，φ650mm铸轧机为40～45mm，φ980mm铸轧机为55～60mm；冷却水压0.3～0.5MPa，水温低于25℃；铸轧速度，纯铝为0.95～1.10m/min，3A11为0.8～0.95m/min；新铸轧辊凸度值：φ650mm铸轧辊时纯铝为0.10～0.12mm，3A11为0.15～0.20mm；φ980mm铸轧辊时，纯铝为0.04～0.06mm，3A11为0.10～0.12mm；供料嘴预热时，加热炉膛定温300℃，保温8h以上；前箱液面高度控制在10～20mm之间。 热轧  热轧就是在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制 热轧优缺点： （1）热轧能显著降低能耗，降低成本。热轧时金属塑性高，变形抗力低，大大减少了金属变形的能量消耗 （2）热轧能改善金属及合金的加工工艺性能，即将铸造状态的粗大晶粒破碎，显著裂纹愈合，减少或消除铸造缺陷，将铸态组织转变为变形组织，提高合金的加工性能。（3）热轧通常采用大铸锭，大压下量轧制，不仅提高了生产效率，而且为提高轧制速度、实现轧制过程的连续化和自动化创造了条件1.经过热轧之后，钢材内部的非金属夹杂物（主要是硫化物和氧化物，还有硅酸盐）被压成薄片，出现分层（夹层）现象。分层使钢材沿厚度方向受拉的性能大大恶化，并且有可能在焊缝收缩时出现层间撕裂。焊缝收缩诱发的局部应变时常达到屈服点应变的数倍，比荷载引起的应变大?枚啵?2.不均匀冷却造成的残余应力。残余应力是在没有外力作用下内部自相平衡的应力，各种截面的热轧型钢都有这类残余应力，一般型钢截面尺寸越大，残余应力也越大。残余应力虽然是自相平衡的，但对钢构件在外力作用下的性能还是有一定影响。如对变形、稳定性、抗疲劳等方面都可能产生不利的作用。3热轧不能非常精确地控制产品所需的力学性能，热轧制品的组织和性能不能够均匀。其强度指标低于冷作硬化制品，而高于完全退火制品;塑性指标高于冷作硬化制品，而低于完全退火制品。4热轧产品厚度尺寸较难控制，控制精度相对较差;热轧制品的表面较冷轧制品粗糙Ra值一般在0.5～1.5μm。因此，热轧产品一般多作为冷轧加工的坯料。 冷轧  冷轧：冷轧是在再结晶温度以下进行的轧制，用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。 冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由于热轧经过连续冷变型而成的冷轧，在机械性能比较差，硬度太高。必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。 冷轧与热轧比较 1、冷轧成型钢允许截面出现局部屈曲，从而可以充分利用杆件屈曲后的承载力；而热轧型钢不允许截面发生局部屈曲。　　2、热轧型钢和冷轧型钢残余应力产生的原因不同，所以截面上的分布也有很大差异。冷弯薄壁型钢截面上的残余应力分布是弯曲型的，而热扎型钢或焊接型钢截面上残余应力分布是薄膜型。　　3、热轧型钢的自由扭转刚度比冷轧型钢高，所以热轧型钢的抗扭性能要优于冷轧型钢。1、外观及表面质量：由于冷板是热板在冷轧工序后得到的，而且冷轧同时还会进行一些表面精整所以冷板在表面质量（如表面粗糙度之类）上比热板来得好，所以如果对产品后序上漆等涂覆质量存在较高要求的，一般选择冷板，另热板又分酸洗板和未酸洗板，酸洗板表面由于酸洗过所以成正常的金属色，但是未冷轧所以表面还是没冷板高，未酸洗板通常表面会有氧化层带着，发乌，或者存在四氧化三铁乌层，通俗讲就是火烤过似的，而且如果存放环境不好的话通常会带点绣。2、性能：一般情况下，热板和冷板在工程中其机械性能是认为无区别的，虽然冷板在冷轧过程中存在一定的加工硬化，（不过不排除对机械性能要求严格的情况，那就需要区别对待了），冷板通常比热板的屈服强度稍高，表面硬度也高一些，具体怎么样需要看冷板退火的程度。。但是不管怎么退火冷板强度是比热板高的。3、成形性能，由于冷热板得性能基本差不太多，所以成形性能的影响因素就要看其表面质量的区别的，由于表面质量是冷板来的要好，所以通常来讲同材质的钢板，冷板比热板的成形外观效果要好一些。 箔轧  铝箔是很薄的带材，在不同国家，厚度不同。我国定为0.2mm以下，铝箔生产以0.4～0.6mm的退火带卷坯为原料，经3～6道次轧制成所要求的厚度，厚度轧制至0.09～0.014mm时则进行双合叠轧，铝箔生产基本工艺流程如下：液体铝→铸锭→锯切→铣面→铸锭加热→热轧→热轧带卷→冷轧→切边/分边→铝箔毛料→退火→初轧→合卷→精轧→铝箔→分切和切边→成品退火→包装→发货。 （一）铝箔坯料     铝箔坯料生产有铸锭热轧和连铸轧两种方法。铝板带生产铝箔采用铸锭热轧法、即半连续铸造出的铸锭经铣面后，加热热轧至0.4～0.6mm。 （二）坯料退火     经冷轧后的带卷坯料塑性差，为进行箔材轧制必须给予退火炉中进行，退火温度一般为400～500℃，退火周期6～12h。 （三）轧制 规模较大的铝箔车间，根据所轧箔材的厚度和轧机专业分工，将轧制工序分为粗轧、中精轧等工序。 （四）分卷 分卷是将叠轧的两张箔材分开，分别卷在两个套筒上。 （五）成品退火 箔材成品退火的目的不仅是为了提高作为包装材料所必需的塑性，而且也是为了消除箔材表面上残留的轧制油，获得表面无油渍、光亮的箔材。 （六）剪切 箔材剪切时应避免边部不齐或损坏的缺陷。其生产的原因是刀片位置不对或刀片不锐所致。 （七）检查 检查包括：卷材外观检查、尺寸检查和表面质量检查。

酸洗板是一个发展中的钢材品种，目前市场需求主要集中在汽车行业、压缩机行业、机械制造行业、零配加工行业、风机行业、摩托车行业、钢家具、五金配件、电柜货架及各种形状的冲压件等。随着技术进步，热轧酸洗板目前已涉及到家电、集装箱、电器控制柜等行业，其中使用热轧酸洗板代替冷板在一些行业发展很快。 1、汽车行业 热轧酸洗涂油板是汽车业需要的新钢种，其较好的表面质量、厚度公差、加工性能，可以替代车身覆盖件和以往用冷轧板生产的汽车零部件，由此降低原材料成本10%左右。随着经济的发展，汽车的生产也大幅增加，板材的使用量不断提高，国内汽车行业许多车型的零部件原设计要求使用热轧酸洗板，如：轿车的副车架、车轮轮辐、前后桥总成、卡车箱板、防护网、汽车大梁以及零配件等，由于国内热轧酸洗板的供应不足，汽车厂一般用冷板或热板代替或自行酸洗。 酸洗板卷规格2、农用车、摩托车行业 农用车制造业近年来发展迅速，其中山东市场的农用车行业发展较快，全年冷热板整体需求约为40万吨，很多农用车生产厂家愿意用酸洗板代替冷板以求降低成本，其中可“以热代冷”的部位主要是驾驶室内板、挡风板，所需规格主要为0.8—1.5×1000—1250mm等。 摩托车的轮毂也可以使用酸洗板。目前摩托车轮毂一般使用2.0mm冷板，由于成本高和厚规格的冷板较难采购，部分厂家一度改用热轧板，但热轧板又存在表面质量较差的问题，难以满足厂家的需要。使用酸洗板则可以满足用户对成本和质量的双重要求。 3、机械行业 热轧酸洗板主要用于纺织机械、矿山机械、风机以及一些通用机械等。比如制造家用冰箱、空调的压缩机壳体和上下盖，动力压缩机的压力容器和消声器，螺杆式空压机的底座等。其中家用冰箱、空调压缩机使用酸洗板最多，对酸洗板深冲性能要求较高，材质主要为SPHC、SPHD、SPHE、SAPH370，厚度范围在1.0-4.5mm，需求规格以2.0-3.5mm量最大，有关资料显示，今年上半年冰箱压缩机，空调压缩机所需热轧酸洗板分别为8万吨和13.5万吨。风机行业现主要使用冷轧板和热轧板，热轧酸洗板可以代替冷板用于制造鼓风机、通风机的叶轮、壳体、法兰、消声器、底座、平台等。 4、其他行业 其他行业应用主要有自行车零件、各种焊管、电气柜、高速公路护栏、超市货架、仓库货架、栅栏、热水器内胆、制桶、铁梯以及各种形状的冲压件。随着经济的不断发展，零配加工遍布各行业，加工厂如雨后春笋迅速发展，对板材的需求大大增加，同时也增加了热轧酸洗板潜在需求量。 三、酸洗板市场前景 酸洗板是以优质热轧薄板为原料，经酸洗机组去除氧化层，切边，精整后，表面质量和使用要求（主要是冷弯成型或冲压性能）介于热轧板和冷轧板之间的中间产品，是部分热轧板和冷轧板理想的替代产品。与热轧板相比，酸洗板的优势主要在于：1）表面质量好，由于热轧酸洗板去除了表面氧化铁皮，提高了钢材的表面质量，便于焊接、涂油和上漆。2）尺寸精度高，平整后，可使板型发生一定变化，从而减少不平度的偏差。3）提高了表面光洁度，增强了外观效果。4）能减少用户分散酸洗造成的环境污染。与冷轧板相比，酸洗板的优势在于在保证表面质量使用要求的前提下，使用户有效的降低采购成本。目前，许多企业对钢材的高性能、低成本提出越来越高的要求。随着轧钢工艺技术不断进步，热轧薄板的性能正向冷轧板接近，使“以热代冷”在技术上得以实现。可以说，酸洗板是介于冷轧板和热轧板之间的性能价格比比较高的一种产品，有着良好的市场发展前景。但是从目前看，酸洗板在我国各个行业的使用才刚刚起步，专业的酸洗板生产从2001年9月宝钢酸洗生产线投产开始。 酸洗板市场主要体现在以下四个方面：替代冷轧、替代热轧、替代进口和替代小酸洗。其中替代进口和小酸洗实际上是已有的市场，市场有限也不可能完全替代。而随着汽车、机械、轻工等行业的快速发展，企业面临这市场竞争带来的巨大的压力，对产品成本和产品质量要求日益提高，酸洗板以其较高的性价比完全替代部分冷板和热板，必将逐渐为用户所认可。在钢材的深加工加工过程中，需对其表面进行酸洗除锈处理。常用的酸洗液为和硫酸，现大多数企业已不再使用硫酸，改用。 钢材经酸洗后，会产生大量的酸洗废液。酸洗废液的组成主要是氯化氢、氯化亚铁和水等少量杂质。其含量随酸洗工艺、操作温度、钢材品种和规格不同而异，一般含氯化亚铁10～20%，氯化氢 3～10%。 酸洗废液按国家环保要求是不能直接排放的，传统的处理方法是采用焙烧回收法和中和法。焙烧回收法投资巨大，一般企业无法接受。中和法是现有钢铁企业普遍采用的方法，但其存在的缺点也较突出，一方面要消耗大量的碱性药剂（如烧碱、石灰等），处理成本十分昂贵，另一方面又会生成大量难以处置的含铁污泥，对环境造成变相二次污染。 针对钢铁行业酸洗废水的特点，科研单位做了大量的研究开发工作，成功地开发了一套钢材酸洗废液处理系统。该系统为全封闭系统，达到零排放标准，回收和氯化亚铁。如能进一步深加工可生产液体、聚合等水处理絮凝剂产品。 铁盐絮凝剂是目前经济高效的废水处理絮凝剂其独有的脱色能力，适用于染料、染料中间体及印染行业的污水处理。能简化水处理工艺，缩短水处理周期，降低水处理成本，提高处理水质十分有效。对各类电镀废水有明显的处理效果，对废水中各种重金属离子的去除率接近100%。

新疆证券周德昕分析认为，人民币升值对钢铁行业总体影响偏中性，出口影响不大，进口压力增大；对有色金属行业的影响，大金属偏利好，小金属偏利空，贵金属偏中性。钢铁行业：短期面临三大影响首先，人民 币升值有利于钢铁企业降低成本。预计２００５年我国矿石进口量为２亿吨，需１１２０亿人民币，升值２％可以节省２２亿元的成本支出，每吨钢的成本因此下降７元，虽然成本下降有限，但对进口铁矿石依赖度较高的钢厂仍构成利好。其次，进口压力加大。我国年进口钢材在３０００万吨以上，其中７０％以上为国内无法生产或者是产能不足的冷板、镀锌等。在目前市场需求萎缩、消费不旺的情况下，本币升值引发的进口量增加将加大冷轧产品的价格压力。以进口的１ＭＭ冷轧薄板分析，７月２０日欧盟市场价格在每吨４８０欧元／吨，美国市场价格在５６０美元／吨，独联体和卡钢对出口中国报价在５４０美元／吨，加上各种税费，大致可计算出进口欧美冷板的成本在５９４３元ＲＭＢ／吨，进口独联体冷板成本为５７３８元／吨。而国内７月２２日冷板１．０＊１２５０＊２５００ｍ／ｍＳＴ１２成交价格在５７７５元／吨。人民币升值２％将使得其冷轧产品进口成本节省１１５元／吨。第三，出口方面的负面影响较小。目前，出口退税的大幅下降和控制低端钢铁的出口，已经使大部分厂商将出口转移至国内市场，因此企业的出口销售收入受人民币升值影响不会很大。２００４年我国钢材、钢坯、铁合金合计出口总额为１３３亿美元，即使２００５年出口总额维持２００４年水平，升值２％也仅使国内钢铁业减少收入２１亿元。上市公司出口业务较大的主要有鞍钢、宝钢、华菱、武钢。从中长期看，虽然“通过国际市场来转移国内过剩的钢铁产能”是２００４年政府努力的方向，但由于人民币继续升值将可能是中长期趋势，因此国内钢材的进口增加和出口减少将是不可避免的，这对本已过剩的钢铁行业会造成进一步压力。当然压力程度还要取决于未来人民币继续升值的幅度和时机。有色金属：短期影响有限出口导向型企业短期不受冲击。一般来说，完全国际化定价的国内有色金属价格将会因人民币升值２％而下跌２％。可是，虽然目前国内的沪金属对ＬＭＥ、ＣＯＭＥＸ金属有一定影响，但国际铜价受资金推动的走势较坚挺，人民币小幅升值对国际资本继续维持有色金属价格影响甚微，因此短期对出口导向的有色金属企业冲击不会很大。利好原料进口型企业。作为有色金属生产大国和资源稀缺国，中国需进口大量原料，同时将部分加工品出口。人民币升值对需要进口大量有色金属矿产品的有色金属冶炼企业是利好，它们可以在一定程度上降低生产成本，但对不同品种和公司的影响会有差异。电解铝已提前消化不利影响。值得一提的是，日前，新政策将终止氧化铝及铁合金加工贸易的税收优惠，这两项产品将不再享有８％的出口退税及免除１７％增值税的优惠待遇。该政策将使电解铝出口大幅下降，４月以来的传闻已经使得电解铝企业减少了氧化铝加工贸易和产品出口，因此人民币升值带给电解铝出口企业的负面影响已经被该政策掩盖掉了。

冷轧板带用途很广，如汽车制造、电气产品、机车车辆、航空、精密仪表、食品罐头等。 　　冷轧薄钢板是普通碳素结构钢冷轧板的简称，也称冷轧板，俗称冷板，有时会被误写成冷扎板。冷板是由普通碳素结构钢热轧钢带，经过进一步冷轧制成厚度小于4mm的钢板。由于在常温下轧制，不产生氧化铁皮，因此，冷板表面质量好，尺寸精度高，再加之退火处理，其机械性能和工艺性能都优于热轧薄钢板，在许多领域里，特别是家电制造领域，已逐渐用它取代热轧薄钢板。 　　适用牌号：Q195、Q215、Q235、Q275；SPCC（日本牌号）；ST12（德国牌号） 　　符号：冷轧板的用途 　　1、Q—普通碳素结构钢屈服点（极限）的代号，它是“屈”的第一个汉语拼音字母的大小写；195、215、235、255、275—分别表示它们屈服点（极限）的数值，单位：兆帕MPa（N/mm2）；由于Q235钢的强度、塑性、韧性和焊接性等综合机械性能在普通碳素结构钢中属最了，能较好地满足一般的使用要求，所以应用范围十分广泛。 　　2、S-钢（Steel）、P-板（Plate）、C-冷轧（cold）、第四位C-普通级（common）。 　　3、ST-钢（Steel）、12-普通级冷轧薄钢板、　 　　标记：尺寸精度—尺寸—钢板品种标准 　　冷轧钢板：钢号—技术条件标准 　　标记示例：B-0.57501500-GB708-88；钢板、标准号Q/BQB402，牌号SPCC，热处理状态退火+平整（S），表央加工状态为麻面D，表面质量为FB级的切边（切边EC，不切边EM）钢板、厚度0.5mm，B级精度，宽度1000mm，A级精度，长度2000mm，A级精度，不平度精度为PF.A，则标记为：钢板ECQ/BQB 402-SPCC-SD-FB/（0.51000A2000A-PF.A）； 　　冷轧钢板：Q225-GB912-89 　　主要产地有：宝钢、鞍钢、本钢、武钢、邯钢、包钢、唐钢、涟钢、济钢等 　　冷轧普通薄钢板 ：由普通碳素结构钢或低合金结构钢冷轧制成。冷轧板表面质量较好。具有良好的冲压性能。对其要求要保证冷弯和杯试验合格，常用于汽车等行业和镀层板的原料。 　　冷轧优质薄钢板：主要包括各种优质钢冷轧薄板，最常用的是碳素结构钢板，尤其是深冲压用冷轧薄钢板，是由低碳优质钢08Al冷轧的薄板，钢板按表面质量分为三组；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ，分别表示特别高级、高级、较高的精整表面,按拉延级别分为ZF、HF、F级（代表用于冲制拉延最复杂、很复杂、复杂的零件）,根据钢板厚度允许偏差，又分为A、B两级精度、广泛用于汽车拖拉机工业。 　　冷轧钢板，表面光洁，加工优良，用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及产业设备、各种建筑材料。随着经济发展，冷轧钢板已被称为现代社会的必须材料。 冷轧产品的分类： 热轧酸洗、轧硬卷、普通冷轧、镀锌（电镀锌、耐指纹、热镀锌）、镀铝锌、电镀锡、彩涂、电工钢（矽钢片）等。 　　1、热轧酸洗：　　2、轧 硬 卷：在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。

08铝压块：冷轧板热轧板利用过（一般都是冲过）后剩下来的尾料，压成块后卖到钢厂回炉炼钢。北方地区常以此来命名，而在广东地区则称之为冲花边料，在川渝地区则称之为轻料（因为比较薄的缘故），华东地区称之为冲板料、冷板料等等。 该料型因为含碳低，无锈，故价格在废钢之中属于较高的一类，多被小炉拿来降碳用，一般从汽车厂、冰箱洗衣机厂等出来的比较多。

热卷规格为:2.75*1500*C、3.0*1500*C、3.25*1500*C、3.5*1500*C、3.75*1500*C、4.25*1500*C、4.5*1500*C、4.75*1500*C、5.25*1500*C、5.5*1500*C、5.75*1500*C、6.5*1500*C、7.25*1500C、7.5*1500*C、7.75*1500*C、9.25*1500*C、9.5*1500*C、9.75*1500*C、11.25*1500*C、11.5*1500*C、11.75*1500*C... 中厚板规格板材：（1）中厚板 ：钢板是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。按厚度为为薄钢板(厚度 4毫米)在实际工作中 ，常将厚度 20-60毫米的钢板称为厚板，厚度>60毫米的钢板称为特厚板，统称为中厚钢板。宽度比较小，长度很长的钢板，称为钢带，列为一个独立的品种。钢板有很大的覆盖和包容能力，可用作屋面板、苫盖材料以及制造容器、储油罐、包装箱、火车车箱、汽车外壳、工业炉的壳体等：可按使用要求进行剪裁与组合，制成各种结构件和机械零件，还可制成焊接型钢，进一步扩大钢板的使用范围；可以进行弯曲和冲压成型，制成锅炉、容器、冲制汽车外壳、民用器皿、器具、还可用作焊接钢管、冷弯型钢的坯料。钢板成张或成卷供应。成张钢板的规格以厚度*宽度*长度的毫米数表示。熟悉板、带材的规格，在宽度和长度上充分利用，对提高材料利用率，减少不适当的边角余料、降低工时及产品成本，有十分重要的意义。 普中板、低合金板、容器板 锅炉板 桥梁板、船板。注：这几种板材均出自中厚板轧机，只是由于炼钢所加入材料的不同而区分开来，其外形、厚度、规格基本设置基本相同，一般厚度为6-120mm，其中6 mm、8 mm、10 mm、12mm中厚板价格依次降低，6mm中厚板价格在其中属最贵档次；14-30mm为常用规格，价格处于同一水平；32-49mm属于厚板系列，价格处于同一水平，比常用规格板价格略贵；50-120mm属于超厚板系列，50-90mm板价格处于同一水平，90mm以上规格板价格随着厚度的增加将提高。中厚板代表规格为20mm。 （2）板卷：a、热轧板卷：热轧，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成钢带。从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。简单点儿来说，一块钢坯在加热后（就是电视里那种烧的红红的发烫的钢块）精过几道轧制，再切边，矫正成为钢板，这种叫热轧。 热轧板卷（以平板形式或者卷板形式存在）一般厚度在2.0-13.5mm之间，其中2.0-3.0mm热卷价格从薄到厚逐渐降低；大部分钢厂3.1mm-13.5mm价格基本相当，部分厂家、市场3.1-4.0mm以及9.5mm-13.5mm热板卷价格可能高于4.0mm-9.5mm板的价格，热板卷代表规格为5.5mm厚产品，正常情况下平板的价格略高于卷板的价格。 b、冷轧板卷：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制，内径为610mm。冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。 冷轧板卷（以平板形式或者卷板形式存在）一般厚度在0.2mm-3.0mm之间，其中0.2mm-1mm(不包括1.0mm) 产品价格从薄到厚逐渐降低，1.0mm-2.0mm产品价格基本相当，大于2.0mm小于等于3.0mm冷板卷价格略高于1.0mm-2.0mm组距冷板卷价格，冷轧板卷的代表规格为1.0mm，正常情况下平板的价格略高于卷板的价格。 c、镀锌板卷：镀锌钢板是为防止钢板表面遭受腐蚀，延长其使用寿命，在钢板表面涂以一层金属锌，这种涂锌的薄钢板称为镀锌板。按生产及加工方法可分为以下几类：①热浸镀锌钢板。将薄钢板浸入熔解的锌槽中，使其表面粘附一层锌的薄钢板。目前主要采用连续镀锌工艺生产，即把成卷的钢板连续浸在熔解有锌的镀槽中制成镀锌钢板；②合金化镀锌钢板。这种钢板也是用热浸法制造，但在出槽后，立即把它加热到500℃左右，使其生成锌和铁的合金被膜。这种镀锌板具有良好的涂料的密着性和焊接性；③电镀锌钢板。用电镀法制造这种镀锌钢板具有良好的加工性。但镀层较薄，耐腐蚀性不如热浸法镀锌板；④单面镀和双面差镀锌钢板。单面镀锌钢板，即只在一面镀锌的产品。在焊接、涂装、防锈处理、加工等方面，具有比双面镀锌板更好的适应性。为克服单面未涂锌的缺点，又有一种在另面涂以薄层锌的镀锌板，即双面差镀锌板；⑤合金、复合镀锌钢板。它是用锌和其他金属如铅、锌制成合金乃至复合镀成的钢板。这种钢板既具有卓越的防锈性能，又有良好的涂装性能。 除上述五种外，还有彩色镀锌钢板、印花涂装镀锌钢板、聚氯乙烯叠层镀锌钢板等。但目前最常用的仍为热浸镀锌板。 镀锌钢板按用途又可分为一般用、屋顶用、建筑外侧板用、结构用、瓦垄板用、拉伸用和深冲用等镀锌钢板。 镀锌板：一般规格在0.3mm-2.0mm，其价格从薄到厚逐渐降低，镀锌板卷代表规格为1.0mm。 d、彩涂板卷：一般彩涂的基板有热镀锌和镀铝锌的。就是在热镀锌板和镀铝锌板上喷涂料，经过几次喷涂，烤漆后加工出来的就是彩涂板啦！！彩涂板的基板可以分成冷轧基板、热镀锌基板、电镀锌基板。 彩涂板的涂层种类可以分成：聚酯、硅改性聚酯、偏聚二氟乙烯、塑料溶胶。彩涂板的颜色可以按用户的要求分成很多种类如桔黄、奶黄、深天蓝、海蓝、绯红、砖红、象牙、瓷蓝等。彩涂板的表面状态可以分成涂层板、压花板、印花板。彩涂板市场用途主要分为建筑、家电和交通运输等三部分，其中建筑领域所占比例最大，家电业次之，交通运输业只占较少一部分。建筑用彩涂板一般以热镀锌钢板和热镀铝锌钢板为基板，主要加工成瓦楞板或与聚酯复合夹芯板后，用于建造钢结构厂房、机场、库房、冷冻库等工业和商业建筑的屋顶、墙面、门。 家电彩板一般以电镀锌和冷板为基板，用于生产冰箱和大型空调系统，冰柜、面包机、家具等。交通运输业上一般以电镀锌和冷板为基板，主要用于油底壳，汽车内饰件等。 彩涂板：一般规格在0.25 mm -0.7mm，其价格从薄到厚逐渐降低，彩涂板卷代表规格为0.47mm。

低合金高强度结构钢旧标准称低合金结构钢，又叫普通低合金结构钢。    1.牌号Q295钢，钢中只含有极少量的合金元素，强度不高，但有良好的塑性、冷弯、焊接及耐蚀性能。主要用于建筑结构，工业厂房，低压锅炉，低、中压化工容器，油罐，管道， 起重机，拖拉机，车辆及对强度要求不高的一般工程结构。 低合金板用途   2.牌号Q345、Q390钢，综合力学性能好，焊接性能、冷热加工性能和耐蚀性能均好，C、 D、E级钢具有良好的低温韧性。主要用于船舶，锅炉，压力容器，石油储罐，桥梁，电站设备，起重运输机械及其他较高载荷的焊接结构件。    3.牌号Q420钢，强度高，特别是在正火或正火加回火状态有较高的综合力学性能。主要用于大型船舶，桥梁，电站设备，中、高压锅炉，高压容器，机车车辆，起重机械，矿山机 械及其他大型焊接结构件。    4.牌号Q460钢，强度最高，在正火，正火加回火或淬火加回火状态有很高的综合力学性能，全部用铝补充脱氧，质量等级为C、D、E级，可保证钢的良好韧性的备用钢种。用于各 种大型工程结构及要求强度高，载荷大的轻型结构。 轧薄钢板是普通碳素结构钢冷轧板的简称，也称冷轧板，俗称冷板，有时会被误写成冷扎板。冷板是由普通碳素结构钢热轧钢带，经过进一步冷轧制成厚度小于4mm的钢板。由于在常温下轧制，不产生氧化铁皮，因此，冷板表面质量好，尺寸精度高，再加之退火处理，其机械性能和工艺性能都优于热轧薄钢板，在许多领域里，特别是家电制造领域，已逐渐用它取代热轧薄钢板。  适用牌号：Q195、Q215、Q235、Q275；SPCC（日本牌号）；ST12（德国牌号）  符号：  1、Q—普通碳素结构钢屈服点（极限）的代号，它是“屈”的第一个汉语拼音字母的大小写；195、215、235、255、275—分别表示它们屈服点（极限）的数值，单位：兆帕MPa（N/mm2）；由于Q235钢的强度、塑性、韧性和焊接性等综合机械性能在普通碳素结构钢中属最了，能较好地满足一般的使用要求，所以应用范围十分广泛。  2、S-钢（Steel）、P-板（Plate）、C-冷轧（cold）、第四位C-普通级（common）。  3、ST-钢（Steel）、12-普通级冷轧薄钢板、  标记：尺寸精度—尺寸—钢板品种标准  冷轧钢板：钢号—技术条件标准  标记示例：B-0.57501500-GB708-88；钢板、标准号Q/BQB402，牌号SPCC，热处理状态退火+平整（S），表央加工状态为麻面D，表面质量为FB级的切边（切边EC，不切边EM）钢板、厚度0.5mm，B级精度，宽度1000mm，A级精度，长度2000mm，A级精度，不平度精度为PF.A，则标记为：钢板ECQ/BQB 402-SPCC-SD-FB/（0.51000A2000A-PF.A）；  冷轧钢板：Q225-GB912-89  主要产地有：宝钢、鞍钢、本钢、武钢、邯钢、包钢、唐钢、涟钢、济钢等  冷轧普通薄钢板 ：由普通碳素结构钢或低合金结构钢冷轧制成。冷轧板表面质量较好。具有良好的冲压性能。对其要求要保证冷弯和杯试验合格，常用于汽车等行业和镀层板的原料。  冷轧优质薄钢板：主要包括各种优质钢冷轧薄板，最常用的是碳素结构钢板，尤其是深冲压用冷轧薄钢板，是由低碳优质钢08Al冷轧的薄板，钢板按表面质量分为三组；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ，分别表示特别高级、高级、较高的精整表面,按拉延级别分为ZF、HF、F级（代表用于冲制拉延最复杂、很复杂、复杂的零件）,根据钢板厚度允许偏差，又分为A、B两级精度、广泛用于汽车拖拉机工业。  冷轧钢板，表面光洁，加工优良，用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及产业设备、各种建筑材料。随着经济发展，冷轧钢板已被称为现代社会的必须材料。 冷轧产品的分类： 热轧酸洗、轧硬卷、普通冷轧、镀锌（电镀锌、耐指纹、热镀锌）、镀铝锌、电镀锡、彩涂、电工钢（矽钢片）等。  冷轧板是一定规格尺寸的平板，市场需求量大。  卷起来的话就叫冷轧卷板，适用于自动进料的机器。

一般情况下，选用波纹管的材料应满足下列条件： （1）良好的朔性，便于波纹管的加工成形，且能通过随后的处理工艺（冷作硬化、热处理等），获得中够的硬度和强度。 汽车波纹管（2）高的弹性极限、抗拉强度和疲劳强度，保证波纹管正常工作。 （3）良好的焊接性能，满足波纹管在制作过程中的焊接工艺要求。 （4）较好的耐腐蚀性能，满足波纹管在不同环境下工作。 一般来说，大多数生产厂家都采用奥氏体不锈钢材料牌号 备注 0Cr18Ni9 推荐材料，相当于国外304 00Cr19Ni10 相当于国外304L 0Cr17NiMo2 相当于国外316 00Cr17Ni4Mo2 相当于国外316L 金属材料详细分类 普通钢板： 热板、热卷、冷板、冷卷、酸洗板、酸洗卷、热连轧钢板、碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢热轧厚钢板、碳素结构钢和低合金结构热轧薄钢板、碳素结构钢和低合金结构冷轧薄钢板、优质碳素结构钢热轧薄钢板、优质碳素结构钢热轧薄弱钢板、优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄弱钢板、合金结构钢热轧厚钢板、合金结构钢薄钢板、高强度结构钢热处理和控轧钢板.

今天开市，国内冷轧卷板商场报价暂稳。据云商渠道监测数据显现，到10月31日，国内十个要点中心城市冷板的平均报价为4688元(吨价，下同)，与上个工作日比较涨1元。期货商场，今天螺纹、热卷等产品开盘便反向震动上行，一改前几日的下行趋势，对商场报价起到了提振效果。 受今天期货影响，现货报价稍显坚硬，今天全国冷轧报价暂稳行情为主，尽管成交状况体现偏弱，但贸易商惜货心态较浓，报价一向居高不下，因而下流多张望为主，出现需求体现一般，仍是按需拿货状况。现在部分供应商表明，现在商场库存正常，再加上商场成交状况近来体现一般，对后市心情不报达观。综上所述，估计短时间内冷轧报价或将盘整运转。　　整体来看，11月份京津冀及周边地区将有更多的城市履行防污管理计划，钢材商场大概率连续供需两弱格式，钢价或仍会因“限产令”、“罢工令”走出震动动摇行情。因为节后钢材库存去化速度偏慢，紫铜板供应商盈余水步，下流对高价位仍有冲突心思，钢价上行动力仍不强。不过，如明日沙钢等干流钢厂调价仍坚硬，则供应商也不肯继续亏本出货，短期钢价有望偏强震动运转。         

钢的编号和表示方法            ①用国际化学元素符号和本国的符号来表示化学成份，用阿拉伯字母来表示成份含量：            如：中国、俄国 12CrNi3A            ②用固定位数数字来表示钢类系列或数字；如：美国、日本、300系、400系、200系；            ③用拉丁字母和顺序组成序号，只表示用途。            我国的编号规则            ①采用元素符号            ②用途、汉语拼音，平炉钢：P、 沸腾钢：F、 镇静钢：B、甲类钢：A、T8：特8、GCr15：滚珠            ◆合结钢、弹簧钢，如：20CrMnTi 60SiMn、（用万分之几表示C含量）            ◆不锈钢、合金工具钢（用千分之几表示C含量），如：1Cr18Ni9 千分之一（即0.1%C）,不锈 C≤0.08%             如0Cr18Ni9,超低碳C≤0.03% 如0Cr17Ni13Mo            国际不锈钢标示方法            美国钢铁学会是用三位数字来标示各种标准级的可锻不锈钢的。其中：            ①奥氏体型不锈钢用200和300系列的数字标示，            ②铁素体和马氏体型不锈钢用400系列的数字表示。例如，某些较普通的奥氏体不锈钢是以201、 304、 316以及310为标记，            ③铁素体不锈钢是以430和446为标记，马氏体不锈钢 是以410、420以及440C为标记，双相（奥氏体－铁素体），            ④不锈钢、沉淀硬化不锈钢以及含铁量低于50%的高合金通常是采用专利名称或商标命名。            4)．标准的分类和分级            4-1分级：            ①国家标准GB            ②行业标准YB            ③地方标准            ④企业标准Q/CB            4-2 分类：            ①产品标准            ②包装标准            ③方法标准            ④基础标准            4-3 标准水平（分三级）：            Y级：国际先进水平            I级：国际一般水平            H级：国内先进水平            4-4国标            GB1220-84 不锈棒材（I级）            GB4241-84 不锈焊接盘园（H级）            GB4356-84 不锈焊接盘园（I级）            GB1270-80 不锈管材（I级）            GB12771-91 不锈焊管（Y级）            GB3280-84 不锈冷板（I级）            GB4237-84 不锈热板（I级）            GB4239-91 不锈冷带（I级）

金属材料详细分类 普通钢板： 热板、热卷、冷板、冷卷、酸洗板、酸洗卷、热连轧钢板、碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢热轧厚钢板、碳素结构钢和低合金结构热轧薄钢板、碳素结构钢和低合金结构冷轧薄钢板、优质碳素结构钢热轧薄钢板、优质碳素结构钢热轧薄弱钢板、优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄弱钢板、合金结构钢热轧厚钢板、合金结构钢薄钢板、高强度结构钢热处理和控轧钢板. 专用钢板：  花纹板标准弹簧钢热轧薄钢板、碳素工具钢热轧钢板、高速工具钢钢板、耐热钢板、铜钢复合钢板、厚度方向性能钢板、花纹钢板、深冲压用冷轧薄钢板、汽车制造用优质碳素结构热轧钢板、汽车大梁用热轧钢板、犁壁用热轧三层钢板、锅炉用钢板、锅炉用碳素钢和低合金钢板、压力容器用碳素钢和低合金钢厚钢板、低温压力容器用低合金钢钢板、低温压力容器用低合金厚钢板、焊接气瓶用钢板、压缩机阀片用热轧薄钢板、塑料模具用热轧厚钢板、日用搪瓷用冷轧薄钢板、200L油桶用热轧碳素结构钢薄钢板、200L油桶用冷轧薄钢板和热镀锌薄钢板、多层压力容器用低合金钢板、焊接结构用耐候钢板、高耐候结构钢板、船体用结构钢板、电磁纯铁热轧厚板、冷弯波形钢板、压焊钢格栅板、建筑用压型钢板、电工用热轧硅钢薄钢板、冷轧电工钢带、电磁纯铁冷轧薄板、钛—钢复合板、镍-钢复合钢板. 钢带（带钢）： 热轧钢带、冷轧钢带、热连轧钢带、碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢热轧钢带、碳素结构钢和低合金结构热轧和冷轧钢带、优质碳素结构钢热轧宽钢带、优质碳素结构钢热轧钢带、优质碳素结构钢冷轧钢带、高强度结构钢热处理和控轧钢带、深冲压用冷轧钢带、汽车制造用优质碳素结构热轧钢带、犁壁用热轧宽钢带、日用搪瓷用冷轧钢带、晶粒取向硅钢（片）薄钢带、碳素结构钢冷轧钢带；碳素结构钢和低合金结构钢热轧钢带；优质碳素结构钢热轧钢带；优质碳素结构钢冷轧钢带；低碳钢冷轧钢带；热处理弹簧钢带；弹簧钢、工具钢冷轧钢带；压力容器用热轧钢带；自行车链条用冷轧钢带；自行车用热轧碳素钢和低合金钢宽带及钢板；自行车用冷轧碳素宽钢带和钢板；自行车用热轧钢带；自行车用冷轧钢带；手表用碳素工具钢冷轧钢带；刮脸刀片用冷轧钢带；工业链条用冷轧钢带；锯条用冷轧钢带；机器锯条用高速工具钢热轧钢带；铠装电缆用冷轧钢带；铠装电缆用钢带；灯头用冷轧钢带；金属软管用碳素钢冷轧钢带；包装用钢带、焊接钢管用钢带. 普通型钢： 工字钢、槽钢、角钢（角铁）、圆钢和方钢、扁钢、六角钢和八角钢、L型钢、H型钢和T型钢、异型钢. 专用型钢： 结构钢、工具钢、轴承钢、重轨及重轨配件、轻轨、起重机钢轨、电梯导轨、球扁钢、矿用工字钢、农用复合钢、银亮钢、钢桩钢、支撑钢、中空钢、模具钢、气瓶料、工业纯铁、成品钎钢、标准件用钢、履带板用型钢、拖拉机大梁用槽钢、船用锚链圆钢、齿轮钢、电工钢、合金圆钢、轮网钢、复合扁钢、冷弯型钢、冷拉型钢、U形C形Z形型钢、耐热耐候耐腐蚀钢. 线材： 螺纹钢、镀锌线、普线、高线、铁线、弹簧钢丝、盘圆（条）、焊线、优线、硬线、普碳圆钢、冷拉带肋钢筋、冷拉扭钢筋、直条、铁丝、冷拔丝. 不锈钢： 不锈型材、不锈线材、不锈钢板、不锈卷板、不锈钢管、不锈无缝管、不锈焊管、不锈带钢、不锈钢丝、不锈钢丝绳、不锈钢坯、不锈钢金属制品、不锈直条、不锈弯头、不锈薄壁钢管、不锈钢复合钢板、不锈钢棒、不锈钢热轧钢带、不锈钢和耐热钢冷轧钢带、弹簧用不锈钢冷轧钢带、磁头用不锈钢冷轧钢带、彩色显像管弹簧用不锈钢冷轧钢带、手表用不锈钢冷轧钢带； 无缝钢管： 普通无缝钢管、方形管、矩形管、结构用无缝钢管、输送流体用无缝管、冷拔或冷轧精密无缝管、冷拔无缝异型钢管、汽车半轴套管用无缝管、船舶用碳钢和碳锰钢无缝钢管、柴油机用高压无缝管、低中压锅炉用无缝管、液压和气动缸筒用精密内径无缝管、高压锅炉用无缝管、化肥设备用高压无缝管、石油裂化用无缝管、金刚石岩芯钻探用无缝管、液压支柱用热轧无缝管； 焊接钢管： 直缝电焊钢管、双层卷焊钢管、低压流体输送用焊接钢管、传动轴用电焊钢管、低压流体输送用大直径电焊钢管、低中压锅炉用电焊钢管、换热器用焊接钢管、带式输送机托辊用电焊钢管、深井水泵用电焊钢管、矿用流体输送电焊钢管、普通碳素钢电线套管、钢窗用电焊异型钢管、吹氧焊管、公制焊管、汽车用管、变压器管、电焊薄壁管、波纹管、石油天然气输送管道用螺旋缝埋弧焊钢管； 镀涂类： 热镀锌钢板（镀锌铁皮或白铁皮）、电镀锌薄钢板、镀铅合金薄钢板（镀铅板）、热镀锡钢板、电镀锡钢板（马口铁）、塑料复合钢板卷、镀铝板卷、镀铬板卷、热镀锌卷、电镀锌卷、热镀锡卷、电镀锡卷、彩涂卷、热镀锌钢带、电镀锌钢带、热镀锡钢带、电镀锡钢带、镀锌电缆钢带、镀锡电缆钢带、涂漆电缆钢带、热镀锌钢管、电镀锌钢管、彩色涂层钢板、彩色涂层钢带、镀铬钢带、低压流体输送用镀锌焊接钢管、P3型镀锌金属软管、单张热镀锌薄钢板、连续热镀锌薄钢板、连续热镀铝硅合金钢板、连续电镀锌冷轧钢板、连续热浸镀锌铝稀土合金镀层钢板、连续热浸镀铝锌硅合金镀层钢板、热镀铅合金冷轧碳素薄钢板、宽度不于700mm连续热镀锌钢带、连续热镀锌钢带、连续热镀铝硅合金钢带、连续电镀锌冷轧钢带、连续热浸镀锌铝稀土合金镀层钢带、连续热浸镀铝锌硅合金镀层钢带、电镀铅锡合金钢带、铠装电缆用镀锌钢带、同轴电缆用电镀锡钢带； 生铁炉料： 炼钢生铁、铸造生铁、球墨铸造用生铁、硅铁、锰铁、铬铁、金属锰、金属铬、锰硅合金、合金、硅铬合金、钼铁、钨铁、钒铁、钛铁、复合铁合金、铁矿、锰矿、普废钢、不锈废钢、煤炭、焦炭、焦副产品、耐材、电解锰、稀土、稀土镁、稀土硅、水渣、碳素、辅料； 有色金属： 电解铜、铜锭、铜管、铜带、铜棒；铝锭、铝板、铝管、铝带、铝棒；铅锭、铅板；锡锭、焊锡；镍板；锌；锑；镁：钨；钼；稀有金属； 金属制品： 钢丝、钢丝绳、钢绞线、型材制品、标准件； 其他钢材： 钢锭、铸铁管、钢坯、板坯、方坯、管坯、车轮、轮箍、盘件、环件、车轴坯、锻件坯、钢球料、铁路用尖轨补强板； 板材类： 冷板、热薄板、中板、厚板、冷卷、热卷、冷轧盒板、热轧盒板、锰板、开平板、锅炉板、容器板、弹簧板、模具板、碳结板、低合金板、刃具板、硅钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、花纹板、彩涂板、带钢、船板、合金板、板坯、波形板、薄板、彩钢保温板、彩钢瓦、彩色压型板、彩涂卷板、纯铁板、大梁板、弹簧带、镀锌带、镀锌盒板、镀锌卷板、镀锌瓦、复合板、高强板、合工板、 合结板、盒板、花纹卷板、集装箱板、卷板、烤兰带、拉伸板、磨砂板、耐候板、耙片板、桥梁板、酸洗板、酸洗卷、碳工板； 管材类： 焊管、无缝管、镀锌管、螺旋管、方管、矩管、锅炉管、合金管、流体管、高频焊管、冷拔管、结构管、地质管、复合管、厚壁管、铸铁管、热轧管、裂化管、异形管、穿线管、半轴管、保温管、波纹管、薄壁管、船舶用管、吹氧管、大棚管、电线管、钢塑管、高压管、化肥管、架子管、平椭圆、球墨管、石油管、托辊管、椭圆、液体管、异型管、轴承管； 型材类： 工字钢、槽钢、角钢、方钢、扁钢、H型钢、圆钢、轻轨、重轨、C型钢、T型钢、U型钢、V型钢、Z型钢、π型钢、槽帮钢、道轨、吊车轨、工业轨、六角钢、内卷边槽钢、起重轨、碳结钢、斜腿钢、爪型钢； 线材类： 螺纹钢、普线、高线、弹簧钢丝、盘圆、镀锌线、直条、钢丝、钢纤维、高工丝、黑光线、回火线、琴钢丝、软线、碳工钢丝、碳结钢丝、铁线； 优特钢类： 碳结钢、合结钢、高工钢、合工钢、轴承钢、模具钢、弹簧钢、齿轮钢、碳工钢、刮板钢、低合金钢、叉梁钢、纯铁棒、挡板钢、低碳钢、电工钢、管线钢、焊瓶钢、结构钢、矿工钢、链条钢、耐候钢、优碳钢、轧辊钢、中空钢； 不锈钢类： 不锈板、不锈管、不锈棒、不锈丝、不锈方管、不锈角钢、不锈六角钢、不锈毛细管、不锈毛衣针管、不锈盘圆、不锈坯料管、不锈汽车尾气管、不锈三通、不锈手表管、不锈天线管、不锈弯头、不锈医疗用管、不锈饮食用管、不锈直条、不锈注射针管； 有色金属： 铜、铝、铅、锌、锡、镍、钴、锑、铋、镁、镉、钛、稀贵金属； 炉料类： 钼铁、钛铁、钨铁、钒铁、高铬、中铬、低铬、微铬、金属铬、高锰、中锰、低锰、金属锰、电解锰、硅铁、、硅锰、铸造生铁、工业硅、稀土镁、稀土硅、纯铁、氮化铬、氮化锰、锆砂、锆英砂、铬铁、硅、硅粒、、粉、硅铝铁、硅铁粉、硅铁粒、硅微粉、炼钢生铁、磷铁、锰铁、铌铁、硼铁、球墨生铁、石墨、石墨电极、石墨坩埚； 其它类： 钢锭、鱼尾板、道岔、方坯、钢坯、钢丝绳、板块、法兰、封头、钢板网、管坯、焊条、火车轴、汽车边框、汽车上沿钢、汽车下沿钢、弯头.

线　　材：普线 高线 螺纹钢　　型　　材：工字钢 槽钢 角钢 方钢 重轨 高工钢 H型钢 圆钢 不等边角钢 扁钢 轻轨 齿轮钢 六角钢 耐热钢棒 合结圆钢 合工圆钢方管 碳工钢 轴承钢 碳结圆钢 不锈圆钢 轴承圆钢 矩型管 弹簧钢　　板　　材：中厚板 容器板 中板 碳结板 锅炉板 低合金板 花纹板 冷板 热板 冷卷板 热卷板 镀锌板 电镀锌板 电镀锌卷 锰板 不锈钢板　　硅钢片 彩涂板 彩钢瓦楞铁 镀锌卷板 热轧带钢　　管　　材：焊管 不锈钢管 热镀锌管 冷镀锌管 无缝管 螺旋管 热轧无缝　　一、黑色金属、钢和有色金属　　在介绍钢的分类之前先简略介绍一下黑色金属、钢与有色金属的基本概念。　　1、黑色金属是指铁和铁的合金。如钢、生铁合金、铸铁等。钢和生铁都是以铁为根底，以碳为首要增加元素的合金，统称为铁碳合金。生铁是指把铁矿石放到高炉中冶炼而成的产品，首要用来炼钢和制作铸件。把铸造生铁放在熔铁炉中熔炼，即得到铸铁（液状），把液状铸铁浇铸成铸件，这种铸铁叫铸铁件。　　铁合金是由铁与硅、锰、铬、钛等元素组成的合金，铁合金是炼钢的质料之一，在 炼钢时做钢的脱氧剂和合金元素增加剂用。　　2、把炼钢用生铁放到炼钢炉内按必定工艺熔炼，即得到钢。钢的产品有钢锭、连铸坯和直接铸成各种钢铸件等。一般所讲的钢，一般是指轧制成各种钢材的钢。钢归于黑色金属但钢不完全等于黑色金属。　　3、有色金属又称非铁金属，指除黑色金属外的金属和合金，如铜、锡、铅、锌、铝以及黄铜、青铜、铝合金和轴承合金等。另外在工业上还选用铬、镍、锰、钼、钴、钒、钨、钛等，这些金属首要用作合金附加物，以改进金属的功能，其间钨、钛、钼等多用以出产刀具用的硬质合金。以上这些有色金属都称为工业用金属，此外还有宝贵金属：铂、金、银等和稀有金属，包含放射性的铀、镭等。　　二、钢的分类　　钢是含碳量在0.04%-2.3%之间的铁碳合金。为了保证其耐性和塑性，含碳量一般不超越1.7%。钢的首要元素除铁、碳外，还有硅、锰、硫、磷等。钢的分类办法多种多样，其首要办法有如下七种：　　1、按质量分类　　(1) 普通钢（P≤0.045%，S≤0.050%）　　(2) 优质钢（P、S均≤0.035%）　　(3) 高档优质钢（P≤0.035%，S≤0.030%）　　2.、按化学成份分类　　(1) 碳素钢：a.低碳钢（C≤0.25%）；b.中碳钢（C≤0.25~0.60%）；c.高碳钢（C≤0.60%）。　　(2)合金钢：a.低合金钢（合金元素总含量≤5%）b.中合金钢（合金元素总含量＞5~10%）c.高合金钢（合金元素总含量＞10%）。　　3、按成形办法分类：(1) 锻钢；(2) 铸钢；(3) 热轧钢；(4) 冷拉钢。　　4、按金相安排分类　　(1) 退火状况的a.亚共析钢（铁素体+珠光体）b.共析钢（珠光体）c.过共析钢（珠光体+渗碳体）d.莱氏体钢（珠光体+渗体）。　　(2) 正火状况的：a.珠光体钢；b.贝氏体钢；c.马氏体钢；d.奥氏体钢。　　(3) 无相变或部分发作相变的　　5、按用处分类　　(1) 建筑及工程用钢：a.普通碳素结构钢；b.低合金结构钢；c.钢筋钢。　　(2) 结构钢a.机械制作用钢：(a)调质结构钢；(b)表面硬化结构钢：包含渗碳钢、钢、表面淬火用钢；(c)易切结构钢；(d) 冷塑性成形用钢：包含冷冲压用钢、冷镦用钢。　b.弹簧钢　c.轴承钢　　(3) 工具钢：a.碳素工具钢；b.合金工具钢；c.高速工具钢。　　(4) 特殊功能钢：a.不锈耐酸钢b.耐热钢包含抗氧化钢、热强钢、气阀钢c.电热合金钢；d.耐磨钢；e.低温用钢；f.电工用钢　　(5) 专业用钢¡¡如桥梁用钢、船只用钢、锅炉用钢、压力容器用钢、农机用钢等。　　6、归纳分类　　(1)普通钢a.碳素结构钢：(a) Q195；(b) Q215(A、B)；(c) Q235(A、B、C)；(d)Q255(A、B)；(e) Q275。b.低合金结构钢c.特定用处的普通结构钢　　(2)优质钢（包含高档优质钢）a.结构钢：(a)优质碳素结构钢；(b)合金结构钢；(c)弹簧钢；(d)易切钢；(e)轴承钢；(f)特定用处优质结构钢.b.工具钢：(a)碳素工具钢；(b)合金工具钢；(c)高速工具钢。c.特殊功能钢：(a)不锈耐酸钢；(b)耐热钢；(c)电热合金钢；(d)电工用钢；(e)高锰耐磨钢。　　7、按冶炼办法分类　　(1) 按炉种分a.平炉钢:(a)酸性平炉钢；(b)碱性平炉钢。b.转炉钢:(a)酸性转炉钢;(b)碱性转炉钢。或 (a)底吹转炉钢;(b)侧吹转炉钢；(c)顶吹转炉钢。c.电炉钢:(a)电弧炉钢；(b)电渣炉钢；(c)感应炉钢；(d)真空自耗炉钢；(e)电子束炉钢。　　(2)按脱氧程度和浇注准则分a.沸腾钢；b.半镇静钢；镇静钢；d.特殊镇静钢。

线　　材：普线 高线 螺纹钢    型　　材：工字钢 槽钢 角钢 方钢 重轨 高工钢 H型钢 圆钢 不等边角钢 扁钢 轻轨 齿轮钢 六角钢 耐热钢棒 合结圆钢 合工圆钢 方管 碳工钢 轴承钢 碳结圆钢 不锈圆钢 轴承圆钢 矩型管 弹簧钢板　　材：中厚板 容器板 中板 碳结板 锅炉板 低合金板 花纹板 冷板 热板 冷卷板 热卷板 镀锌板 电镀锌板 电镀锌卷 锰板 不锈钢板 硅钢片 彩涂板 彩钢瓦楞铁 镀锌卷板 热轧带钢    管　　材：焊管 不锈钢管 热镀锌管 冷镀锌管 无缝管 螺旋管 热轧无缝    金属材料：生铁 马口铁 铝 铅 黄铜 锡 锌　　一、黑色金属、钢和有色金属　　在介绍钢的分类之前先简略介绍一下黑色金属、钢与有色金属的基本概念。　　1、黑色金属是指铁和铁的合金。如钢、生铁合金、铸铁等。钢和生铁都是以铁为根底，以碳为首要增加元素的合金，统称为铁碳合金。生铁是指把铁矿石放到高炉中冶炼而成的产品，首要用来炼钢和制作铸件。把铸造生铁放在熔铁炉中熔炼，即得到铸铁（液状），把液状铸铁浇铸成铸件，这种铸铁叫铸铁件。    铁合金是由铁与硅、锰、铬、钛等元素组成的合金，铁合金是炼钢的质料之一，在炼钢时做钢的脱氧剂和合金元素增加剂用。　　2、把炼钢用生铁放到炼钢炉内按必定工艺熔炼，即得到钢。钢的产品有钢锭、连铸坯和直接铸成各种钢铸件等。一般所讲的钢，一般是指轧制成各种钢材的钢。钢归于黑色金属但钢不完全等于黑色金属。　　3、有色金属又称非铁金属，指除黑色金属外的金属和合金，如铜、锡、铅、锌、铝以及黄铜、青铜、铝合金和轴承合金等。另外在工业上还选用铬、镍、锰、钼、钴、钒、钨、钛等，这些金属首要用作合金附加物，以改进金属的功能，其间钨、钛、钼等多用以出产刀具用的硬质合金。以上这些有色金属都称为工业用金属，此外还有宝贵金属：铂、金、银等和稀有金属，包含放射性的铀、镭等。　　二、钢的分类　　钢是含碳量在0.04%-2.3%之间的铁碳合金。为了保证其耐性和塑性，含碳量一般不超越1.7%。钢的首要元素除铁、碳外，还有硅、锰、硫、磷等。钢的分类办法多种多样，其首要办法有如下七种：　　1、按质量分类　　(1) 普通钢（P≤0.045%，S≤0.050%）　　(2) 优质钢（P、S均≤0.035%）　　(3) 高档优质钢（P≤0.035%，S≤0.030%）　　2.、按化学成份分类　　(1) 碳素钢：a.低碳钢（C≤0.25%）；b.中碳钢（C≤0.25~0.60%）；c.高碳钢（C≤0.60%）。　　(2)合金钢：a.低合金钢（合金元素总含量≤5%）b.中合金钢（合金元素总含量＞5~10%）c.高合金钢（合金元素总含量＞10%）。　　3、按成形办法分类：(1) 锻钢；(2) 铸钢；(3) 热轧钢；(4) 冷拉钢。　　4、按金相安排分类　　(1) 退火状况的a.亚共析钢（铁素体+珠光体）b.共析钢（珠光体）c.过共析钢（珠光体+渗碳体）d.莱氏体钢（珠光体+渗体）。　　(2) 正火状况的：a.珠光体钢；b.贝氏体钢；c.马氏体钢；d.奥氏体钢。　　(3) 无相变或部分发作相变的　　5、按用处分类　　(1) 建筑及工程用钢：a.普通碳素结构钢；b.低合金结构钢；c.钢筋钢。　　(2) 结构钢a.机械制作用钢：(a)调质结构钢；(b)表面硬化结构钢：包含渗碳钢、钢、表面淬火用钢；(c)易切结构钢；(d)冷塑性成形用钢：包含冷冲压用钢、冷镦用钢。　b.弹簧钢　c.轴承钢　　(3) 工具钢：a.碳素工具钢；b.合金工具钢；c.高速工具钢。　　(4) 特殊功能钢：a.不锈耐酸钢b.耐热钢包含抗氧化钢、热强钢、气阀钢c.电热合金钢；d.耐磨钢；e.低温用钢；f.电工用钢　　(5) 专业用钢——如桥梁用钢、船只用钢、锅炉用钢、压力容器用钢、农机用钢等。　　6、归纳分类　　(1)普通钢a.碳素结构钢：(a) Q195；(b) Q215(A、B)；(c) Q235(A、B、C)；(d) Q255(A、B)；(e) Q275。b.低合金结构钢c.特定用处的普通结构钢　　(2)优质钢（包含高档优质钢）　　 a.结构钢：(a)优质碳素结构钢；(b)合金结构钢；(c)弹簧钢；(d)易切钢；(e)轴承钢；　　　　　　　 (f)特定用处优质结构钢。　　 b.工具钢：(a)碳素工具钢；(b)合金工具钢；(c)高速工具钢。c.特殊功能钢：(a)不锈耐酸钢；(b)耐热钢；　　　　　　　 (c)电热合金钢；(d)电工用钢；(e)高锰耐磨钢。　　7、按冶炼办法分类　　(1) 按炉种分a.平炉钢:(a)酸性平炉钢；(b)碱性平炉钢。　　　　　　　　b.转炉钢:(a)酸性转炉钢;(b)碱性转炉钢。或 (a)底吹转炉钢;(b)侧吹转炉钢；(c)顶吹转炉钢。　　　　　　　　c.电炉钢:(a)电弧炉钢；(b)电渣炉钢；(c)感应炉钢；(d)真空自耗炉钢；(e)电子束炉钢。　　(2)按脱氧程度和浇注准则分a.沸腾钢；b.半镇静钢；镇静钢；d.特殊镇静钢。

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。产品特点因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。简单来说，冷轧，是在热软板扎的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧→酸洗→冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由热轧经过连续冷变形而成的冷轧，机械性能比较差，硬度太高，必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。化学成分（Wt%）牌号CSiMnPSCuSPCC0.02～0.08≤0.100.15～0.30≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q1950.06～0.12≤0.300.25～0.50≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q235-B0.12～0.20≤0.300.30～0.70≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050制作工序冷轧通常采用众轧的方式。冷轧生产的工序一般包括原料准备、酸洗、轧制、脱脂、退火(热处理)、精整等。冷轧以热轧产品为原料，冷轧前原料要先除磷，以保证冷轧产品的表面洁净。轧制是使材料变形的主要工序。脱脂的目的在于去除轧制时附在轧材上的润滑油脂，以免退火时污染钢材表面，对不锈钢也为防止增碳。退火包括中间退火和成品热处理，中间退火是通过再结晶消除冷变形时产生的加工硬化，以恢复材料的塑性及降低金属的变形抗力。成品热处理的目的除了通过再结晶消除硬化外。还在于根据产品的技术要求以获得所需要的组织(如各种织构等)和产品性能(如深冲、电磁性能等)。精整包括检查、剪切、矫直(平整)、打印、分类包装等内容。冷轧产品有很高的包装要求，以防止产品在运输过程中表面被刮伤。除上述工序外在生产一些特殊产品时还有各自的特殊工序。如轧制硅钢板时，在冷轧前要进行脱碳退火，轧后要进行涂膜、高温退火、拉伸矫直(见张力矫直)与回火等。用于冷轧带刚的轧机有二辊轧机、四辊轧机和多辊轧机。应用最多的是四辊轧机。轧制更薄的产品则要采用多辊轧机。多辊轧机的种类很多，如六辊轧机、偏八辊轧机，十二辊轧机，二十辊轧机等(见轧机)。随着对板形要求的提高，发展了许多改进板形的技术，如弯辊技术、窜辊技术和交叉轧辊技术等。冷轧带钢轧机按机架排列可分为单机可逆或不可逆式与多机连续式两类。前者适用于多品种、少批量或合金钢产品比例大的情况。它投资低、建厂快，但产量低，金属消耗较大。多机架连续轧制适合于产品品种较单一或者变动不大的情况，它有生产效率高、产量大的优点，但投资较大。与热轧带钢(见热连轧宽带钢生产工艺、热轧窄带钢生产)相比，冷轧带钢(见冷板扎带生产)的轧制工艺有以下特点：(1)采用工艺润滑和冷却，以降低轧制时的变形抗力和冷却轧辊；(2)采用大张力轧制，以降低变形抗力和保持轧制过程的稳定。采用的平均单位张力值为材料屈服强度的10%～60%，一般不超过50%；(3)采用多轧程轧制。由于冷轧使材料产生加工硬化，当总变形量达到60%～80%时，继续变形就变得很困难。为此要进行中间退火，使材料软化后轧制得以继续进行。为了得到要求的薄带钢，这样的中间退火可能要进行多次。两次中间退火之间的轧制称为一个轧程。冷轧带钢的退火在有保护气体的连续式退火炉或罩式退火炉中进行(见冷轧板带退火)。冷轧带钢的最小厚度目前可达到0.05mm，冷轧箔材可达到0.001mm。

304不锈钢是一种通用性的不锈钢材料，具有优良的不锈耐腐蚀性能和较好的抗晶间腐蚀性能。对氧化性酸，在实验中得出：浓度≤65%的沸腾温度以下的硝酸中，304不锈钢具有很强的抗腐蚀性。对碱溶液及大部分有机酸和无机酸亦具有良好的耐腐蚀能力。[304不锈钢板规格]304不锈钢板化学成分 　　牌号： 0Cr18Ni9（0Cr19Ni9）　 　　化学成分% 　　C：≤0.07 ， 　　Si ：≤1.0 ， 　　Mn ：≤2.0 ， 　　Cr ：17.0～19.0 ， 　　Ni ：8.0～11.0， 　　S ：≤0.03 ， 　　P ：≤0.035。 [304不锈钢板规格]304不锈钢板基本概述 　　按制法分热轧和冷轧的两种，按钢种的组织特征分为5类：奥氏体型、奥氏体-铁素体型、铁素体型、马氏体型、沉淀硬化型。 要求能承受草酸、硫酸-硫酸铁、硝酸、硝酸-、硫酸-硫酸铜、磷酸、、乙酸等各种酸的腐蚀，广泛用于化工、食品、医药、造纸、石油、原子能等工业，以及建筑、厨具、餐具、车辆、家用电器各类零部件。 　　不锈钢板表面光洁，有较高的塑性、韧性和机械强度，耐酸、碱性气体、溶液和其他介质的腐蚀。它是一种不容易生锈的合金钢，但不是绝对不生锈。 不锈钢的耐腐蚀性主要取决于它的合金成分（铬、镍、钛、硅、铝等）和内部的组织结构，起主要作用的是铬元素。铬具有很高的化学稳定性，能在钢表面形成钝化膜，使金属与外界隔离开来，保护钢板不被氧化，增加钢板的抗腐蚀能力。钝化膜破坏后，抗腐蚀性就下降。 [304不锈钢板规格]304不锈钢的性质 　　拉强度(Mpa) 620 MIN　 　　屈服强度(Mpa) 310 MIN　 　　伸长率(%) 30 MIN　 　　面积缩减(%) 40 MIN　 　　304不锈钢的密度　7.93 g/cm3 奥氏体不锈钢一般都用这个值　304含铬量(%) 18--20 .　304相当于我国的0Cr19Ni9 (0Cr18Ni9)不锈钢 304不锈钢是一种通用性的不锈钢材料，防锈性能比200系列的不锈钢材料要强。耐高温方面也比较好，能高到到1000-1200度。304不锈钢具有优良的不锈耐腐蚀性能和较好的抗晶间腐蚀性能。对氧化性酸，在实验中得出：浓度≤65%的沸腾温度以下的硝酸中，304不锈钢具有很强的抗腐蚀性。对碱溶液及大部分有机酸和无机酸亦具有良好的耐腐蚀能力。 [304不锈钢板规格]304不锈钢板一般特性 　　304不锈钢板表面美观以及使用可能性多样化 　　耐腐蚀性能好，比普通钢长久耐用 　　耐腐蚀性好 　　强度高，因而薄板使用的可能性大 　　耐高温氧化及强度高，因此能够抗火灾 　　常温加工，即容易塑性加工 　　因为不必表面处理，所以简便、维护简单 　　清洁，光洁度高 　　焊接性能好 　　品质特性 　　不锈钢的品质特性 　　目 基本组织代表钢种 STS304 STS430 STS410热处理 固融化热处理 退火 退火后急冷硬度性 加工硬化性 微量硬化性 小量硬化性主要用途 建筑物内外装饰,厨房用具,化学刻度,航空机器 建筑材料,汽车零件,加用电器,厨房器具,饭盒等 钎、刀机器零部件,医院用具,手术用具耐腐蚀性 高 高 [304不锈钢板规格]304和316不锈钢的区别 　　现在最常用的两种不锈钢304，316（或对应于德/欧标的1.4308,1.4408），316与304在化学成分上的最主要区别就是316含Mo，而且一般公认，316的耐腐蚀性更好些，比304在高温环境下更耐腐蚀。所以在高温环境下，工程师一般都会选用316材料的零部件。但所谓事无绝对，在浓硫酸环境下，再高温度也千万别用316！不然这事可就出大了。学机械的人都学过螺纹，还记得为了防止在高温情况下螺纹咬死，需要涂抹的一种黑乎乎的固体润滑剂吧：二硫化钼（MoS2）,从它就得出了2点结论不是：[1]Mo确实是一种耐高温的物质（知道黄金用什么坩埚熔吗？钼坩埚！）。[2]：钼很容易和高价硫离子反应生成硫化物。所以没有任何一种不锈钢是超级无敌耐腐蚀的。说到底，不锈钢就是一块杂质（不过这些杂质可都比钢更耐腐蚀^^）较多的钢，是钢就可以和别的物质反应。 [304不锈钢板规格]304不锈钢国标牌号 　　旧牌号标准：GT/T4327-1992 0Cr18Ni9 　　新牌号标准：GT/T3280-2007 06Cr19Ni10 　　不锈钢美标牌号 　　美标牌号标准： ASTM A240/A240M 304　 　　304不锈钢板美国钢铁学会是用三位数字来标示各种标准级的可锻不锈钢的。其中： ①奥氏体型不锈钢用200和300系列的数字标示， ②铁素体和马氏体型不锈钢用400系列的数字表示。例如，某些较普通的奥氏体不锈钢 是以201、 304、 316以及310为标记， ③铁素体不锈钢是以430和446为标记，马氏体不锈钢 是以410、420以及440C为标 记，双相（奥氏体－铁素体）， ④不锈钢、沉淀硬化不锈钢以及含铁量低于50%的高合金通常是采用专利名称或商标命名。 4)．标准的分类和分级 4-1分级分类： ①国家标准GB ②行业标准YB ③地方标准 ④企业标准Q/CB 4-2 分类： ①产品标准 ②包装标准 ③方法标准 ④基础标准 4-3 标准水平（分三级）： Y级：国际先进水平 I级：国际一般水平 H级：国内先进水平 4-4国标 GB1220-84 不锈棒材（I级） GB4241-84 不锈焊接盘园（H级） GB4356-84 不锈焊接盘园（I级） GB1270-80 不锈管材（I级） GB12771-91 不锈焊管（Y级） GB3280-84 不锈冷板（I级） GB4237-84 不锈热板（I级） GB4239-91 不锈冷带（I级） [304不锈钢板规格]常用牌号不锈钢的密度 　　Steel Grade Density(g/cm3)钢 号 密 度304,304L,305,321 　　201,202,301,302 7.93316,316L,347 　　309S,310S 7.98405,410,420 7.75409,430,434 7.7 [304不锈钢板规格]不锈钢理论重量计算公式 　　重量(kg)=厚度(mm)*宽度(m)*长度(m)*密度值

“高附加值、高技术含量的稀土新材料，能够实现中国稀土产业的可持续发展。”稀土功能材料基础研究与应用创新集体学术带头人张洪杰院士告诉《中国科学报》记者。  该创新集体依托于中科院长春应用化学研究所(以下简称长春应化所)稀土资源利用国家重点实验室，形成以张洪杰和孟建为代表的“50后”学术带头人、以李成宇为代表的“70后”中坚力量，以宋术岩、冯婧和庞然等为代表的“80后”生力军。各成员通过学科交叉，充分发掘自身潜力，培育并形成了学科优势和特点。 张洪杰表示：“我们在提高稀土产品附加值的过程中，尤其注重创新思维和导向性的基础研究，它不仅仅是新技术、新产品开发的源泉，也是稀土产品从低端步入高端的核心所在。” 实现交流LED产业化 LED照明是新一代照明光源，目前其核心技术都被欧、美、日、韩等国掌握。张洪杰说：“加速我国LED科技创新，提升LED产业整体水平，掌握核心关键材料和器件知识产权，是国家的重大需求。” 现有的LED照明光源均使用直流电作为驱动，而市电为交流电，直流LED器件不能直接使用，在工作时必须经交、直流转换。这就会带来电能耗损高、元器件寿命短、产生热量大、电源成本高、设备占有空间大等问题。 目前世界各国使用的交流电频率均为50或60赫兹。由于交流电在其周期内要经历电流值从大到小和正反向的过程。因此，当使用交流电驱动LED芯片时，芯片的发光也会具有同样的周期变化过程，从而导致发光频闪。如何解决这种频闪是交流LED技术中的最大瓶颈和一个世界性难题。 2006年，长春应化所与四川新力光源有限公司开始6年合作，瞄准国际LED发展前沿，研发出具有自主知识产权、发光余辉寿命可控的新型稀土LED发光材料及交流LED器件。 创新集体成员李成宇研究员告诉记者，这里所说的“新型稀土材料”，不仅指材料组分、结构的新，更重要的是材料所表现出来的新性质与新功能，以及由此延伸出来的新技术和新用途。 新型稀土LED发光材料的发光余辉寿命与交流电频率匹配，实现了LED芯片不发光时发光粉仍然发光，从而弥补交流LED电流波动导致的频闪，并实现了从基础研究到产业化的跨越，使中国成为世界上唯一掌握通过稀土荧光粉生产低频闪交流LED产品的国家。 目前，团队研发的低频闪交流LED产品已销往美国、加拿大、墨西哥、西班牙、巴西等多个国家，该技术成果于2013年度获得澳大利亚“金袋鼠”世界创新奖。 改善有色合金性能 科研要与国家需要相结合。科研人员既要在实验室埋头苦干，坐得住冷板凳，又要了解国家和社会需要，走出实验室，在实际工作中去解决问题，学以致用。 创新集体成员孟健研究员已在长春应化所工作了30多年，主要从事稀土镁合金的研究与应用。他告诉记者：“研究之初，我们遇到的问题是稀土如何改善有色合金的性能?能否应用到国家安全和国民经济发展中?” 孟健说：“在张洪杰的带领下，我们克服初期人力、设备的不足，系统研究了稀土在镁合金中的作用机理，攻克大尺寸稀土镁合金制备、加工中的关键难题。” 团队先后承担了“973”、国家科技支撑计划、“863”、重点国际合作、基金委重点等30多项研究项目，突破了高强高韧稀土镁合金、耐热抗蠕变稀土镁合金、高强耐蚀稀土镁合金研发中的关键技术。 孟健说：“我们群策群力、多方协同、争分夺秒地完成每一次的任务，实现在航空航天、国防军工、轨道交通和3C电子产品方面的初步应用。” 目前，团队在稀土镁合金的研究获得授权发明专利40多项，获得了多项国家产业标准，获吉林省科学技术奖一等奖两项。 研制温敏发光材料 副研究员庞然是创新集体中的“80后”成员，他主要参与稀土温敏发光材料的研发工作，该研究利用了稀土丰富的光谱对周围环境温度的敏感这一特性。 他说：“这个方向的研究可以追溯到上个世纪80年代，以苏锵院士和张洪杰为首的老一辈科研工作者对稀土材料温敏现象的机理进行了深入的研究，为新材料的研发及应用奠定了坚实的理论基础。” 当年，长春应化所科研团队与风洞测温单位合作开展了稀土发光测温材料及其应用技术研究，根据风洞测温的特点和对材料的要求，解决了材料的发光效率、温度响应区间、响应速度和热释光干扰等问题，研发出三大系列满足不同测温区间的高灵敏度发光测温材料，打破了国外在该领域对我国材料和技术的封锁。 2012年，稀土发光测温材料使用单位将其成功应用于某型号实验，这是我国第一个在激波风洞内使用发光材料进行温度探测的项目，填补了我国在该领域的技术空白。 “当真正面对风洞测温这一特殊应用领域时，我们遇到的困难远远超出了我们的预计。”庞然说，“风洞测温环境的复杂性对温敏材料提出了极其苛刻的要求，一些我们在实验室可以忽略的材料性质，却会成为妨碍材料在风洞中使用的关键因素。” 他还记得，有一次某重大国防工程单位急需新的测温材料和测温技术，为保证研制进度，对方对长春应化所的材料研发进度规定了严格的时间节点。在张洪杰和李成宇等的悉心指导下，团队成员克服了一系列困难，经过一年多的反复实验，终于2011年夏天在实验室合成了第一批性能符合技术指标的发光测温材料。 “当我带着首批材料抵达风洞测温单位时已经是下午6点半，在车间简单吃过盒饭后，便和对方工程技术人员一起开始紧张的配制测温涂料、喷涂模型、标定工作曲线以及安装样件等工作。经过反复调整测试参数，采集到第一张高分辨率的气动热流分布图像时已经是晚上十一点半左右。” “有了这张图，我今晚就可以睡个安稳觉了!”庞然至今还清晰地记得对方工程师看到数据图时激动的表情。 “国外能做的，我们也能做。”张洪杰希望把稀土的研究工作一件件做好，“不仅要做到不可替代，还要做到越来越强，这也是一个科学家应尽的责任。”

冷轧薄钢板，简称冷轧钢板、冷轧薄板、冷轧板、冷板等。它还包括不锈钢板、弹簧钢板、硬钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、镀铝板等。冷轧薄钢带，简称冷轧钢带、冷轧带钢、钢带、带钢、薄钢带、冷轧卷等。还包括不锈钢带、镀锌钢带、镀锡钢带等。 冷轧钢板标准 冷轧薄钢板、钢带（以下简称冷轧薄板）主要用于零件的冲压加工，而冷轧薄板的力学性能十分重要，它直接关系到板材的冲压性能。冷轧薄板是以不同的热处理状态分级的，不同硬度的材料，用于不同的加工方法，国家标准GB/T 13237-1991《优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带》将冷轧薄板大致分为三级，P级用于普通冲压，S级用于深度冲压，Z级用于最深度冲压。中国冶金标准YB/T 5059-1993《低碳钢冷轧钢带》将薄钢板按硬度分为五级，即：TR（特级）、R（软）、BR（半软）、DY（低硬）和Y（冷硬）。其实通过一定的冷轧变形程度和冷轧后热处理的恰当配合，可以在广泛的范围内满足用户关于材料力学性能方面的要求。冷轧薄板根据用户加工上的要求可以分成更多的级别。例如：日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》的分类除分为一般用（spcc）、冲压用(spcd)和深冲压用（spce）三类外，还细分为退火、标准调质、1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬、全硬等级别。 在冷轧薄板力学性能的检测方面，一些标准只规定了拉伸试验，另一些标准除拉伸试验外还规定了硬度试验。 中国标准GB/T 13237-1991就只规定了拉伸试验，技术要求冷轧钢板标准如表一所示：牌号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率不小于拉延级别Z－S和PZSP08F275～365275～38034323008,08Al,10F275～390275～41032302810295～410295～43030392815F315～430315～45029282715335～450335～47027262520355～490335～50026252425——390～540——242330——440～590——222135——490～635——201940——510～650————1845——530～680————1650——540～715————14 日本标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》（该标准中包含了冷轧薄钢板和钢带）规定了拉伸试验，也规定了硬度试验，该标准的力学性能要求如下：表二：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的拉伸试验质牌号抗拉强度/MPa 不小于 伸长率/%不小于试样按以下公称厚度/mm>=0.250.250.400.601.01.6>=2.5SPCC SPCD SPCE(270) 270 270(32) 34 36(34) 36 3836 38 40　 37 39 41 　　 (38) 40 42 　39 41 435号试样轧制方向 表三：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的硬度值。调质区分符号 硬度最大HRBHV退火A57105标准调质S65115 注：厚度小于0.6mm的钢板和钢带，原则上不进行拉伸试验。 表四：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬材料的拉伸试验值。调质区分 符号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率/%最小试样1/8硬8294～410255号试样轧制方向1/4硬4370～490101/2硬2440～590——硬1>=550——     表五：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬状态的硬度值。调质区分符号HRBHV1/8硬 1/4硬8450～7165～8095～130 115～1501/2硬 硬2174～89 ≥85135～185 ≥170注：HRB和HV，仅选用其中之一。英国标准BS 1449/1.9-1991《厚板、薄板和钢带第一部分：碳素钢和碳锰钢厚板、薄板和钢带具有成形性能的冷轧窄钢带技术条件》对冷轧板分级为CS1（铝镇静稳定化超深冲）、CS2（超深冲）、CS3（深冲）、CS4（折边）、CS15（商品级）。这项标准的力学性能要求如表六所示： 表六：钢材交货时的力学性能轧制状态和级别退火（A）或平整冷轧（SP）状态硬度HV1)2)最大屈服强度Re1)/MPa最小抗拉强度Rm1)/MPa最小伸长率A1)/%最小弯心直径1)（180°弯曲）原始标距LO50mm80mmCS1A9514027038（36）0aSP10514027036（34）0aCS2A9514027036（34）0a SP10014027036（34）0aCS3A100（140）（280）（34）（32）0aSP110（140）（280）（34）（32）0aCS4A105（140）（280）——0aSP115（140）（280）——0a 注：1）窄钢带交货应符合，或者硬度和弯曲试验，或者拉伸和弯曲试验，但硬度和拉伸试验不应同时进行。     2）对于SP（平整冷轧）状态，与镀层精整（PL）或镜面光洁度（MF），或以“无拉伸痕”交货的钢材组合，最大硬度可以提高5个HV或抗拉强度可以提高20MPa。     3）牌号CS2、CS3和CS4的硬度值仅适用于沸腾钢。 如上所述冷轧薄板的力学性能可以通过拉伸试验来检测，也可以通过硬度试验来检测。由于硬度试验设备简单、易于掌握，试验效率高，并且金属硬度与强度之间有一定的对应关系，所以硬度检测是确定材料力学性能的更方便的方法。冷轧薄板的硬度检测可以用于冷轧板生产过程的质量控制，更适于生产冲压产品的厂家对原材料进行力学性能的复检。 日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996规定的硬度试验是洛氏硬度HRB和维氏硬度HV。维氏硬度试验可用于冷轧薄板，但洛氏硬度HRB却不适用于测试薄板材料。因为当板材厚度小于2mm时，测试HRB硬度可能会因为发生“测砧效应”而使测量的硬度值失准。对于薄板材料，可以测试表面洛氏硬度HRN或HRT，然后换算成HRB或HV硬度。冷轧钢板标准生产了一种便携式表面洛氏硬度计，它非常适合测试薄板和钢带材料，它可以在生产现场、销售现场或材料仓库快速进行冷轧薄板材料的洛氏硬度检测，完成一次测量仅需要10秒钟时间，检测的板材厚度范围为0.05-50mm。这种仪器可以用在冷轧薄板带的生产线上，对产品的热处理效果进行在线的质量控制。这种仪器更适用于冲压产品的生产厂家。可以用它对购入的板材硬度进行复检，可以携带它去钢材市场选购材料，也可以利用它对自己厂生产的冲压产品进行硬度检测。 这种仪器如果配上一个支承座，还可以放到办公桌上使用。可以对成批的成品或半成品工件做逐件检测。它的测试精度与台式洛氏硬度计相同。 目前冷轧薄带材料正在向超薄方向发展，据报道，上海宝钢已扎制出厚度为0.08mm的冷轧薄板带材。采用本所生产的PHR-1S型表面洛氏硬度计，配一个金刚点砧座，就可测试薄至0.05mm冷轧薄板带材料的硬度。 这种应用完全可以取代维氏硬度计，使冷轧薄板材料的力学性能检测实现快速、简便、经济。

锰价格走势，近期电解锰主流出厂含税报价下降至11500-11600元/吨，由于之前其价格差距较大的报价有11300-12000元/吨，但是主流价多保持在11800-12000元/吨左右。其价格下调的原因可归纳如下：首先，是出口数量的减少形成出口市场有价无市的局面。其次，价格过低的企业多数都已停产或者是没有现货的。宏观方面：2009年3月27日 ，财政部、国家税务总局发布了《关于提高轻纺电子信息等商品出口退税率的通知》，明确从2009年4月1日起提高纺织品、服装、轻工、电子信息、钢铁、有色金属、石化等商品的出口退税率，其中涉及部分钢铁、有色金属、合金材料等，由此在钢铁市场及钢铁原料市场引起较大反响，关注此举对未来国内钢市和钢铁原料市场带来影响。从财政部、国家税务总局公布的提高出口退税率的商品清单看，提高部分钢材出口退税率的主要有冷轧卷材、热轧不锈钢卷板、不锈钢热轧条、杆、取向性硅电钢宽板、冷轧其他合金钢板材、高速钢的条、杆、冷轧不锈钢制的无缝管、非冷轧(拔)不锈钢制无缝锅炉管、精密焊缝管等，其退税率提高到13%。提高出口退税率的还有合金材料，其中的合金镍条、杆、型材，合金镍丝，合金镍管，铝合金制空心异型材，其他铝合金制型材、异型材，其他钽丝，其他锻轧钽及其制品，钛合金，实心圆柱体，包括锻件等，出口退税率为9%-13%。业内人士认为，这次提高部分钢材出口退税率的大都是高附加值产品，以优特钢、合金钢、高速钢和不锈钢为主，而这类钢材的所消费的合金量较大，比如冶炼不锈钢需要铬、镍、钼等特种合金，高速钢主要是合金有铬、锰，钨、钼、钒等，合金钢板材更需要大量的合金。因此，这类钢材提高出口退税率，将拉动合金的需求。加上，此次提高出口退税率中还有合金镍条、杆、型材，合金镍丝，合金镍管，其出口退税9%-13%。如果随着出口退税率的提高，这类钢材的出口增加，对特种合金市场的走稳也是有利的。也就是说作为特种合金的锰系合金也有可能会受惠，本身既是炼钢原料又是中低碳锰铁的原料的电解锰无疑能搭上这趟顺风车，照理来说价格上应该是上调的。不少电解锰厂家也表示，他们希望此次钢材出口退税的提高能够对电解锰的价格产生积极的影响。不过，据一些业内人士分析，这次提高部分钢铁产品出口退税率没有达到预期目标，预期的对冷板等高附加值产品的出口退税上调至17%，而公布的是13%，而热轧板出口退税继续持续零税率，所以说，调整幅度不太大。对国内钢材市场带来的影响有限。再说，特种合金需求量大的不锈钢、高速钢、合金钢等，原本出口量就不多，即便提高出口退税率，不锈钢、优特钢等合金钢的出口量也不可增加。而且这次出口退税调整，宽度小于600毫米的不锈钢窄带类商品被排除在外，而不锈钢窄带厂家正好是国内电解锰需求的主要客户，就这点而言，可以说出口退税对电解锰的价格产生积极影响的效果有限。成本方面，随着第一季度电价政策的调整，目前电解锰生产地区电价不一，主产区从0.42元/度到0.53元/度的电价都有存在；二季度本身为丰水期，湖南地区采取在去年第四季度的用电量上多用电多优惠的政策鼓励电解锰企业用电，去年第四季度电解锰厂家基本上是全线生产，而目前部分厂家已经停产，加上开工的厂家也是维持低量生产。要想在电价上享受更多的优惠政策上肯定是没有得到理想的结果。湖南地区17度碳酸锰粉价格则在600元/吨左右，厂家希望矿石价格能继续下滑，但是这个想法得基于电解锰厂家停产数量达到一定规模之后，按照现在的停产数量，锰矿石价格大幅下跌的可能性很小。二氧化硒价格维持在245-255元/千克；根据二氧化硒厂家的表述，目前利润已经处于最低点或是少许亏损，有贸易商已经以240元/公斤的价格一口气买了8吨，有抄底的想法在里面。硫酸方法电解锰产地的硫酸价格变动不大，都维持在300元/吨左右， 在3月份，除了碳酸锰矿石价格有所下降之外，其他原料价格和电解锰的走势一样，基本上保持不变。据了解，由于地区不一样，在政策方面享受的待遇不一样，而企业生产的生产工艺也有差别，现在的成本区间在11000-12000元/吨，无矿企业的成本更高，个别地区以退税的方式补贴电解锰生产厂家，具体数目是200元/吨，这就可以解释为什么厂家普遍在喊成本高时有部分厂家依然正常生产。就已现在12300元/吨的成交价格来说，有的地区总体上还是有利润可挣，有的地区的确是处于亏损状态，这也是为什么价格一样，有的电解锰厂家选择停产，有的停产厂家选择恢复生产的原因，另外在厂家的实际生产和销售过程中，有一个亏损平衡点，就是按照现行价格生产虽然会亏，但是亏损的额度比停产要好一点。想在的市场价恰好就处在这样一个平衡点上。因而从成本方面来看第二季度的电解锰的成本变化不大。其次需求方面难以有好转出口方面，据海关统计数据显示，今年1-2月份中国共出口电解锰15913吨，同比下滑58.8%，相应出口价值也下滑65.1%，为3980万美元。3月份的出口数据虽然还没有统计出来，但是从专门从事电解锰出口的贸易商处获悉，3月份整体询盘较少，价格大幅下滑。 随着经济危机的深度蔓延，欧洲、美国、日本等经济发达国家及地区今年一、二季度的钢铁产量继续减少，部分地区的减产幅度甚至达到30%-50%，这主要是由于汽车及制造等相关行业的减产使其对钢铁的需求大幅减少。需求低迷、消耗减少导致全球铁合金产品的库存压力较大，特别是欧洲、美国、日本等发达国家和地区，部分铁合金品种的库存可使用3个月甚至半年的时间。另外欧洲钢铁工业联盟表示，自去年第四季度以来，欧洲钢铁工业的需求开始崩溃；订单减少了57%，预计今年第一季度和第二季度表观消费分别下降30%和16%；产能利用率平均下降了30%，钢铁价格已下降了50%。7.2万人已失业或转为短期工，占欧盟钢铁行业雇员总量的17%。可见第二季度电解锰的出口方面依然受到国外钢铁行业需求的制约，情况不容乐观。国内需求方面：从民营钢厂3月份减产情况可见，主流13家民营钢厂在3月份实施减产的有福建吴航、浙江友谊、内蒙古华业、西南不锈钢、佛山诚德等，华光与青山也有减产行为；主流民营钢厂3月份总产量预计累计减产6万吨左右；而在4月份主流钢厂减产或将进一步维持，青山金汇有计划减产约1万吨、吴航计划将继续保持2万吨以内的产量。大钢厂方面，联众方面在4月份将加大L1系列的产量，预计增产10－20％左右，宝钢也进军200系，量虽然不大，却不能否认这是一个还算利好的消息，不是但从这些钢厂的招标价格来看，钢厂接受价格较低，3月初的宝钢招标价为12500元/吨到厂，折算成出厂价就是12100元/吨到12200元/吨的出厂价。就整体而言，为了达到需求和产量的相对平衡，200系不锈钢减产情况比较明显。就不锈钢而言，四月份电解锰价格应该还有下行的压力。而从中低碳锰铁方面来看，情况依然不容乐观。按照以往矿价走势规律的分析来看，在第二季度锰矿价格则可能出现进一步调整，并于三季度达到全年最低水平。业内分析人士预计，2009年的锰矿价格将会调整至与2007年二三季度的价格水平相当，库存方面，在亚洲铁合金会议上，有专业专家表示中国市场中现存的大量锰铁仍足以支撑国内钢铁企业使用一个季度甚至更长时间；国际市场中的库存同样需要两个月以上的时间来消耗，因而四五月份，无论是中国还是亚洲，乃至全球市场，锰铁的交易价格仍将继续下走，钢厂减产，矿石价格下调，再加上库存较多，锰系合金存在相当大的下调空间。周遭一片跌势，电解锰独善其身难度可见。更多关于锰价格走势的信息和资讯，请继续关注本站锰频道！

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0