冷轧是在室温条件下将钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最小厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，大部份工厂如保定普瑞钢材冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和 市场 需求而决定。冷轧的优缺点：优点：成型速度快、 产量 高，且不损伤涂层，可以做成多种多样的截面形式，以适应使用条件的需要；冷轧可以使钢材产生很大的塑性变形，从而提高了钢材的屈服点。缺点: 1.虽然成型过程中没有经过热态塑性压缩，但截面内仍然存在残余应力，对钢材整体和局部屈曲的特性必然产生影响；2.冷轧型钢样式一般为开口截面，使得截面的自由扭转刚度较低。在受弯时容易出现扭转，受压时容易出现弯扭屈曲，抗扭性能较差；3.冷轧成型钢壁厚较小，在板件衔接的转角处又没有加厚，承受局部性的集中荷载的能力弱。镀锌是在装有镀件、玻璃球、锌粉、水和促进剂的旋转滚桶内，作为冲击介质的玻璃球随着滚桶转动，与镀件表面发生摩擦和锤击产生机械物理能量，在化学促进剂的作用下，将镀涂的锌粉“冷焊”到镀件表面上，形成光滑、均匀和细致的具有一定厚度的镀层。镀锌分为热镀锌和电镀锌两种。热镀锌也叫热浸镀锌和热浸锌，是一种有效的 金属 防腐方式，主要用于各 行业 的 金属 结构设施上。是将除锈后的钢件浸入500℃左右融化的锌液中，使钢构件表面附着锌层，从而起到防腐的目的。电镀锌，是利用电解设备将管件经过除油、酸洗、后放入成分为锌盐的溶液中，并连接电解设备的负极，在管件的对面放置锌版，连接在电解设备的正极接通电源，利用电流从正极向负极的定向移动就会在管件上沉积一层锌，冷镀管件是先加工后镀锌。

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。产品特点因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。简单来说，冷轧，是在热软板扎的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧→酸洗→冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由热轧经过连续冷变形而成的冷轧，机械性能比较差，硬度太高，必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。化学成分（Wt%）牌号CSiMnPSCuSPCC0.02～0.08≤0.100.15～0.30≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q1950.06～0.12≤0.300.25～0.50≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q235-B0.12～0.20≤0.300.30～0.70≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050制作工序冷轧通常采用众轧的方式。冷轧生产的工序一般包括原料准备、酸洗、轧制、脱脂、退火(热处理)、精整等。冷轧以热轧产品为原料，冷轧前原料要先除磷，以保证冷轧产品的表面洁净。轧制是使材料变形的主要工序。脱脂的目的在于去除轧制时附在轧材上的润滑油脂，以免退火时污染钢材表面，对不锈钢也为防止增碳。退火包括中间退火和成品热处理，中间退火是通过再结晶消除冷变形时产生的加工硬化，以恢复材料的塑性及降低金属的变形抗力。成品热处理的目的除了通过再结晶消除硬化外。还在于根据产品的技术要求以获得所需要的组织(如各种织构等)和产品性能(如深冲、电磁性能等)。精整包括检查、剪切、矫直(平整)、打印、分类包装等内容。冷轧产品有很高的包装要求，以防止产品在运输过程中表面被刮伤。除上述工序外在生产一些特殊产品时还有各自的特殊工序。如轧制硅钢板时，在冷轧前要进行脱碳退火，轧后要进行涂膜、高温退火、拉伸矫直(见张力矫直)与回火等。用于冷轧带刚的轧机有二辊轧机、四辊轧机和多辊轧机。应用最多的是四辊轧机。轧制更薄的产品则要采用多辊轧机。多辊轧机的种类很多，如六辊轧机、偏八辊轧机，十二辊轧机，二十辊轧机等(见轧机)。随着对板形要求的提高，发展了许多改进板形的技术，如弯辊技术、窜辊技术和交叉轧辊技术等。冷轧带钢轧机按机架排列可分为单机可逆或不可逆式与多机连续式两类。前者适用于多品种、少批量或合金钢产品比例大的情况。它投资低、建厂快，但产量低，金属消耗较大。多机架连续轧制适合于产品品种较单一或者变动不大的情况，它有生产效率高、产量大的优点，但投资较大。与热轧带钢(见热连轧宽带钢生产工艺、热轧窄带钢生产)相比，冷轧带钢(见冷板扎带生产)的轧制工艺有以下特点：(1)采用工艺润滑和冷却，以降低轧制时的变形抗力和冷却轧辊；(2)采用大张力轧制，以降低变形抗力和保持轧制过程的稳定。采用的平均单位张力值为材料屈服强度的10%～60%，一般不超过50%；(3)采用多轧程轧制。由于冷轧使材料产生加工硬化，当总变形量达到60%～80%时，继续变形就变得很困难。为此要进行中间退火，使材料软化后轧制得以继续进行。为了得到要求的薄带钢，这样的中间退火可能要进行多次。两次中间退火之间的轧制称为一个轧程。冷轧带钢的退火在有保护气体的连续式退火炉或罩式退火炉中进行(见冷轧板带退火)。冷轧带钢的最小厚度目前可达到0.05mm，冷轧箔材可达到0.001mm。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0

空调箔因其使用性能的不同，主要分为素铝箔和亲水涂层铝箔两大类。    素铝箔是指轧制退火，表面未经过任何处理的铝箔，主要用于低档分体空调室外机和窗机上；    亲水涂层铝箔是指在素铝箔上涂复防腐蚀涂层和亲水涂层的铝箔深加工产品。亲水涂层铝箔表面具有较强的亲水性，在空调上使用，能优化换热器的通风效果，从而使热交换率提高5%。此外，亲水涂层铝箔还具有防腐、防霉菌、无异味等其它优点，主要用于中高档及外销空调。删除

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在20-40吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。　　　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。　　　　简单来说，冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。　　　　冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由于热轧经过连续冷变型而成的冷轧，在机械性能比较差，硬度太高。必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。　　　　冷轧一般都会经过退火处理。

冷轧薄钢板，简称冷轧钢板、冷轧薄板、冷轧板、冷板等。它还包括不锈钢板、弹簧钢板、硬钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、镀铝板等。冷轧薄钢带，简称冷轧钢带、冷轧带钢、钢带、带钢、薄钢带、冷轧卷等。还包括不锈钢带、镀锌钢带、镀锡钢带等。 冷轧钢板标准 冷轧薄钢板、钢带（以下简称冷轧薄板）主要用于零件的冲压加工，而冷轧薄板的力学性能十分重要，它直接关系到板材的冲压性能。冷轧薄板是以不同的热处理状态分级的，不同硬度的材料，用于不同的加工方法，国家标准GB/T 13237-1991《优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带》将冷轧薄板大致分为三级，P级用于普通冲压，S级用于深度冲压，Z级用于最深度冲压。中国冶金标准YB/T 5059-1993《低碳钢冷轧钢带》将薄钢板按硬度分为五级，即：TR（特级）、R（软）、BR（半软）、DY（低硬）和Y（冷硬）。其实通过一定的冷轧变形程度和冷轧后热处理的恰当配合，可以在广泛的范围内满足用户关于材料力学性能方面的要求。冷轧薄板根据用户加工上的要求可以分成更多的级别。例如：日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》的分类除分为一般用（spcc）、冲压用(spcd)和深冲压用（spce）三类外，还细分为退火、标准调质、1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬、全硬等级别。 在冷轧薄板力学性能的检测方面，一些标准只规定了拉伸试验，另一些标准除拉伸试验外还规定了硬度试验。 中国标准GB/T 13237-1991就只规定了拉伸试验，技术要求冷轧钢板标准如表一所示：牌号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率不小于拉延级别Z－S和PZSP08F275～365275～38034323008,08Al,10F275～390275～41032302810295～410295～43030392815F315～430315～45029282715335～450335～47027262520355～490335～50026252425——390～540——242330——440～590——222135——490～635——201940——510～650————1845——530～680————1650——540～715————14 日本标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》（该标准中包含了冷轧薄钢板和钢带）规定了拉伸试验，也规定了硬度试验，该标准的力学性能要求如下：表二：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的拉伸试验质牌号抗拉强度/MPa 不小于 伸长率/%不小于试样按以下公称厚度/mm>=0.250.250.400.601.01.6>=2.5SPCC SPCD SPCE(270) 270 270(32) 34 36(34) 36 3836 38 40　 37 39 41 　　 (38) 40 42 　39 41 435号试样轧制方向 表三：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的硬度值。调质区分符号 硬度最大HRBHV退火A57105标准调质S65115 注：厚度小于0.6mm的钢板和钢带，原则上不进行拉伸试验。 表四：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬材料的拉伸试验值。调质区分 符号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率/%最小试样1/8硬8294～410255号试样轧制方向1/4硬4370～490101/2硬2440～590——硬1>=550——     表五：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬状态的硬度值。调质区分符号HRBHV1/8硬 1/4硬8450～7165～8095～130 115～1501/2硬 硬2174～89 ≥85135～185 ≥170注：HRB和HV，仅选用其中之一。英国标准BS 1449/1.9-1991《厚板、薄板和钢带第一部分：碳素钢和碳锰钢厚板、薄板和钢带具有成形性能的冷轧窄钢带技术条件》对冷轧板分级为CS1（铝镇静稳定化超深冲）、CS2（超深冲）、CS3（深冲）、CS4（折边）、CS15（商品级）。这项标准的力学性能要求如表六所示： 表六：钢材交货时的力学性能轧制状态和级别退火（A）或平整冷轧（SP）状态硬度HV1)2)最大屈服强度Re1)/MPa最小抗拉强度Rm1)/MPa最小伸长率A1)/%最小弯心直径1)（180°弯曲）原始标距LO50mm80mmCS1A9514027038（36）0aSP10514027036（34）0aCS2A9514027036（34）0a SP10014027036（34）0aCS3A100（140）（280）（34）（32）0aSP110（140）（280）（34）（32）0aCS4A105（140）（280）——0aSP115（140）（280）——0a 注：1）窄钢带交货应符合，或者硬度和弯曲试验，或者拉伸和弯曲试验，但硬度和拉伸试验不应同时进行。     2）对于SP（平整冷轧）状态，与镀层精整（PL）或镜面光洁度（MF），或以“无拉伸痕”交货的钢材组合，最大硬度可以提高5个HV或抗拉强度可以提高20MPa。     3）牌号CS2、CS3和CS4的硬度值仅适用于沸腾钢。 如上所述冷轧薄板的力学性能可以通过拉伸试验来检测，也可以通过硬度试验来检测。由于硬度试验设备简单、易于掌握，试验效率高，并且金属硬度与强度之间有一定的对应关系，所以硬度检测是确定材料力学性能的更方便的方法。冷轧薄板的硬度检测可以用于冷轧板生产过程的质量控制，更适于生产冲压产品的厂家对原材料进行力学性能的复检。 日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996规定的硬度试验是洛氏硬度HRB和维氏硬度HV。维氏硬度试验可用于冷轧薄板，但洛氏硬度HRB却不适用于测试薄板材料。因为当板材厚度小于2mm时，测试HRB硬度可能会因为发生“测砧效应”而使测量的硬度值失准。对于薄板材料，可以测试表面洛氏硬度HRN或HRT，然后换算成HRB或HV硬度。冷轧钢板标准生产了一种便携式表面洛氏硬度计，它非常适合测试薄板和钢带材料，它可以在生产现场、销售现场或材料仓库快速进行冷轧薄板材料的洛氏硬度检测，完成一次测量仅需要10秒钟时间，检测的板材厚度范围为0.05-50mm。这种仪器可以用在冷轧薄板带的生产线上，对产品的热处理效果进行在线的质量控制。这种仪器更适用于冲压产品的生产厂家。可以用它对购入的板材硬度进行复检，可以携带它去钢材市场选购材料，也可以利用它对自己厂生产的冲压产品进行硬度检测。 这种仪器如果配上一个支承座，还可以放到办公桌上使用。可以对成批的成品或半成品工件做逐件检测。它的测试精度与台式洛氏硬度计相同。 目前冷轧薄带材料正在向超薄方向发展，据报道，上海宝钢已扎制出厚度为0.08mm的冷轧薄板带材。采用本所生产的PHR-1S型表面洛氏硬度计，配一个金刚点砧座，就可测试薄至0.05mm冷轧薄板带材料的硬度。 这种应用完全可以取代维氏硬度计，使冷轧薄板材料的力学性能检测实现快速、简便、经济。

冷轧镀锌板，是一种镀锌钢板。钢板按轧制分为热轧和冷轧两种。冷轧板是平板状的，矩形的，可直接轧制而成的。冷轧是在室温条件下将钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最小厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，大部份工厂如保定普瑞钢材冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和 市场 需求而决定。冷轧和热轧的区别： 1、冷轧成型钢允许截面出现局部屈曲，从而可以充分利用杆件屈曲后的承载力；而热轧型钢不允许截面发生局部屈曲。2、热轧型钢和冷轧型钢残余应力产生的原因不同，所以截面上的分布也有很大差异。冷弯薄壁型钢截面上的残余应力分布是弯曲型的，而热扎型钢或焊接型钢截面上残余应力分布是薄膜型。3、热轧型钢的自由扭转刚度比冷轧型钢高，所以热轧型钢的抗扭性能要优于冷轧型钢。冷轧的优缺点：优点：成型速度快、 产量 高，且不损伤涂层，可以做成多种多样的截面形式，以适应使用条件的需要；冷轧可以使钢材产生很大的塑性变形，从而提高了钢材的屈服点。缺点: 1.虽然成型过程中没有经过热态塑性压缩，但截面内仍然存在残余应力，对钢材整体和局部屈曲的特性必然产生影响；2.冷轧型钢样式一般为开口截面，使得截面的自由扭转刚度较低。在受弯时容易出现扭转，受压时容易出现弯扭屈曲，抗扭性能较差；3.冷轧成型钢壁厚较小，在板件衔接的转角处又没有加厚，承受局部性的集中荷载的能力弱。冷轧镀锌板用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及 产业 设备、各种建筑材料。

电子铝线,是铝线制品的一种。铝线是以铝及铝合金线坯为原料通过拉拔而得到的成盘的线制品，包括高纯铝线、普通铝线及合金铝线等。高纯铝线铝含量在99．9％以上，用于电子工业，真空镀膜，镀铝纸等。普通铝线铝含量在99．9％以下，用于电线、电缆、电机、电器的制造以及作为铆钉和焊接材料来使用。铝合金线用于电子及纺织部门以及用作电线、电缆、铆钉、焊料等。电子是一种基本粒子，目前无法再分解为更小的物质。其直径是质子的0.001倍，重量为质子的1/1836。电子围绕原子的核做高速运动。电子通常排列在各个能量层上。当原子互相结合成为分子时，在最外层的电子便会由一原子移至另一原子或成为彼此共享的电子。电子块头小重量轻（比 μ介子还轻205倍),被归在亚原子粒子中的轻子类。轻子是物质被划分的作为基本粒子的一类。电子带有1/2自旋，满足费米子的条件（按照费米—狄拉克统计）。电子所带电荷约为- 1.6 × 10-19库仑，质量为9.10 × 10-31 kg (0.51 MeV/c2)。通常被表示为e-。与电子电性相反的粒子被称为正电子，它带有与电子相同的质量，自旋和等量的正电荷。 电子在原子内做绕核运动,能量越大距核运动的轨迹越远.有电子运动的空间叫电子层.第一层最多可有2个电子.第二层最多可以有8个，第n层最多可容纳2n^2个电子，最外层最多容纳8个电子.最后一层的电子数量决定物质的化学性质是否活泼，1、2电子为 金属 元素，3、4、5、6、7为非 金属 元素，8为稀有气体元素. 　　物质的电子可以失去也可以得到,物质具有得电子的性质叫做氧化性，该物质为氧化剂；物质具有失电子的性质叫做还原性，该物质为还原剂。物质氧化性或还原性的强弱由得失电子难易决定，与得失电子多少无关。想要了解更多电子铝线的相关资讯，请浏览上海 有色 网（ www.smm.cn ）铝频道。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板。冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，冷轧钢板的密度不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。冷轧钢板的密度：热轧钢板含碳量可比冷轧钢板略高些。在成份相持不大的情况下密度是一样的。但如果成份相差悬殊，如不锈钢不论冷轧、热轧密度都在7.9g/cm3左右。具体还要看成份，热轧只是延展性更好，钢材同样受到压力作用

冷轧板卷是以热轧卷为原料，在室温下在再结晶温度以下进行轧制而成，包括板和卷，国内众多钢厂如宝钢、武钢、鞍钢等均可以生产。其中成张交货的称为钢板，也称盒板或平板；长度很长、成卷交货的称为钢带，也称卷板。 生产过程中由于不进行加热，所以不存在热轧常出现的麻点和氧化铁皮等缺陷，表面质量好、光洁度高。而且冷轧产品的尺寸精度高，产品的性能和组织能满足一些特殊的使用要求，如电磁性能、深冲性能等。  　　规格：厚度为0.2-4mm，宽度为600-2 000mm，钢板长度为1 200-6 000mm。  　　牌号：Q195A-Q235A、Q195AF-Q235AF、Q295A(B)-Q345 A(B)；SPCC、SPCD、SPCE、ST12-15;DC01-06  　　性能：主要采用低碳钢牌号，要求具有良好的冷弯和焊接性能，以及一定的冲压性能。 钢号规格（厚*宽*长）冷轧板规格板0.4*1000*C0.5*1250*C0.35*1000*C 1.0*1000*C0.7*1020*C0.3*1000*C 0.4*1000*C1.5*1000*C2.5*1000*C 2.5*1000*C2.0*1250*C1.5*1250*C 1.0*1250*C1.0*1000*C1.0*1000*2000 1.2*1000*20001.5*1000*20000.5*1000*C 2.0*1000*20003.0*1000*20001.0*1250*2000 1.0*1250*25001.2*1250*20001.2*1250*2500 1.5*1250*20001.5*1250*20002.0*1250*2000 2.0*1250*25002.5*1250*20002.5*1250*2500 3.0*1250*20003.0*1250*25001.0*1250*2500 0.35*1000*20000.4*1000*20000.45*1000*2000 0.5*1000*20000.6*1000*20000.7*1000*2000 0.8*1000*20002.0*1000*20001.2*1000*2000 1.5*1000*20001.0*1250*2000

铝箔因其自身的各种优势，已被全世界公认为的包装材料。据有关方面统计，在经济发达的北美洲，2004年共生产了604万吨铝的压延材，其中有41%用作包装材料，大部分为厚箔和薄箔。中国改革开放以来，经济飞速发展，铝箔用量大增。 　　目前，许多工厂企业正在不约而同地上铝箔项目。中国的铝箔工业发展如此之快，然而坯料从何而来?仅管中国拥有众多的铸绽热轧法和双辊铸轧法可以解决铝箔坯料的供应问题，但是，宽幅优质铝箔坯料的缺口很大，不容忽视。有业内人士指出，中国宽幅高档铝箔毛料成为铝箔工业发展的瓶颈，那么，又如何解决这个问题?国内有关专家以及上海铝业界从事有色金属连铸连轧工艺研究的马道章高级工程师，都撰文并提出一个较佳措施，那就是“在一个原铝生产能力20万吨/年以上的铝厂建一条哈兹列特生产线。” 　　哈兹列特工艺生产线是美国哈兹列特公司开发、研制成功的，为了能够生产优质铝箔坯料，哈兹列特公司至少研发了如下几项新技术： 　　铸造用钢带的瞬时感应预热技术。去除了钢带表面的水汽，并消除钢带受热时热膨胀不均匀对铸坯板型的不良影响； 　　在钢带背面的支撑辊中装入永磁体。防止了钢带可能的颤动(当铝液尚未固化之前)，保证了铸坯的板型不受影响； 　　在铸模内注入了混合的惰性气体。使铸造在无氧条件下进行，同时通过分区控制可以调节铸坯的板型； 　　采用单通道片状铸咀。防止铸造时铝水的紊流，保证铸坯表面无流痕； 　　在较久性涂层上面，用静电沉积法涂上消耗性纳米级二氧化硅涂层。方便了脱模，改善了铸坯的表面质量。 　　由于研发和采用了上述一系列新技术，哈兹列特工艺已臻成熟，且是一项十分的技术。在中国，它将是除了铸轧供坯和直冷热轧供坯之外的第三种供坯方式，而会引起大家广泛注意。这种工艺有其不可忽视的巨大优势∶产品质量优异，属于热轧结构；特别能节能降耗；生产安排灵活；经济效益好等。该工艺特别适合于中国的国情，因为中国的市场需要量大。另外，中国有众多的大型冶炼厂。哈兹列特公司副总裁里根认为∶“对大产量的铝箔坯料来说，年产量超过4万吨时，没有任何其它工艺可与哈兹列特工艺相匹敌。具有特别意义的是，中国可望采用直接来自冶炼厂的铝液，生产1毫米厚的热轧卷，经冷轧后运到铝箔厂，大大降低了料耗和能耗。”我国的一些专家还建议，在下游可增加一些高精度的冷轧机、拉弯矫直机和剪刀切机，以保证优质铝箔坯料的生产。 　　哈兹列特工艺的生产基地是西班牙的CVA公司。其生产实践概述于下： 　　(1).原料为原生铝锭，铸坯净宽1320毫米，连铸机后面接三机架四辊热轧机(由奥钢联用旧轧钢机改造而成)。建造了两台炉子，每台容量为70吨，既做熔化炉又作保温炉； 　　(2).铝液处理。采用Alpur(NorskHydro提供)技术除氢。除气后含量低于0.1mL/100mg。过滤∶精度不低于50PPI。晶粒细化∶将铝钛硼丝通入铝液，其用量不高于2kg/t。铸态晶粒尺寸为90微米(表面层)和250微米(中心层)； 　　(3).采用适合于铸造铝箔坯料的钢带形貌。在线消耗性静电沉积层采用纳米级二氧化硅； 　　(4).采用无间隔片状铸咀。铸咀用氧化铝和氧化硅高温纤维制作，粘结剂为氮化硼。具有足够的孔隙度，保证不粘铝； 　　(5).采用水膜冷却，横向分区可调，有助于控制板型； 　　(6).在模区前段采用磁性支撑辊，在后段借助水压构成柔性模，严格控制铸坯板型，使在纵向和横向的厚度均小于2毫米。在铸坯出口设高温图象仪，以便监视厚差，在需要时调节铸造条件。该厚差十分难得，是生产优质铝箔的关键，亦是提高铝箔成材率的关键； 　　(7).三连轧生产中，采用乳液流量在铸坯横向分区控制，以便控制板型； 　　(8).3台轧机轧辊弧度∶均为负0.175毫米；或负0.2毫米(靠前机架)，负0.175毫米(第二、三机架)。热轧带具有正弧度∶中间较厚，两边较薄，两者相差以0.6%为佳。热轧机具有厚调和液压压弯系统； 　　(9).热轧后的带厚为1.4毫米。无需裁边，即进行冷轧。在这里还应指出，与直冷和铸轧工艺比较，哈兹列特工艺为下游省了不小的冷轧量； 　　(10).西班牙CVA公司所生产的铝箔坯料，一部分自用，一部分在欧洲市场上销售。用户将其轧至0.00635毫米后检查了其针孔数，每平方米少于100个。

（二）电工用冷轧硅钢薄板（GB2521-88）  　　用含硅0.8％-4.8％的电工硅钢为材质，经冷轧而成。  　　冷轧硅钢片分晶粒无取向和晶粒取向两种钢带。冷轧电工钢带具有表面平整、厚度均匀、叠装系数高、冲片性好等特点，且比热轧电工钢带磁感高、铁损低。用冷带代替热轧带制造电机或变压器，其重量和体积可减少0％-25％。若用冷轧取向带，性能更佳，用它代替热轧带或低档次冷轧带，可减少变压器电能消耗量45％-50％，且变压器工作性能更可靠。  　　用于制造电机和变压器。通常，晶粒无取向冷轧带用作电机或焊接变压器等的状态；晶粒取向冷轧带用作电源变压器、脉冲变压器和磁放大器等的铁芯。  　　钢板规格尺寸：厚度为0.35、0.50、0.65mm，宽度为800-1000mm，长度为≤2.0m。

在电解电容器家族中，铝电解电容器因性能上乘，价格低廉，用途广泛，近20年来在世界范围内得到很大发展。仅以日本为例，1995年电解电容器用铝箔的产量约3000吨，到2001年产量已达7万～8万吨，几乎在以惊人的速度递增。　　我国的铝电解电容器发展也很快，据统计，1997年产量约为150亿只，估计近期可能已超过200亿只。从我国电子行业的发展状况看，近几年铝电解电容器的产量还会有较大的提高。目前我国电解电容器用铝箔一部分用国产箔，还有相当一部分依赖进口。为了改变这种局面，国内厂家，在国产化方面做了许多工作。前不久西南铝电解电容器用高压铝箔研究项目开发成功，产品质量达到国际先进水平，已完全可以代替进口。应该说，经过10多年发展，特别是较近五六年来，我国电子铝箔的质量已有了很大提高。　　电解电容器中用的铝箔属于电子铝箔的范畴，这是一种在极性条件下工作的腐蚀材料。不同极性的电子铝箔要求有不同的腐蚀类型。高压阳极箔为柱孔状腐蚀，低压阳极箔为海绵状腐蚀，中压段的阳极箔为虫蛀状腐蚀。　　20世纪80年代以前，电解电容器大都是沿用手工化学腐蚀，80年代之后采用联动电化学腐蚀。手工腐蚀用的铝箔纯度较低（99。3％～99。7％），对铝箔加工质量的要求也不高。联动电化学腐蚀要求铝箔的纯度越来越高，对铝箔的加工质量也要求越来越精。从铝的纯度而言，20世纪80年代铝纯度为99。99％，迄今铝纯度已达99。993％。这是电极箔的要求，也是铝加工行业的技术在进步。　　铝箔纯度提高，当然对电极箔质量提高带来好的影响，但另一方面是成本在提高。与此同时，腐蚀介质也在不断变化，有的介质浓度提高，有的介质类型在变化，这些都对环保工作不利，导致生产企业环保任务繁重，由此可能会要求铝的纯度有所降低。从日本铝箔的较新成分分析中，发现已有这方面的趋势。　　腐蚀化成箔质量的提高与铝光箔质量的进步是分不开的，从日本的专利来看，负极箔的专利高峰期为20世纪80年代，阳极箔的专利高峰期有两个：一个高峰约在1977～1978年，另一个高峰期在1983年左右。这些专利高峰期说明技术在飞速进步。

冷轧板带用途很广，如汽车制造、电气产品、机车车辆、航空、精密仪表、食品罐头等。 　　冷轧薄钢板是普通碳素结构钢冷轧板的简称，也称冷轧板，俗称冷板，有时会被误写成冷扎板。冷板是由普通碳素结构钢热轧钢带，经过进一步冷轧制成厚度小于4mm的钢板。由于在常温下轧制，不产生氧化铁皮，因此，冷板表面质量好，尺寸精度高，再加之退火处理，其机械性能和工艺性能都优于热轧薄钢板，在许多领域里，特别是家电制造领域，已逐渐用它取代热轧薄钢板。 　　适用牌号：Q195、Q215、Q235、Q275；SPCC（日本牌号）；ST12（德国牌号） 　　符号：冷轧板的用途 　　1、Q—普通碳素结构钢屈服点（极限）的代号，它是“屈”的第一个汉语拼音字母的大小写；195、215、235、255、275—分别表示它们屈服点（极限）的数值，单位：兆帕MPa（N/mm2）；由于Q235钢的强度、塑性、韧性和焊接性等综合机械性能在普通碳素结构钢中属最了，能较好地满足一般的使用要求，所以应用范围十分广泛。 　　2、S-钢（Steel）、P-板（Plate）、C-冷轧（cold）、第四位C-普通级（common）。 　　3、ST-钢（Steel）、12-普通级冷轧薄钢板、　 　　标记：尺寸精度—尺寸—钢板品种标准 　　冷轧钢板：钢号—技术条件标准 　　标记示例：B-0.57501500-GB708-88；钢板、标准号Q/BQB402，牌号SPCC，热处理状态退火+平整（S），表央加工状态为麻面D，表面质量为FB级的切边（切边EC，不切边EM）钢板、厚度0.5mm，B级精度，宽度1000mm，A级精度，长度2000mm，A级精度，不平度精度为PF.A，则标记为：钢板ECQ/BQB 402-SPCC-SD-FB/（0.51000A2000A-PF.A）； 　　冷轧钢板：Q225-GB912-89 　　主要产地有：宝钢、鞍钢、本钢、武钢、邯钢、包钢、唐钢、涟钢、济钢等 　　冷轧普通薄钢板 ：由普通碳素结构钢或低合金结构钢冷轧制成。冷轧板表面质量较好。具有良好的冲压性能。对其要求要保证冷弯和杯试验合格，常用于汽车等行业和镀层板的原料。 　　冷轧优质薄钢板：主要包括各种优质钢冷轧薄板，最常用的是碳素结构钢板，尤其是深冲压用冷轧薄钢板，是由低碳优质钢08Al冷轧的薄板，钢板按表面质量分为三组；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ，分别表示特别高级、高级、较高的精整表面,按拉延级别分为ZF、HF、F级（代表用于冲制拉延最复杂、很复杂、复杂的零件）,根据钢板厚度允许偏差，又分为A、B两级精度、广泛用于汽车拖拉机工业。 　　冷轧钢板，表面光洁，加工优良，用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及产业设备、各种建筑材料。随着经济发展，冷轧钢板已被称为现代社会的必须材料。 冷轧产品的分类： 热轧酸洗、轧硬卷、普通冷轧、镀锌（电镀锌、耐指纹、热镀锌）、镀铝锌、电镀锡、彩涂、电工钢（矽钢片）等。 　　1、热轧酸洗：　　2、轧 硬 卷：在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。

使用空调箔的用户一般要求空调箔具有适应深冲加工的力学性能，对空调箔的屈服强度、伸长率及杯突值要求较高，表面质量除要求具有良好的板形外，亲水箔还对空调箔来料的表面浸润性要求严格，一般要求达到表面浸润性A级标准。由于空调箔市场的巨大潜力，目前投身于空调箔生产的厂家也越来越多，未来的空调箔市场竞争也会变得越来越激烈，因此作为空调箔生产的厂家，在满足空调箔用户对性能及表面质量要求的前提下，应尽量降低生产成本。通过对来料化学成分中锰含量的分析，确定一个最佳的控制范围，使得在后续通火工序中能够在较低的退火温度下获得优良的性能，在一定程度上能降低生产成本。　　     1试验工艺方案制定　　1.1试验合金卷及规格的选择　　铝合金铸轧卷料规格：7.0mmX1180mm,来料最大卷重7000kg，来料卷内径610mm，来料中凸度小于1.0%。　　成品性能要求：要求抗拉强度Rm=115N/mm2～125N/mm2，伸长率A≧20%，I，E>6.5.表面浸润性试验达A级。　　1.2 试验过程及结果　　1.2.1 轧制工艺流程　　1.2.2 退火工艺的制定　　针对用户对空调箔成品性能的要求，决定采用不完全退火工艺以满足成品半硬态的要求。退火温度的选择一般确定在该合金再结晶温度以上100℃～200℃，但为了防止晶粒粗大、表面氧化、吸气和减轻再结晶织构等，应可能降低退火上限温度或取下限温度。为了研究化学成分中各各元素对退火后空调箔性能的影响，确定三种退火工艺方案，方案一、二、三的退火温度分别为290℃、325℃、360℃。试验方案一和方案二总时间均为25h，方案三总时间为20h，总时间包括升温和保温时间。由于在退火之前经过拉弯矫直清清冼工序，所以在退火工艺中均不采取除油段，炉内温度显示PLC达到规定的温度后保温，总时间达到要求后即出炉空冷。　　退火时间则取决于装炉量、产品厚度、炉温分布均匀性以及退火炉热效率等因素。一般情况下随着装炉量的增加、退火炉温度不均匀性增加、产品厚度的增加以及退火炉热效率的降低，退火保温时间要加长，但炉内保温时间不应超过装载的全部产品达到退火温度所需的时间为宜。　　1　结果分析　　由表2的试验结果可以看出，在290℃退火温度下，w（Mn）≤0。0。5%的试样屈服强度均可达到125 N/mm2，而伸长率也可双达到23%以上，可以满足用户对空调箔的性能要求，而w（Mn）>0。05%的试样，其屈服强度却在130N/mm2以上，伸长率一般在23%以下，而随着退火温度的增加，如方案二所示，在325℃退火温度下，w（Mn）≤0。05%的试样屈服强度略有下降，而伸长率也同时略有升高，仍可以满足用户对空调箔的性能要求，同时w（Mn）>0。05%的试样，其屈服强度在128 N/mm2左右，但是伸长率却有不同程度的下降；当在360℃条件下进能退火时，w（Mn）≤0。05%的试样其屈服强度和伸长充基本上接近于软态的性能指标，屈服强度下降，伸长率提高，但是，对于w（Mn）≤0。05%的试样，伴随着屈服强度的下降，伸长率仍保持下降的趋势。另外从试验数据也不难看出，三种退火温度下，含锰量越高合金的屈服强度越高。　　锰作为一种重要的合金添加元素，能阻止铝合金的再结晶过程，提高再结晶温度，并能显著细化再结晶晶。再结晶晶粒的细化主要是通过MnMl6化合物弥散质点对再结晶晶粒长大起阻碍作用。MnMl6的另一作用是能与杂质铁形成（fe、mn）AL0，减小铁的的害影响，这也是含锰量高的合金要比同样条件的含锰量低的合金的抗拉强度高的原因。但是随着锰量的增加，合金再结晶温度提高，要达到同样的结晶程度就需要更高的温度来完成。因此，在本试验中含锰量高的合金要在325℃退火才能达到不完全再结晶，伸长率才达到空调箔用户的要求，相对于含锰量低的合金而言，退火成本增加，对退火炉的设备要求提高了。但是随着退火温度的继续升高，达到360℃时，已经细化了的晶粒继续长大，宏观表现为随着屈服强度的降低，伸长率也下降了，在随后取试样所做的拉力试验中可以观察到明显的“雪花”条，说明在此温度下进行退火，存在明显的晶粒长大趋向。　　2　结论　　1　用8011合金生产空调箔，其含锰量要控制在0。05%以下，成品退火温度在290℃时可以满足用户对性能的要求。　　2　锰作为一种重要的合金元素，存在于8011合金时可以提高再结晶度，同时提高了合金的屈服强度。

“我相信其他任何企业都做不出这种造型”，说出如此有力话语的，是索尼消费者产品与服务部个人影像与音频业务本部核心技术部门机构设计部的机械工程师石桥秀则。　　　　石桥的工作是根据设计师提出的方案进行造型设计，直到能实际量产制造为止。能让将造型设计反映到实际产品中的技术人员说出如此话语的，是数码相机“Cyber Shot DSC-TX66”的造型，这其中凝聚了多种先进的制造技术。　　　　在摆放着众多袖珍数码相机的店铺看到TX-66的造型时，无疑会觉得这款相机非常出众。与其他产品较大的不同在于其“边缘”，尖锐的棱角是其较大亮点。TX-66的正面勾画出了饱满的曲面，并有部分膨出，而四周就像是直接切出来的一样，将柔和的曲面与垂直的侧面连接在一起的，是十分显眼的棱角，整个机身表现出了用金属侧面包住丰富内容物的紧凑感。　　　　其实CyberShot系列的较高端机型“DSC-RX100”也在造型中采用了与此相同的理念。该产品的造型设计目标也是要给人留下像在长方体铝块上切削出来一样的精致而有分量的印象。对此，负责RX-100机构设计的索尼数码影像业务部本部核心技术部机构设计部四科统括股长佐佐木雄志认为关键在于“从垂直立起的侧面到水平面的拐角R的精细度与水平面的平滑度”。　　　　不过，虽然要求给人以切削铝块的印象，但并不能真的通过切削块状材料来制造机壳。在两款可行性方案中胜出的是将薄板冲压加工成一定形状后，再将某一面削薄一层的制造方案。　　　　TX-66是在以深冲加工方式冲出整体形状之后，对支撑膨出面的侧面周围通过机械加工及手工作业施以发丝加工，切削而成的。而RX-100则是对厚度仅为1mm左右的板材进行深冲加工制成一定形状后，再均匀而平滑地将机身上部水平面削薄0.5mm左右。深冲加工及切削加工中，只要尺寸稍有偏差就会前功尽弃，是需要慎之又慎的作业。　　　　虽然加工效果只不过像用刨子刨一次那样薄，但却会对造型设计产生非常大的影响。两位工程师异口同声地表示，如果只是进行深冲加工的话，棱角不够尖锐，无法表现出切削后的精密感。这两款机型的造型设计的例子表明，拐角R的微细处理对造型设计会产生非常大的影响。　　　　理解了决定造型设计优劣的细节加工之后，就要在设计时考虑造型设计与生产效率的平衡了。在理解造型设计、加工工序及成本等多种条件的基础上考虑制造工艺，正是当今这个时代对设计人员提出的要求。　　　　目前，冲压加工与铝切削加工相结合已不再是少见的方法。比如，通过切削整块厚板而形成的、用于苹果MacBook系列及iPad等的Unibody构造就是这种加工组合的应用实例。　　　　不过，尽管索尼与苹果的技术采用了相同的加工方式，但方法及目的却完全不同。　　　　CyberShot开发团队的佐佐木统括科长表示，“我们有6年的冲压和切削相结合的复合加工经验”。该团队在此过程中所追求的是，满足消费者时刻都在变化的要求，以较少的设备进行所需加工，以提高生产效率，并避免投资和材料浪费的高效率产品制造理念。这同时也是可满足不断变化的消费者喜好及流行趋势的快速造型设计开发方针。　　　　而且，这种开发方针还意味着可在生产还在继续的同时，将其中获得的新加工技术及经验立即运用到下一个具有吸引力的造型设计中。比如，用来隐藏TX-66镜头的滑动面板上的不同金属质感的线条。据介绍，这是通过采用多色耐酸铝技术实现的，也是根据技术人员提出的建议实现的设计。　　　　而苹果的产品制造方针是，花费很长时间认真设计少数产品，直到获得认可。目前，这种方法已获得巨大成功，但原封不动地模仿苹果的设计方式毫无意义。倒不如彻底钻研CyberShot开发团队此前所采用的、以较快的开发速度设计出多种产品的方法，这才能成为参与全球竞争的一大武器。　　　　目前的当务之急是构建起能够将技术人员个人积累的设计经验升华成企业的集体智慧的环境。如何将数码相机上获得这项技术应用到其他商品领域？这或许是提高索尼整体价值的关键所在。

合金牌号 状态 抗拉强度σb/MPa 伸长率δ/%1070-1060 O 60～90 ≥20H14 80～140 ≥3H18 ≥120 ≥111451235 O 80～120 ≥30H14 130～150 ≥3H18 ≥150 ≥13003 O 100～150 ≥20H14 140～180 ≥2H18 ≥190 ≥1

冷 轧 产 品 品 名        材 质碳 结 板    SPCC、St12、DC01、Q235AB优结钢板   20-45#、08-15#优质碳素钢    08AL低碳深冲板    SC1、SPCE、ST14、DC04 超深冲板  SC2、St15、DC05、SC3、St16、DC06、St17耐腐蚀钢   05CuPCrNi、09CuPCrNi、Q345GNHL 低碳冲压钢   SPCD、ST13、DC03深 冲 板   SPCEN参照： （一）冲压用冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 1、一般冲压用钢：BLC B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；L——低碳（Low Carbon）；C——一般用（Commercial） 2、抗时效性低屈服钢：BLD B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；L——低碳（Low Carbon）；D——冲压用（Drawing） 3、非时效性极深冲用钢：BUFD（BUSD） B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；U——超级（Ultra）；F——成型（Formability）； D——冲压（Drawing） 4、非时效性超深冲用钢：BSUFD B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；SU——超高级（Ultra+Super）；F——成型（Formability）； D——冲压（Drawing） （二）冷成型用高强度冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 B ××× × × B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；×××——最小屈服点值； ×——一般用V、X、Y、Z表示 V：高强度低合金，屈服点与抗拉强度差值无规定 X：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别70MPa Y：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别100MPa Z：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别140MPa ×——氧化物/硫化物夹杂控制（K：镇静、细晶粒；F：K+硫化物控制；O：K、F外） 例：B240ZK、B340VK （三）抗凹陷性冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 B ××× × × B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写 ×××——最小屈服点值 ×——强化方式（P：强化；H：烘烤硬化） ×——由1或2表示（1：超低碳；2：低碳） 築210P1：深冲压用高强度钢；B250P2：一般加工用含磷高强度钢；B180H1：深冲用烘烤硬化钢

28日国内不锈钢冷轧上涨幅度在500元左右。据信息研究中心商场监测显现，北京区域，冷卷304/2B的0.5-3.0mm报价在3.20-3.33万元左右(吨价，下同)；热板304/No.1太钢6mm-20mm价位在2.78-3.75万元之间；321圆钢报价在4.70-5.10万元，2Cr13、3Cr13报价在0.94万元左右。佛山区域，冷卷304/2B 0.4-3.0mm张浦报价在3.18-3.33万元左右；无锡区域，冷卷304/2B报价张浦0.4-3.0mm报价在3.32-3.43万元，太钢0.5-3.0mm报价在3.25-3.48万元左右。现商场上仍无会集到货，资源继续严重，报价调高后成交状况欠安。商场304冷轧卷报价较9月出厂报价已高出500元左右，在消费旺季降临、商场库存量不大等有利要素的状况下，部分供应商对后市达观。.

由于电子地磅需求较高的精度和稳定性。所以，咱们在对电子地磅进行运用的过程中要对电子地磅进行合理的养护，才能够确保电子地磅的精度和稳定性。可是，在对电子地磅养护得时分不用其他称重设备。所以，电子地磅的养护需求留意以下事项： 　　一、电子地磅应定时进行检定作业，确保其精度。 　　二、定时查看电子地磅的限位装置以确保衡器的精度。 　　三、平常应留意秤的边际与基坑或秤体与引坡间有无杂物嵌入;半年摆布查看秤台底下有无杂物堆积;每天外表通电前查看秤台是不是灵活晃动。 　　四、化工等职业如有条件每年油漆秤体。 　　文章来源：http://www.hds.com.cn/news_show.asp?240.shtml

尽管美联储的褐皮书观点谨慎，但 市场 早已对此形成预期，相反葡萄牙成功标售公债缓解了投资者对欧洲银 行业 的忧虑，另美元走软提振基本 金属价格 ，伦铜电子盘期铜周三收高。三个月期铜收高46美元报7675美元，投资者等待周五中国经济数据。    南非金田公司（Gold Fields South America）首席执行官Juan  LuisKruger周三称，估计秘鲁铜 产量 或将在2021年超越智利，成为最大铜生产国 。Juan LuisKruger是在秘鲁Expomina举行的一个矿业贸易会议开幕式上发表上 述言论的。他说，这并非科幻小说，一个开发的项目已经在那里。与会的秘鲁矿业部长Fernando Gala亦持同样的观点，他称，估计秘鲁的铜产量 应在未来10年内增加三倍至约500万吨，进一步巩固我们最为全球第二大铜 生产国的地位。    目前秘鲁年产铜约130万吨，而作为全球最大铜生产国,2009年年产铜超过 500万吨。Fernando Gala称，该国未来数年将投产的铜矿项目投资总额约410亿美元， 其中包括Xstrata铜业公司拥有的、投资额为42亿美元的Las Bambas矿，该矿料 于2014年投产，投产后料年产铜400,000吨。Fernando Gala还指出中国铝业公 司拥有的、投资额为22亿美元的Toromocho铜矿将在2012年投产，料年产铜 250,000吨，此外，英美集团拥有的Quellaveco矿预计在2014年投产后将年产铜 约220,000吨。    了解更多有关伦铜电子盘信息，请关注上海 有色 网。 

电子级氧化铜，其主要成分为氧化铜。分子式  CuO分子量  79.54电子级氧化铜的性质氧化铜为黑色至棕黑色无定型粉末或结晶、颗料（为单斜结晶）。相对密度6.315，熔点1446℃，溶化热11.80KJ/mol,莫氏硬度3-4,介电常数18.10，不溶于水，溶于酸、氨水、氯化铵，溶于氢氧化钠，生成蓝色溶液。在高温下通入氢气或一氧化碳可还原为金属铜粉。电子级规格　氧化铜（CuO）≥98　盐酸不溶物≤0.2　水可溶物≤0.1　氯化物(Clˉ)≤0.2　硫硫盐(So4)≤0.2　镉(Cd)<5ppm　铅(Pb)<100ppm　汞(Hg)<2ppm　六价铬(CrVI)<2ppm　细度（325目残余物）≤0.3作用　主要用于铁氧体磁性材料等电子行业,符合ROSH要求，提供SGS报告。包装25KG内衬聚乙烯塑料袋外复合编织袋，或50KG铁桶、纸板桶。储运注重事项贮存于干燥的库房内。应防止受潮，与强酸及食用原料隔离存放。失火时，可用水、沙土、各种灭火器扑救。

铝带箔轧机在出产进程中选用轧制油（基础油为火油）作为冷却和润滑剂，轧制油在循环进程中会遭到重油（如液压油）的污染，跟着重油含量的添加，将会使产品表面在退火时构成黄斑，现在国内尚无较好的处理计划，只能对整个油箱的油进行替换。本项目设备就是针对去除轧制油中重油而规划开发的工艺技能与环境保护配备。 　　　　本设备的技能原理是使用轧制油中各组分物化特性的不同，经过选用真空精馏的办法别离轧制油与重油；选用背压和流量调理相结合的操控手法处理物料运送精度问题；选用细管制、多管程、大进口的计划处理气相轧制油冷凝问题；选用多级多点连锁报警保护方法保证设备安全；选用壳装规划便于设备和保护。 　　　　本设备具有运转方法灵敏、运转成本低、规划紧凑、自动化程度高和安防办法完善等特色；再生后的轧制油质量（初馏点≥205℃、终馏点≤280℃、重油含量≤0.1%）满意轧机用油标准。首台设备2005年4月应用于美国铝业(上海)有限公司，再生轧制油理化功能彻底满意轧机用油标准，且各项功能指标到达世界先进水平。 　　　　本设备可广泛用于铝带箔加工厂，是出产高质量、高附加值产品的有用质量操控手法，不只提高了产质量量，减少了新油的使用量，一起变废为宝，提高了厂商的环境保护、清洁出产与循环经济水平。设备现在在国内尚无先例，仅有欧洲极少数轧机出产厂具有规划制作才能，属填补国内空白项目。

“世上没有废物，只需放错当地的瑰宝”，发掘电子抛弃物的剩余价值，真实做到物尽其用，既是先进的环保理念，更是值得倡议的生活方法   较近想会集处理一批积累的废旧电池，发现小区居然没有分类废物桶。这在我所寓居的新德里卫星城并非稀罕事。印度的大街上，废物随意倾倒的现象比较遍及，为不少小动物供给了寻食的便利。   电池中含有，归于致癌物质。一项提取新德里、孟买、金奈、班加罗尔等印度七大城市土壤样本的查询显现，印度土壤中工业污染物的均匀浓度为全球水平的两倍，许多遍及存在于城市及周边地区。由于电子废物的许多发作，几十年来，印度的土壤被重金属和等有机物污染，而废物收回配套工程的缺位，则为污染的继续延伸发明了条件。   不仅仅是印度，不少发展中国家，也在阅历电子废物污染之苦。据统计，东亚和东南亚的抛弃电子产品数量在2010年至2015年间增长了63%，电子废物总量和人均发作量均快速增长，速度超越了人口增长。而假如以2007年苹果公司发布靠前代智能手机为起点，迄今为止全球已供应了70亿台智能手机，算上非智能手机，10年中手机总产量高达170亿台，其间超越一半现已被抛弃。难怪有学者慨叹，“关于缺少环境友好型电子废物办理基础设施的许多国家来说，这类废物的数量骤增令人担忧。”   虽然削减电子废物已成一致，但怎样正确处理却是说得好、做得少。由于卖给收回商收益甚微并且费事，有些人挑选一扔了之。殊不知，一节1号电池可以污染一平方米土地；一个扣子电池可以污染60万升水；一只节能灯的含量进入地下水层，将发作上百吨废水。跟着电子废物搜集和处理担负日益加剧，如何为环境管理减压，已成为各国不得不面临的现实问题。   其实，制造污染的电子废物，也可变废为宝，关键在于改动知道观念和处理办法。电子废物自身顺便许多有用乃至贵重的材料，在一个杂乱的电子配件中，有超越60种化学元素，只需妥善处理，不愁找不到“婆家”。德国二手电子产品交易市场较为老练，用快捷的效劳让旧电子产品不再是“无用的老骨头”；法国则是公布了全国性电子废物收回法则，以生产商承当电子废物首要收回职责；而在日本，不久前，东京奥组委呼吁民众，尽或许捐出废旧电子产品以便收回提炼金属，制造2020年奥运会的悉数奖牌。循环产业界有句名言，“世上没有废物，只需放错当地的瑰宝”，发掘电子抛弃物的剩余价值，真实做到物尽其用，既是先进的环保理念，更是值得倡议的生活方法。   咱们生活在一日千里的科技时代，未来电子产品的更新速度还会不断加速。查询显现，即便在十分重视环保的欧洲，现在也只需1/3的电子废物得到收回，其他大多数废旧手机、电脑和电视等电子废物均被不合法交易和胡乱丢掉。“监管不善在各国均有发作，偷盗和不合法收回层出不穷”“顾客不知道上哪找收回中心”……赶快消除处理电子废物的短板，能做的还有许多。不管采纳哪种方法，处理好电子废物“落户”的较后一公里，今日的废物，才有或许变为明日的资源。

以集成电路为代表的微电子技能与微电子工业是信息工业的中心与根底。现在国际微电子工业现已超越重金属、轿车和农业而成为全球最大的工业。硅材料在微电子工业中的运用 电子封装的三大主材料是基板材料、塑封料和引线结构及焊料。塑封猜中，环氧塑封料(EMC)是国内外集成电路封装的干流，现在95%以上的微电子器材都是环氧塑封器材。EMC中，硅微粉含量占60%～90%。 01 微电子用硅微粉 硅微粉可分为结晶型和无定型两大类。一般集成电路都是用光刻的办法将电路会集刻制在单晶硅片上，然后接好衔接引线和管脚，再用环氧塑封料封装而成。微电子封装范畴主要用无定型或许说是融凝态硅微粉，尺度在微米量级，依据其形状，融凝态硅微粉又可进一步分为角形硅微粉和球形硅微粉两种。 跟着大规划、超大规划集成电路的开展，集成度越高，要求环氧塑封猜中的硅微粉纯度越高，颗粒越细，球形化越好，特别对其颗粒形状提出了球形化要求。大规划集成电路中应部分运用球形硅微粉，超大规划和特大规划集成电路中，集成度到达8M以上时，有必要悉数运用球形硅微粉。这是由于： (1)球的表面流动性好，与树脂拌和成膜均匀，树脂添加量小，粉的填充量可到达最高，质量比可达90.5%，因而，球形化意味着硅微粉填充率的添加，硅微粉的填充率越高，其热膨胀系数就越小，导热系数也越低，就越挨近单晶硅的热膨胀系数，由此出产的电子元器材的运用功能也越好。 (2)球形化构成的塑封料应力会集最小，强度最高，当角形粉的塑封料应力会集为1时，球形粉的应力仅为0.6，因而，球形粉塑封料封装集成电路芯片时，成品率高，而且运送、装置、运用进程中不易发生机械损害。 (3)球形粉摩擦系数小,对模具的磨损小，与角形粉比较，模具的运用寿命可进步一倍，塑封料的封装模具报价很高，有的还需要进口，这一点对封装厂降低成本，进步经济效益也很重要。 02 硅微粉球形化的制备 现在国际上对粉体球形化研讨最为成功的国家是日本，他们已大批量地投入出产并运用到航天、超大屏幕电子显像和大规划集成电路中，而我国对此项技能的研讨才刚起步。 国外球形硅微粉的制备一般选用二氧化硅高温熔融喷射法、在液相中操控正硅酸乙脂、的水解法等，但由于工艺杂乱，这些办法国内还只停留在实验室阶段，有较大的技能难度，这是国内至今还不能出产出高质量球形硅微粉的重要原因之一。 球形化的原理可分为干法和湿法两种：(1)化学性的湿法。让含硅化合物在溶液中反响，经过各种手法操控均匀的成长速率，使反响产品尽量均匀地向各个方向成长，终究取得球形产品。 (2)物理性的干法。依据固体热力学的原理，高温颗粒的尖角部位简单最早呈现液相以及在气液固三相界面上液相表面张力较大、主动滑润成球体的现象来完结球化进程。 详细的工艺办法为以下几种： ①正硅酸乙脂、的水解法; ①正硅酸乙脂、的水解法; ②有机硅或硅酸盐制成二氧化硅溶胶-凝胶后灼烧法; ③二氧化硅高温熔融喷射法; ④、等气体焚烧火焰作热源熔融法; ⑤等离子体高温场作热源熔融法。  前二种为化学湿法，用化学法出产的球形硅微粉，其球形度、球化率、无定形率都可到达100%，而且能够到达很低的放射性目标，但因其容积密度较低，当彻底用此种球形粉制成环氧树脂塑封料，其塑封料块的密实功能、强度和线性膨胀率等受其影响，故实际运用中其最大只能加40%。

文章刊于Lw2016论文集——作者张安泰，何玉枝，刘雪梅（洛阳龙鼎铝业有限公司） 跟着人们日子的不断进步，铝制品在咱们日子中也越来越广泛，进步电子铝箔质量的问题特别重要。电子铝箔的出产进程只需分为压延和精整两部分。近几年商场对电子铝箔的要求逐步向更高质量和更大差异两方面改动，以清洗，剪切，复卷，退火等工序代表的精整技能开端变得非常重要，涉及到安稳并进步产品质量和进步厂商满意客户差异需求的才干的大问题，成为了厂商生计和开展有必要面对的关键问题。 1  铝箔表面存在的缺点 1.1 压坑 铝箔被清洗洁净后有必要吵醒烘干处理，因为轧制机和清洗剂易燃易爆物，其燃点在200℃左右。压坑是在烘干进程中，铝箔被风道、换热器、烘干箱等焊接体内剥离发作的固体颗粒割伤小的颗粒被卷进钢辊和铝箔之间后一般在箔面构成凹凸缺点，下降产品质量；大的颗粒甚至会割穿箔面，构成作废 1.2 油斑 铝箔在清洗、漂洗的进程中，喷嘴将清洗剂通过必定的压力和流量喷射到箔面，清洗剂到达箔面并反弹到四壁后会发作许多高浓度的油雾，一朝一夕就构成了油斑。 1.3 擦伤 擦划伤是包含清洗在内的一切精整设备常见的质量问题，其发作的机理是电子铝箔在清洗进程中薄面和辊面呈现打滑，但详细构成打滑的原因涉及到机械、电器、工艺等各方面。 1.4 皱折 进入清洗道次的电子铝箔厚度一般在0.1mm左右，因为来料很薄，版型动摇大，中浪和变浪等问题的呈现，清洗进程中料在通过夹送辊和挤干辊时会呈现皱折。 2  改进箔面的办法 2.1 压坑的改进办法 压坑的操控分为前期设备只在和后期的保护运用两步。烘干设备的高温氧化是不可防止的，但是在前期的设备制作进程中选用耐氧化的不锈钢原料，并选用氩弧焊等保护性气体焊接工艺，或许削减往后在运用华夏料表面和焊接部位氧化的或许性。后期运用时在风道中添加多层不锈钢滤网，为了削减滤网阻塞下降风量，可将滤网定时清洗或替换列入日常保护。 2.2 油斑的改进办法 铝箔在清洗、漂洗进程中，箱体内会发作许多高浓度的油雾较终落在箔面上构成污染。因为许多排雾会耗费清洗剂，添加厂商本钱，且效果不抱负，因而只能考虑阻挠油滴到箔面。发现油滴首要是在挤干辊至漂洗箱这段间隔内涵箱提顶部设备弧型挡板，并在漂洗箱出口顶部设备接油槽，将油滴引到两边，即可消除箔面油斑。 2.3 擦划伤的改进办法 擦划伤发作的原因有机械结构、电器操控和工艺选用等三方面。 ①关于各辊不同步可查看同步齿形带是否松紧适宜，轴承是否光滑到位； ②电气调整电机参数使各个自动辊不同步，校对卷径差错操控办法选取简略的张力操控和速度操控。 ③ 工艺张力和速度设置应与前后道次相匹配，选取较合理的规模。 2.4 皱折的改进办法 关于版型差的料，采纳了以下办法：1.在开卷、卷取两边添加几组S型U型辊起到校对效果；2.在开卷、卷取两边设备板型调整辊。通过调整该辊的水平度和平行度消除边浪；3.通过增大胶辊或其它的凸度消除中浪。 3  电子铝箔的清洗 3.1 现状分析 3.1.1清洗的重要性 电子铝箔归于深加工技能，表面质量对电子存储才干的影响较大前一道工序在铝箔表面构成的细微缺点会在后续工序中被扩大，因而，只要在出产环节中的每道工序对箔面质量进行严格操控。 3.1.2清洗的进程 铝箔的清洗进程如下：带材从开卷机、进口偏导辊进入此设备，首要通过下刷辊，鄙人刷辊与带材之间喷有清洗液，洗刷带材下表面。接着，带材通过上级辊，在上级辊与带材之间也喷有清洗液，洗刷带材上表面。然后带材进入漂洗箱。仍是运用同一种清洗液喷洗带材的上下表面。在通过2#剂干辊将带材表面的清洗油挤干。带材出漂洗箱后进入烘干箱，带材上剩余的清洗液在热风的吹扫下被蒸腾。较后，带材通过出口偏导辊后被卷取机争光地绕成卷。清洗完毕。 4  电子铝箔的剪切 4.1 设备和质量缺点现状的描绘 剪切机是有不同类型的，这些设备中既有窄幅也有宽幅，既有切边也有抽条，既有单轴也有双轴，不管什么类型的剪切机首要由开卷、分 切、卷取三部分组成。跟着客户对铝箔卷的需求向大卷重、高品质、短交货期、多规格改动。剪切机的刀、 轴、辊、管芯等部件都面对磨损加剧、精度下降、替换频频等问题。 剪切部分因为圆盘刀和刀垫的制作与合作精度问题会构成擦划伤、压坑、毛刺等质量缺点。卷取部分因为面压辊、卷取轴和管芯的运用与规划问题会造 成翻边、错层、内应力不安稳等质量缺点。 4.2 剪切的质量缺点发作原因及改进 4.2.1 擦划伤 原因：擦划伤问题是剪切工序较常见的问题，也是较难彻底处理的问题。擦划伤发作的首要原因是因为圆盘刀或刀垫与刀轴安装时端面错出尖角，铝箔 从尖角上滑过期因为下刀或刀垫的原料比铝箔硬，在特定转速下，在极短的时间内呈现极小的滑移，反映在料面上就是点状或线状擦划伤。因为我们对圆盘刀、刀垫、刀轴的加工精度和安装精度注重较多，这儿 就不评论以上原因构成的擦划伤，本文首要研讨以下几种简略被疏忽的状况①运用环节问题：因为圆盘刀运用一段时间后会变钝，需求常常替换新刀，而刀垫一般固定不变，每次换完新的圆盘刀都会打磨圆盘刀与刀垫的设备和质量缺点现状描绘我公司现有多台不同类型的铝箔剪切机，这些设备中既有窄幅也有宽幅，既有切边也有抽条长时间累计就会构成刀垫在结合部位的外径相对变小，当一批旧的圆盘刀用完，换上一批新的圆盘刀后尖角问题就会比较突出。②规划环节问题：铝箔在分切进程中简略呈现翻边和压坑， 首要原因是铝粉粘刀构成。铝粉的来历有两个，一是铝箔表面顺便的铝粉；二是剪切进程中发作的铝粉。 这两部分铝粉在刀尖上集合后使刀变钝，然后构成料面翻边，当铝粉掉落到料面上又会发作压坑。改进办法：需求常常替换新刀，而刀垫一般固定不变，每次换完新的圆盘刀都会打磨圆盘刀与刀垫的设备和质量缺点现状。 4.2.2 翻边和压坑 原因：铝箔在分切进程中简略呈现翻边和压坑， 首要原因是铝粉粘刀构成。铝粉的来历有两个，一是铝箔表面顺便的铝粉；二是剪切进程中发作的铝粉。 这两部分铝粉在刀尖上集合后使刀变钝，然后构成料面翻边，当铝粉掉落到料面上又会发作压坑。改进办法：①添加一套铝粉吹扫 设备，对刀具进行反方向吹扫，铲除刀具上所附着的铝粉；②将毛毡浸满火油、柴油等轻质油后贴靠在刀上，分切时毛毡在线擦洗刀面，防止铝粉集合；③选用 ５‰NaOH碱溶液将刀具浸泡在里面，加热到60-70℃，取出后用清水漂洗洁净，擦干即可，该办法可在刀表面构成一层保护层，削减铝箔粘刀量。 4.2.3 端面错层和卷密度不均匀 原因：构成端面错层和卷密度不一致的原因首要在卷取轴上，运用气胀轴分切较重的料卷时，不管 是充气保压性气胀轴仍是接连充气性气胀轴，当料卷的分量超越气压供给的支撑力时，因为料卷自重过大，会构成管芯下垂，料卷呈现偏疼，影响卷密度和端 面质量。改进办法：较简略的办法是及时替换刀垫，其次可采纳外层包胶刀垫的结构，外径 尺度大于圆盘刀外径0.01ram——0.05ram，高出部分为圆角，圆角半径约为0.01ram——0.15ram，，包胶为聚酯橡胶，硬度≥HS85。上下刀一般选用外齿轮传动办法。可以依据上刀直径改动可调整上刀传动齿轮的齿数和模数到达匹配的意图。 4.2.4和打齿 原因：和打齿是刀具运用进程中简略呈现的 问题。上刀屡次研磨后外径累计会减小6-8ram，只是依托上下刀传动齿轮的空隙进行松紧合作，无法确保上下刀的堆叠量，这样就会造 钢管芯内壁供给支撑和转矩的结构改为由轴供给交撑，由传动销供给滚动力矩的结构，这两种问题呈现时都会构成设备损坏并废料。改进办法：上下刀一般选用外齿轮传动办法。可以依据上刀直径改动可调整上刀传动齿轮的齿数和模数 到达匹配的意图。通过对卷 取轴进行改进，使传动和支撑功用分隔，选用轴承进 行支撑可以确保轴滚动时的平稳，进步分卷质量。通过选用离合器传动可以消除锥面磨损构成的频频替换，下降设备保护本钱。 5  电子铝箔的复卷 5.1 铝箔复卷机的技能要求 为了确保纸卷在运送、贮存 进程中不变形、不崩裂，在印刷 设备或其他加工没备上能平稳运转，制品纸卷有必要具有满意的硬度，且内紧外松、径向硬度散布均匀。因而，复卷机必需具有下列几种机能：①支撑辊转矩的置给定积分器，以使输入的速度 信号是一个平稳上升的斜坡信号， 而不是一个骤变的量。改动给定积分器的积分日于问常数，即可改 变斜坡信号的Ｅ升斜率。体系发动时，转速加快度要比没有给定积分器时要小；②压纸辊压力的调理和榨制；③电力驱动的“扰性”发动和恰当的速度程序操控； ④直接或肯接张力操控等。图一：铝箔复卷机 5.2 电控体系的构成 复卷机前底辊、后底辊、退纸辊别离由独自的沟通电动机驱动，纵切圆刀选用沟通变频传动， 并与后底辊坚持5%——20%速差。 辅佐传动包含气动和液压体系两部分，别离用来操控辅佐传动机 械没备的动作，合作主传动上作。 整个电控体系首要由３个部卷形状，町通过调整前后底辊的链也越小。 5.3 退纸卷张力的操控 退纸卷张力的操控影响着制品 纸卷的形状。安稳的纸幅张力可以 防止纸幅横向偏移，恰当的纸幅张力能在必定程度上改进纸卷质造， 削减断头，坚持复卷机安稳。因而，纸幅张力操控是电控体系的蕈 要环节。 5.4 退纸卷张力操控中的动态补偿 在体系实践运转中，退纸卷直径越来越小，因为本身惯性的效果，退纸卷在加快起卷、减速泊车及稳速运转进程中，存在惯机电磁转矩应附加正的动态转矩Ｍ．，以补偿所需求吸收的能量。 6  退火准则对铝箔功能的影响6.1 厚度对铝箔制品功能的影响 金属发作冷变形时，会使金属的内能升高，原子处于不安稳状况，天然有想安稳状况的改动趋势，大多数金属材料在室温下不愿那个完结这种改动，当金属背加热，添加原子的活动才干，加快原子的分散速度才干完结原子向安稳状况的改动。这就是通过冷变形的金属在退火时发作会飞和再结晶的内因。但是在冷变形的金属背加热的温度给原子所供给的热能足以战胜原子间的结合力，使原子发作搬迁和自在分散，才干发作在结晶，再结晶温度凹凸取决于原子搬迁从头构成晶核和长大所需的激活能的巨细，所需的激活能愈高再结晶温度也越高。计划一是将铝箔坯料在 1.5 mm 厚度时进行 中间退火(冷变形加工率约 80%)，计划二是将铝 箔坯料在 2.5 mm 厚度时进行中间退火(冷变形加工率约 65%)因为按计划二出产的坯料的加工率 较小金属发作再结晶所需的激活能较高其再结晶温度也就较高其强度也就更高些遥 另一方面2.5 mm 中间退火的铝箔坯料其加工至成 依据金属学理论变形金属安排结构中首要以 位错方式保存的贮存能是退火进程中再结晶的驱 动力而再结晶进程中的形核率随金属变形量的增大而增大遥 因而选用 2.5 mm 中间退火的铝箔坯料其轧制所得到的铝箔制品在退火时所通过的变形量更大以位错的方式积累的贮存 能也更大在再结晶进程华夏铝箔中的形核率将大大添加然后使铝箔在制品退火后可以得到愈加细微的晶粒安排，因而其强度和伸长率也就更高些。 6.2 温度对铝箔制品功能的影响 对选用铸轧法出产的铝箔坯料因为铸轧时 金属的冷却凝结和变形都是在铸轧区内完结的辊径为 650mm——700 mm 的铸轧机袁其较大铸轧区长度约50mm袁铸造区长度仅约十几毫米袁金属的凝结结晶仅在1s左右的时间内完结这种冷却凝结的速度与半接连浇铸比较约高2个数量级而铝合金中的各种杂质及合金元素在铝中的固溶度都是随温度而改动的，比如按平衡相图铁在共晶温度(655 ℃ )时在铝中的溶解度约为 0.052%室温下溶解度降为0.002%下降许多原结晶时的冷却速度愈快违背平衡状况的程度愈严峻。因而，铸轧法出产的坯料的晶内偏析及固溶体的过饱和程度都比半接连浇铸的更为严峻，在中间退火时假如退火温度高(到达均匀化温度)可以促进金属中的过饱和元素充分析出，相中的固溶度减小添加了原子的自分散系数有利于退火时新晶核的形核和长大下降了材料的再结晶温度同理假如中间退火时温度未到达均匀化效果而只是只能满意金属的塑性康复则此刻金属的过饱和固溶体也就未能充分析出。 因而，选用计划三出产的铝箔，在经制品退火时，在相同条件退火下更简略发作在结晶，且因为均匀化处理时境内偏析及固溶体的充分析出，材料内部形核数意图增多，材料的晶粒安排更为细微，所以制品的伸长率也就更高一些，普通中间退火的铝箔坯料轧制面成的强度更高，则是因为中间退火时温度不行，材料内部安排中晶内偏析2及固溶体的未能彻底分出，对铝箔发作了固溶强化的效果，但在制品退火时假如温度持续升高，则或许因为晶粒持续长大的原因，导致强度和伸长率急剧下降。 7  完毕语 电子铝箔是一项质量操控要求比较高的产品，因而工序细节必定要注重。设备在规划、制作前期、运用进程中，保护人员要自动参加其间，将设备先天的缺点削减到较小程度，可以为日后设备运用、保护发明有利的先决条件。 处理划伤铝带材的首要途径就是进步清洗剂的精度。依据铝箔出产的不同，所以要用到的铝箔复卷机也不一样，依据铝箔的特性提出了出产进程中所需求助于的问题。 依据铝箔退火炉工业操控的需求，研讨了退火中存在的缺点和改进办法，工业实验测试了铝箔退火炉温文保温进程的炉气温度、料温的均匀性，温度操控体系可以满意铝箔退火炉工业出产要求。 参考文献 [1]  徐军，陈学森.我国铝工业现状及往后开展建造.轻金属，2001，（10）:3-6 [2]  谢馨刚.软包装用铝的生成及质量操控.我国包装工业.1998，（12）:38-40 [3]  王翠梅，焦兴贵，俞文春.铝箔退火炉的规划与使用.轻金属，2003，（12）:47-50

一般高纯度惰性气体一般含有0.!%的活性气体杂质，此纯度相当于133Pa的真空。这种气体用于金属的加热维护，仍会和金属表面发作反响，所以还需要进一步净化，从净化和坚持纯度的成本费用视点来看，要使杂质到达1×106以下是十分困难的，而1×106的剩余气体仅相当于1.33×101Pa真空度，这种真空度选用机械泵+罗茨泵时间长一些也能到达的。而费用却比气体净化到相同程度要廉价得多。（一）脱脂 工件表面的切削冷却液、润滑液、防锈液等在真空条件加热进行分化成氢、二氧化碳和水蒸气，并由真空泵（前级装过滤体系）抽出，假如工件表面的玷污不严峻或要求不高，在真空加热腾前可不进行清洗。（二）脱气 真空对液态金属有显着的除气效果，对固态金属中溶解的气体也有很好的扫除效果，不同金属、不同温度点的脱气速度是不同的。金属中最有害的是氢（氢脆），选用真空加热时，可使金属和合金中的氢敏捷降至最低程度。 （三）氧化物的分化 金属和合金在真空中加热时，假如真空度低于相应氧化物的分化压力，这种氧化物就会发作分化，构成游离氧，游离氧被真空体系带走。使金属的表面质量得到改进。甚至在必定温度下到达活化状况。（四）合金元素的蒸腾 合金材料在真空中加热时，表面的化学成分与状况会常常发作变化，例如钢中的各种合金元素中，以锰、铬的蒸气压最高，在真空中加热时它们是最简单蒸腾的。如镍铬合金的发热元件在真空高温情况下运用不久就会发现表面变粗糙了。合金元素在钢表面的蒸腾成果，使表面的物理化学性质发作变化导致影响制品的质量和耐用度。为了处理这问题，一般会选用在800℃以下真空加热，800℃以上通入惰性气体，来削减其合金元素的蒸腾。

lme电子盘铜库存继续下降，现正向39万吨缓慢移动。       智利Codelco铜公司首席财务主管Thomas Keller周五称，该公司全部拥有的矿 场的铜 产量 在2010年上半年增至799,000吨 ，较去年同期增长2.0%。Codelco公司今年1-6月的铜 产量 增至836,000吨，去年同期为822,000吨。 产量 包括公司持有49%股权的El Abra矿场。Freeport-McMoRan 铜金公司持有该矿51%股权。由于上半年铜均价为每磅3.23美元，Codelco的税前利润从去年同期的7.14亿美元激增至25.5亿美元，去年同期铜均价为每磅1.84美元。若使用与私营公司相同的税收需求来报告利润，Codelco上半年录得净利润20.2亿美元，高于去年上半年的5.66亿美元。    墨西哥集团（Grupo Mexico）周四表示，该集团与全国矿工工会之间的劳资纠纷已令其位于墨西哥北部的La Caridad 铜冶炼厂运作中断。去年，La Caridad 拥有冶炼铜 产量 139,600吨，精炼铜 产量 117,100 吨。一公司发言人称，他无法说出此次中断导致了多少产能被削减。公司正在利用时间来在冶炼厂进行计划的维修，一些原料仍在被加工，La Caridad 的露天矿场运作则正常运转，他说道。    秘鲁矿业部长Fernando Gala9 月8 日表示，中国铝业(10.29,-0.41,-3.83%)（601600.SH；02600.HK）投资22 亿美元的Toromocho 铜矿将在2012 年投产，预计可年产铜25 万吨。澳大利亚OZ 矿业公司(OZ Minerals Ltd)首席执行官Terry Burgess 表示，鉴于许多矿业公司都以最大产能运转，因此未来五年铜价将维持上升势头。    前期 市场 担心lme电子盘铜库存下滑会令消费旺季铜市供应紧张。 

电子级多晶硅是以工业硅为原料经一系列的物理化学反应提纯后达到一定纯度的电子材料，是硅产品 产业 链中的一个极为重要的中间产品，是制造硅抛光片、太阳能电池及高纯硅制品的主要原料，是信息 产业 和新能源 产业 最基础的原材料。　　电子级多晶硅的提纯度要求：电子级硅（EG）：一般要求含Si > 99.9999 %以上，超高纯达到99.9999999%～99.999999999%（9～11个9）。其导电性介于 10-4 – 1010 欧厘米。电子级高纯多晶硅以9N以上为宜。　　电子级多晶硅的生产工艺：就建设1000t电子级多晶硅厂的技术进行了探讨。对三氯氢硅法、四氯化硅法、二氯二氢硅法和硅烷法生产的多晶硅质量、安全性、运输和存贮的可行性、有用沉积比、沉积速率、一次转换率、生长温度、电耗和 价格 进行了对比；对还原或热分解使用的反应器即钟罩式反应器、流床反应器和自由空间反应器也进行了比较。介绍了用三氯氢硅钟罩式反应器法生产多晶硅三代流程。第三代多晶硅流程适于1000t/a级的电子级多晶硅生产。　　电子级多晶硅的发展经历了将近50 年的历程。各国都在十分保密的情况下发展各自的技术。国外有人说参观一个多晶硅工厂甚至比参观一个核工厂还要难, 可见其保密性之严。电子级多晶硅的特点是高纯和量大, 其纯度已达很高级别: 受主杂质的原子分数仅为5 ×10 - 11 , 施主杂质的原子分数为15 ×10 - 11 (国外的习惯表示法分别为50 ppt 和150 ppt) 。其生产能力于1965 年达30 t/ a , 1988 年上升到5 500 t/ a , 2000 年已达到26 000 t/ a , 这在凝聚态物质中是首屈一指的。生产如此大量的超纯材料是经过了几代的改进, 淘汰了许多工厂。只有那些掌握了大规模生产技术和亚ppb 级纯度多晶工艺的12 家工厂在竞争中生存下来并且发展壮大。

什么是电子级多晶硅？多晶硅按纯度分类可以分为太阳能级和电子级。太阳能级硅是生产太阳能光伏电池的主要原料。电子级多晶硅主要用于半导体工业及电子信息 产业 ，是制做单晶硅的主要原料，可作各种晶体管、整流二极管、可控硅、集成电路、电子计算机芯片以及红外探测器等。　　多晶硅材料是以工业硅为原料经一系列的物理化学反应提纯后达到一定纯度的电子材料，是硅产品 产业 链中的一个极为重要的中间产品，是制造硅抛光片、太阳能电池及高纯硅制品的主要原料，是信息 产业 和新能源 产业 最基础的原材料。　　电子级多晶硅的特点是高纯和量大，其纯度已达很高级别：受主杂质的原子分数仅为 5 ×10 - 11，施主杂质的原子分数为15 ×10 - 11 ( 国外的习惯表示法分别为 50 ppt 和 150 ppt )。　　电子级多晶硅的提纯度要求，一般要求含Si > 99.9999 %以上，超高纯达到99.9999999%～99.999999999%（9～11个9）。其导电性介于 10-4 – 1010 欧厘米。电子级高纯多晶硅以9N以上为宜。　　电子级多晶硅的生产工艺，就建设1000t电子级多晶硅厂的技术进行了探讨。对三氯氢硅法、四氯化硅法、二氯二氢硅法和硅烷法生产的多晶硅质量、安全性、运输和存贮的可行性、有用沉积比、沉积速率、一次转换率、生长温度、电耗和 价格 进行了对比；对还原或热分解使用的反应器即钟罩式反应器、流床反应器和自由空间反应器也进行了比较。介绍了用三氯氢硅钟罩式反应器法生产多晶硅三代流程。第三代多晶硅流程适于1000t/a级的电子级多晶硅生产。