冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0

热轧是在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制。可以破坏钢锭的铸造组织，细化钢材的晶粒，并消除显微组织的缺陷，从而使钢材组织密实，力学性能得到改善。这种改善主要体现在沿轧制方向上，从而使钢材在一定程度上不再是各向同性体；浇注时形成的气泡、裂纹和疏松，也可在高温和压力作用下被焊合。热轧钢管生产工艺流程 热轧无缝钢管的生产工艺流程包括坯料轧前准备、管坯加热、穿孔、轧制、定减径和钢 管冷却、精整等几个基本工序。 当今热轧无缝钢管生产的一般主要变形工序有三个：穿孔、轧管和定减径；其各自的工 艺目的和要求为： 热轧钢管生产穿孔 将实心的管坯变为空心的毛管；我们可以理解为定型，既将轧件断面定为圆环状；其设 备被称为穿孔机。对穿孔工艺的要求是：首先要保证穿出的毛管壁厚均匀，椭圆度小，几何 尺寸精度高；其次是毛管的内外表面要较光滑，不得有结疤、折叠、裂纹等缺陷；第三是要 有相应的穿孔速度和轧制周期， 以适应整个机组的生产节奏， 使毛管的终轧温度能满足轧管 机的要求。 2.1.2 热轧钢管生产轧管 将厚壁的毛管变为薄壁（接近成品壁厚）的荒管；我们可以视其为定壁，即根据后续的 工序减径量和经验公式确定本工序荒管的壁厚值； 该设备被称为轧管机。 对轧管工艺的要求 是： 第一是将厚壁毛管变成薄壁荒管 （减壁延伸） 时首先要保证荒管具有较高的壁厚均匀度； 其次荒管具有良好的内外表面质量。 2.1.3 热轧钢管生产定减径（包括张减） 大圆变小圆，简称定径；相应的设备为定（减）径机。对定减径工艺的要求是：首先在 一定的总减径率和较小的单机架减径率条件下来达到定径目的， 第二可实现使用一种规格管 坯生产多种规格成品管的任务，第三还可进一步改善钢管的外表面质量。 20 世纪 80 年代末,曾出现过试图取消轧管工序,仅使用穿孔加定减的方法生产无缝钢管, 简称 CPS,即斜轧穿孔和张减的英文缩写),并在南非的 Tosa 厂进行了工业试验,用来生产外径: ３３.４～１７９.８mm，壁厚 3.4～25mm 的钢管，其中定径最小外径为 101.6mm；张减最 大外径我 101.6mm。经过实践检验，该工艺在产生壁厚大于 10mm 的钢管时质量尚可，但 在生产壁厚小于 8mm 的钢管时通过定径、张减不能完全消除穿孔毛管的螺旋线，影响了钢 管的外观质量。在随后的改造中不得不在穿孔机于定减径机之间增设了一台 MINI-MPM(4 机架)来确保产品质量。 2.2 各热轧机组生产工艺过程特点 我们通常将毛管的壁厚加工称之为轧管。轧管是钢管成型过程中最重要的一个工序环 节。 这个环节的主要任务是按照成品钢管的要求将厚壁的毛管减薄至与成品钢管相适应的程 度，即它必须考虑到后继定、减径工序时壁厚的变化，这个环节还要提高毛管的内外表面质 量和壁厚的均匀度。 通过轧管减壁延伸工序后的管子一般称为荒管。 轧管减壁方法的基本特 点是在毛管内按上刚性芯棒，由外部工具（轧辊或模孔）对毛管壁厚进行压缩减壁。依据变 形原理和设备特点的不同，它有许多种生产方法，如表 1 所示。一般习惯根据轧管机的形式 来 命 名 热 轧 机 组 。 轧 管 机 分 单 机 架和 多 机 架 ，单 机 架 有 自动 轧 管 机 、阿 塞 尔 轧 机 、

冷轧薄钢板，简称冷轧钢板、冷轧薄板、冷轧板、冷板等。它还包括不锈钢板、弹簧钢板、硬钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、镀铝板等。冷轧薄钢带，简称冷轧钢带、冷轧带钢、钢带、带钢、薄钢带、冷轧卷等。还包括不锈钢带、镀锌钢带、镀锡钢带等。 冷轧钢板标准 冷轧薄钢板、钢带（以下简称冷轧薄板）主要用于零件的冲压加工，而冷轧薄板的力学性能十分重要，它直接关系到板材的冲压性能。冷轧薄板是以不同的热处理状态分级的，不同硬度的材料，用于不同的加工方法，国家标准GB/T 13237-1991《优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带》将冷轧薄板大致分为三级，P级用于普通冲压，S级用于深度冲压，Z级用于最深度冲压。中国冶金标准YB/T 5059-1993《低碳钢冷轧钢带》将薄钢板按硬度分为五级，即：TR（特级）、R（软）、BR（半软）、DY（低硬）和Y（冷硬）。其实通过一定的冷轧变形程度和冷轧后热处理的恰当配合，可以在广泛的范围内满足用户关于材料力学性能方面的要求。冷轧薄板根据用户加工上的要求可以分成更多的级别。例如：日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》的分类除分为一般用（spcc）、冲压用(spcd)和深冲压用（spce）三类外，还细分为退火、标准调质、1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬、全硬等级别。 在冷轧薄板力学性能的检测方面，一些标准只规定了拉伸试验，另一些标准除拉伸试验外还规定了硬度试验。 中国标准GB/T 13237-1991就只规定了拉伸试验，技术要求冷轧钢板标准如表一所示：牌号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率不小于拉延级别Z－S和PZSP08F275～365275～38034323008,08Al,10F275～390275～41032302810295～410295～43030392815F315～430315～45029282715335～450335～47027262520355～490335～50026252425——390～540——242330——440～590——222135——490～635——201940——510～650————1845——530～680————1650——540～715————14 日本标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》（该标准中包含了冷轧薄钢板和钢带）规定了拉伸试验，也规定了硬度试验，该标准的力学性能要求如下：表二：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的拉伸试验质牌号抗拉强度/MPa 不小于 伸长率/%不小于试样按以下公称厚度/mm>=0.250.250.400.601.01.6>=2.5SPCC SPCD SPCE(270) 270 270(32) 34 36(34) 36 3836 38 40　 37 39 41 　　 (38) 40 42 　39 41 435号试样轧制方向 表三：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的硬度值。调质区分符号 硬度最大HRBHV退火A57105标准调质S65115 注：厚度小于0.6mm的钢板和钢带，原则上不进行拉伸试验。 表四：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬材料的拉伸试验值。调质区分 符号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率/%最小试样1/8硬8294～410255号试样轧制方向1/4硬4370～490101/2硬2440～590——硬1>=550——     表五：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬状态的硬度值。调质区分符号HRBHV1/8硬 1/4硬8450～7165～8095～130 115～1501/2硬 硬2174～89 ≥85135～185 ≥170注：HRB和HV，仅选用其中之一。英国标准BS 1449/1.9-1991《厚板、薄板和钢带第一部分：碳素钢和碳锰钢厚板、薄板和钢带具有成形性能的冷轧窄钢带技术条件》对冷轧板分级为CS1（铝镇静稳定化超深冲）、CS2（超深冲）、CS3（深冲）、CS4（折边）、CS15（商品级）。这项标准的力学性能要求如表六所示： 表六：钢材交货时的力学性能轧制状态和级别退火（A）或平整冷轧（SP）状态硬度HV1)2)最大屈服强度Re1)/MPa最小抗拉强度Rm1)/MPa最小伸长率A1)/%最小弯心直径1)（180°弯曲）原始标距LO50mm80mmCS1A9514027038（36）0aSP10514027036（34）0aCS2A9514027036（34）0a SP10014027036（34）0aCS3A100（140）（280）（34）（32）0aSP110（140）（280）（34）（32）0aCS4A105（140）（280）——0aSP115（140）（280）——0a 注：1）窄钢带交货应符合，或者硬度和弯曲试验，或者拉伸和弯曲试验，但硬度和拉伸试验不应同时进行。     2）对于SP（平整冷轧）状态，与镀层精整（PL）或镜面光洁度（MF），或以“无拉伸痕”交货的钢材组合，最大硬度可以提高5个HV或抗拉强度可以提高20MPa。     3）牌号CS2、CS3和CS4的硬度值仅适用于沸腾钢。 如上所述冷轧薄板的力学性能可以通过拉伸试验来检测，也可以通过硬度试验来检测。由于硬度试验设备简单、易于掌握，试验效率高，并且金属硬度与强度之间有一定的对应关系，所以硬度检测是确定材料力学性能的更方便的方法。冷轧薄板的硬度检测可以用于冷轧板生产过程的质量控制，更适于生产冲压产品的厂家对原材料进行力学性能的复检。 日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996规定的硬度试验是洛氏硬度HRB和维氏硬度HV。维氏硬度试验可用于冷轧薄板，但洛氏硬度HRB却不适用于测试薄板材料。因为当板材厚度小于2mm时，测试HRB硬度可能会因为发生“测砧效应”而使测量的硬度值失准。对于薄板材料，可以测试表面洛氏硬度HRN或HRT，然后换算成HRB或HV硬度。冷轧钢板标准生产了一种便携式表面洛氏硬度计，它非常适合测试薄板和钢带材料，它可以在生产现场、销售现场或材料仓库快速进行冷轧薄板材料的洛氏硬度检测，完成一次测量仅需要10秒钟时间，检测的板材厚度范围为0.05-50mm。这种仪器可以用在冷轧薄板带的生产线上，对产品的热处理效果进行在线的质量控制。这种仪器更适用于冲压产品的生产厂家。可以用它对购入的板材硬度进行复检，可以携带它去钢材市场选购材料，也可以利用它对自己厂生产的冲压产品进行硬度检测。 这种仪器如果配上一个支承座，还可以放到办公桌上使用。可以对成批的成品或半成品工件做逐件检测。它的测试精度与台式洛氏硬度计相同。 目前冷轧薄带材料正在向超薄方向发展，据报道，上海宝钢已扎制出厚度为0.08mm的冷轧薄板带材。采用本所生产的PHR-1S型表面洛氏硬度计，配一个金刚点砧座，就可测试薄至0.05mm冷轧薄板带材料的硬度。 这种应用完全可以取代维氏硬度计，使冷轧薄板材料的力学性能检测实现快速、简便、经济。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板。冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，冷轧钢板的密度不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。冷轧钢板的密度：热轧钢板含碳量可比冷轧钢板略高些。在成份相持不大的情况下密度是一样的。但如果成份相差悬殊，如不锈钢不论冷轧、热轧密度都在7.9g/cm3左右。具体还要看成份，热轧只是延展性更好，钢材同样受到压力作用

结块法 结块法采用可在轨道上移动、炉体上段可拆的敞口电炉，用碳作还原剂。精钨矿、沥青焦(或石油焦)和造渣剂(铝矾土)组成的混合炉料分批陆续加入炉中，炉内炼得的金属一般呈粘稠状，随着厚度增高，下部逐渐凝固。炉子积满后停炉，把炉体拉出，拆除上段炉体使结块冷凝。然后取出凝块，进行破碎和精整;挑出边缘、带渣和不合格的部分回炉重熔。产品含钨80%左右，含碳不大于1%。 取铁法 取铁法适用于冶炼熔点较低的含钨70%的钨铁。采用硅和碳作还原剂;分还原(又称炉渣贫化)、精炼、取铁三个阶段操作。还原阶段炉中存有上一炉取铁后留下的含WO3大于10%的炉渣，再陆续加进多批钨精矿炉料，然后加入含硅75%的硅铁和少量沥青焦(或石油焦)进行还原冶炼，待炉渣含WO3降到0.3%以下时放渣。随后转入精炼阶段，在此期内分批加入钨精矿、沥青焦混合料，用较高电压操作，在较高温度下脱除硅、锰等杂质。取样检验，确定成分合格后，开始取铁。过去用钢勺人工挖取铁块投入水池，60年代初吉林铁合金厂改用机械取铁装置，改善了劳动条件。取铁期内仍根据炉况，适当地加进钨精矿、沥青焦料。冶炼电耗约3000千瓦•时/吨，钨回收率约99%。 铝热法 近年来，为了利用废硬质合金粉末钨钴分离提钴后的再生碳化钨，研制出了铝热法钨铁工艺，用再生碳化钨与铁为原料，以铝作还原剂，利用碳化钨中自身的碳和铝燃烧的热能，使原料中的钨和铁转化为钨铁，可节约大量的电能，并降低成本。同时由于原料碳化钨中的杂质远远低于钨精矿的杂质，产品质量均高于以钨精矿为原料的钨铁。钨的回收率也高于以钨精矿为原料的工艺。   钨价昂贵，在生产过程中必须重视提高回收率，不合格产品、渣铁要收集回炉，电炉应有高效率炉气除尘设施，回收含钨粉尘。

现代钢铁生产流程是将铁矿石在高炉中冶炼成生铁，将铁水注入转炉或电炉冶炼成钢，再将钢水铸成连铸坯或钢锭，经轧制等塑性变形方法加工成各种用途的钢材。　　一个钢铁联合企业一般包括原料处理、炼铁、炼钢、轧钢、能源供应、交通运输等生产环节，是一个复杂而庞大的生产体系。我国的钢铁企业一般都是这样的全流程联合企业。 1、冶炼原料　　原料是高炉冶炼的物质基础，精料是高炉操作稳定顺行，获得高产、优质、低耗及长寿的基本保证。　　高炉冶炼用的原料主要有铁矿石（天然富矿和人造富矿）、燃料（焦炭与喷吹燃料）、熔剂（石灰石和白云石等）。冶炼一吨生铁大概需要品位为63%的铁矿石1.60~1.65吨，0.3~0.6吨焦炭，0.2~0.4吨熔剂。2、炼铁工艺　　高炉炼铁是以焦炭为能源基础的传统炼铁方法。它与转炉炼钢相配合，是目前生产钢铁的主要方法。高炉炼铁的这种主导地位预计在相当长时期之内不会改变。高炉炼铁的本质是铁的还原过程，即焦炭做燃料和还原剂，在高温下将铁矿石或含铁原料的铁，从氧化物或矿物状态（如Fe2O3、Fe3O4、Fe2SiO4、Fe3O4·TiO2等）还原为液态生铁。　　冶炼过程中，炉料（矿石、熔剂、焦炭）按照确定的比例通过装料设备分批地从炉顶装入炉内。从下部风口鼓入的高温热风与焦炭发生反应，产生的高温还原性煤气上升，并使炉料加热、还原、熔化、造渣，产生一系列的物理化学变化，最后生成液态渣、铁聚集于炉缸，周期地从高炉排出。上升过程中，煤气流温度不断降低，成分逐渐变化，最后形成高炉煤气从炉顶排出。3、炼钢 　　钢与生铁都是以铁元素为主，并含有少量碳、硅、锰、磷、硫等元素的铁碳合金，二者差别就是C元素的含量。　　炼钢的主要任务包括以下几项： 　　1）脱碳；2）脱磷；3）脱硫；4）脱氧；5）脱氮、氢等；6）去除非金属夹杂物；7）合金化；8）升温；9）凝固成型。 　　炼钢工艺主要包括　　1） 铁水预处理；2）转炉或电弧炉炼钢；3）炉外精炼（二次精炼）；4）连铸。　　炼钢过程是个氧化过程，其去除杂质的主要手段是向熔池吹入氧气并加入造渣剂形成熔渣出来。脱碳反应是炼钢过程的主要手段，硅、锰、磷、硫等元素也通过氧化反应去除。炼钢的原料有生铁、废钢、熔剂（石灰石等）、脱氧剂（硅铁、锰铁、铝等）、合金料等。4、连铸　　连续铸钢是通过连铸机将钢液连续地铸成钢坯的工序。与模铸相比，连铸具有以下优越性：　　1）简化工序、节能；2）铸坯切头率降低、金属收得率比模铸高7~12%；3）高效凝固；4）优化成型。 　　连铸工艺的流程为：钢液通过中间包注入结晶器内，迅速冷却成具有一定厚度的凝固壳而内部仍为液态的铸坯。铸坯下部与伸入结晶器底部的引锭杆衔接，浇注开始后，拉坯机通过引锭杆把结晶器内的铸坯以一定速度拉出。铸坯通过连铸二次冷却区时，进一步是受到喷水冷却直到完全凝固。完全凝固后的铸坯通过拉矫机矫直后，切割成规定长度，由输送辊道运出。5、轧钢　　轧制过程是轧件与轧辊之间的摩擦力将轧件拉进不同旋转方向的轧辊之间使之产生塑性变形的过程。一般的轧钢工序可分为：　　加热炉 粗轧 中轧 精轧 精整

冰铜生产工艺技术，是衡量一个企业是否具有先进性，是否具备 市场 竞争力，是否能不断领先于竞争者的重要指标依据。随着我国冰铜 市场 的迅猛发展，与之相关的核心生产技术应用与研发必将成为业内企业关注的焦点。了解国内外冰铜生产核心技术的研发动向、工艺设备、技术应用及趋势对于企业提升产品技术规格，提高 市场 竞争力十分关键。采用湿法冶金工艺从铅火法冶炼系统中产出的铅冰铜中回收铜，属 有色金属 湿法冶金领域。将铅冰铜块料磨至粒度小于４０目以下；研磨后的铅冰铜用废电积液或稀酸溶液调浆后送入高压釜，液固比１０∶１，并通入氧气，在氧分压０．２～１．０ＭＰａ，总压０．５～１．５ＭＰａ，浸出温度１００～１５０℃，硫酸浓度５０～１５０ｇ／Ｌ，浸出时间２～６ｈ的浸出条件下氧化浸出铜，而铅则以硫酸铅的形式留在渣中；浸出过程完成后，矿浆排出高压釜，进行液固分离，实现 金属 的初步分离；含铜的浸出液采用电沉积方法回收溶液中的铜，获得符合国标的阴极铜产品；浸出渣返回火法炼铅系统回收利用铅、银、单质硫有价元素。更多有关冰铜生产工艺的内容请查阅上海 有色 网

3月21日消息：由于大部分钼矿石品位相对较低，因此需要采用高效率的采矿工艺，一般包括： 采 矿  大规模的露天开采；  地下矿块崩落开采，用这种方法可使大块巨石破碎，重量减小。　　世界上许多钼矿的产能都很高，矿石的日运输能力最高可达50000吨。 选 矿　　矿石经过一系列的破碎和研磨（球磨或棒磨）后粒径可减小至1微米（1/1000mm），这样就把辉钼矿从基质岩石中分离出来。用一些药剂（包括一些燃料和柴油）进行调浆，这些药剂附着在钼粒子表面，用作疏水剂。　　浮选分离在通风槽中进行，钼粒子和悬浮在空气中的泡沫接触，精矿浮在泡沫表面进入流槽中。接着经再磨和再选环节除去其它杂质，钼精矿品位得以提高。最终的精矿含辉钼矿70 %～90%，如果需要的话，用酸浸法除去铜和铅等杂质。 焙 烧　　钼精矿经过焙烧可转化为工业氧化钼，其化学反应式为：　　2MoS2 ＋ 7O2==>2MoO3＋4SO2　　MoS2＋6MoO3==>7MoO2＋2SO2　　2MoO2＋ O3==>2MoO3　　钼精矿是在大型多膛炉或叫焙烧炉中进行焙烧，焙烧温度为600～700°C。钼精矿由搅拌耙搅动，使物料从炉床的中央向四周移动，从这里再落入下一层，然后再返回到炉床的中央，这样均匀的气流10小时内在12层或更多的炉层中不停地循环，最终产品-工业氧化钼一般含钼不小于57%，含硫小于0 .1%。　　一些副产钼的铜矿中含有少量的铼(<0.10%），铼是一种金属元素，在催化剂领域铼用于生产无铅汽油，在高级超合金领域用于制造喷气式发动机的涡轮叶片。铼是在焙烧钼精矿过程中回收的一种重要的稀有金属资源。  (miki)

硅粉生产工艺是投资者想知道的信息，因为了解它可以帮助操作。硅粉生产工艺是由纯净石英粉经先进的超细研磨工艺加工而成　　是用途极为广泛的无机非金属材料。具有介电性能优异、热膨胀系数低、导热系数高、悬浮性能好等优点。因其具有优良的物理性能、极高的化学稳定性、独特的光学性质及合理、可控的粒度分布，从而被广泛应用于光学玻璃、电子封装、电气绝缘、高档陶瓷、油漆涂料、精密铸造、硅橡胶、医药、化装品、电子元器件以及超大规模集成电路、移动通讯、手提电脑、航空航天等生产领域。　　硅微粉还是生产多晶硅的重要原料。硅微粉用无水氯化氢（HCl）与之反应在一个流化床反应器中，生成三氯氢硅（SiHCl3），SiHCl3进一步提纯后在氢气中还原沉积成多晶硅。而多晶硅则是光伏产业太阳能电池的主要原材料。近年来，全球能源的持续紧张，使大力发展太阳能成为了世界各国能源战略的重点，随着光伏产业的风起云涌，太阳能电池原材料多晶硅价格暴涨，又促使硅微粉的市场需求迅猛增长，硅微粉呈现出供不应求的局面，更使硅资源拥有者尽享惊人的暴利。　　据调查，目前国内生产硅微粉的能力约25万吨，主要是普通硅微粉，而高纯超细硅微粉大量依靠进口。初步预测2005年我国对超细硅微粉的需求量将达6万吨以上。其中，橡胶行业是最大的用户，涂料行业是重要有巨大潜力的应用领域，电子塑封料、硅基板材料和电子电器浇注料对高纯超细硅微粉原料全部依靠进口，仅普通球形硅微粉的价格2-3万元/吨，而高纯超细硅微粉的价格则高达几十万元/吨以上。　　硅微粉是由纯净石英粉经先进的超细研磨工艺加工而成，是用途极为广泛的无机非金属材料。具有介电性能优异、热膨胀系数低、导热系数高、悬浮性能好等优点。因其具有优良的物理性能、极高的化学稳定性、独特的光学性质及合理、可控的粒度分布，从而被广泛应用于光学玻璃、电子封装、电气绝缘、高档陶瓷、油漆涂料、精密铸造、硅橡胶、医药、化装品、电子元器件以及超大规模集成电路、移动通讯、手提电脑、航空航天等生产领域。 硅微粉还是生产多晶硅的重要原料。硅微粉用无水氯化氢（HCl）与之反应在一个流化床反应器中，生成三氯氢硅（SiHCl3），SiHCl3进一步提纯后在氢气中还原沉积成多晶硅。而多晶硅则是光伏产业太阳能电池的主要原材料。近年来，全球能源的持续紧张，使大力发展太阳能成为了世界各国能源战略的重点，随着光伏产业的风起云涌，太阳能电池原材料多晶硅价格暴涨，又促使硅微粉的市场需求迅猛增长，硅微粉呈现出供不应求的局面，更使硅资源拥有者尽享惊人的暴利。 据调查，目前国内生产硅微粉的能力约50万吨，主要是普通硅微粉，而高纯超细硅微粉大量依靠进口。初步预测2008年我国对超细硅微粉的需求量将达10万吨以上。其中，橡胶行业是最大的用户，涂料行业是重要有巨大潜力的应用领域，电子塑封料、硅基板材料和电子电器浇注料对高纯超细硅微粉原料全部依靠进口，仅普通球形硅微粉的价格2-3万元/吨，而高纯超细硅微粉的价格则高达几十万元/吨以上。　　超细硅微粉具有粒度小、比表面积大、化学纯度高、分散性能好等特点。以其优越的稳定性、补强性、增稠性和触变性而在橡胶、涂料、医药、造纸、日化等诸多领域得到广泛应用，并为其相关工业领域的发展提供了新材料的基础和技术保证，享有&quot;工业味精&quot;&quot;材料科学的原点&quot;之美誉。自问世以来，已成为当今时间材料科学中最能适应时代要求和发展最快的品种之一，发达国家已经把高性能、高附加植的精细无机材料作为本世纪新材料的重点加以发展。　　近年来，计算机市场、网络信息技术市场发展迅猛，CPU集程度愈来愈大，运算速度越来越快，家庭电脑和上网用户越来越多，对计算机技术和网络技术的要求也越来越高，作为技术依托的微电子工业也获得了飞速的发展，PⅢ 、PⅣ 处理器，宽带大容量传输网络，都离不开大规模、超大规模集成电路的硬件支持。　　随着微电子工业的迅猛发展，大规模、超大规模集成电路对封装材料的要求也越来越高，不仅要求对其超细，而且要求其有高纯度、低放射性元素含量，特别是对于颗粒形状提出了球形化要求。高纯超细熔融球形石英粉（简称球形硅微粉）由于其有高介电、高耐热、高耐湿、高填充量、低膨胀、低应力、低杂质、低摩擦系数等优越性能，在大规模、超大规模集成电路的基板和封装料中，成了不可缺少的优质材料。　　为什么要球形化？首先，球的表面流动性好，与树脂搅拌成膜均匀，树脂添加量小，并且流动性最好，粉的填充量可达到最高，重量比可达90.5%，因此，球形化意味着硅微粉填充率的增加，硅微粉的填充率越高，其热膨胀系数就越小，导热系数也越低，就越接近单晶硅的热膨胀系数，由此生产的电子元器件的使用性能也越好。其次，球形化制成的塑封料应力集中最小，强度最高，当角形粉的塑封料应力集中为1时，球形粉的应力仅为0.6，因此，球形粉塑封料封装集成电路芯片时，成品率高，并且运输、安装、使用过程中不易产生机械损伤。其三，球形粉摩擦系数小，对模具的磨损小，使模具的使用寿命长，与角形粉的相比，可以提高模具的使用寿命达一倍，塑封料的封装模具价格很高，有的还需要进口，这一点对封装厂降低成本，提高经济效益也很重要。　　球形硅微粉，主要用于大规模和超大规模集成电路的封装上，根据集程度（每块集成电路标准元件的数量）确定是否球形硅微粉，当集程度为1M到4M时，已经部分使用球形粉，8M到16M集程度时，已经全部使用球形粉。250M集程度时，集成电路的线宽为0.25&mu;m，当1G集程度时，集成电路的线宽已经小到0.18&mu;m，目前计算机PⅣ 处理器的CPU芯片，就达到了这样的水平。这时所用的球形粉为更高档的，主要使用多晶硅的下脚料制成正硅酸乙脂与四氯化硅水解得到SiO2，也制成球形其颗粒度为 -（10～20）&mu;m可调。这种用化学法合成的球形硅微粉比用天然的石英原料制成的球形粉要贵10倍，其原因是这种粉基本没有放射性&alpha;射线污染，可做到0.02PPb以下的铀含量。当集程度大时，由于超大规模集成电路间的导线间距非常小，封装料放射性大时集成电路工作时会产生源误差，会使超大规模集成电路工作时可靠性受到影响，因而必须对放射性提出严格要求。而天然石英原料达到(0.2～0.4) PPb就为好的原料。现在国内使用的球形粉主要是天然原料制成的球形粉，并且也是进口粉。　　一般集成电路都是用光刻的方法将电路集中刻制在单晶硅片上，然后接好连接引线和管角，再用环氧塑封料封装而成。塑封料的热膨胀率与单晶硅的越接近，集成电路的工作热稳定性就越好。单晶硅的熔点为1415℃，膨胀系数为3.5PPM，熔融石英粉的为(0.3～0.5)PPM，环氧树脂的为(30～50)PPM，当熔融球形石英粉以高比例加入环氧树脂中制成塑封料时，其热膨胀系数可调到8PPM左右，加得越多就越接近单晶硅片的，也就越好。而结晶粉俗称生粉的热膨胀系数为60PPM，结晶石英的熔点为1996℃，不能取代熔融石英粉(即熔融硅微粉)，所以中高档集成电路中不用球形粉时，也要用熔融的角形硅微粉。这也是高档球形粉想用结晶粉整形为近球形不能成功的原因所在。80年代日本也走过这条路，效果不行，走不通；10年前，包括现在我国还有人走这条路，从以上理论证明此种方法是不行的。即高档塑封料粉不能用结晶粉取代。　　是用熔融石英（即高纯石英玻璃），还是用结晶石英，哪一种为原料生产高纯球形石英粉为好？根据试验，专家认为：这个题已经十分清楚，用天然石英SiO2，高温熔融喷射制球，可以制得完全熔融的球形石英粉。用天然结晶石英制成粉，然后分散后用等离子火焰制成的球就是熔融的球，用火焰烧粉制得的球，表面光华，体积也有收缩，更好用，日本提供的这种粉，用X射线光谱分析谱线完全是平的，也是全熔融球形石英粉，而国内电熔融的石英，如连云港的熔融石英光谱分析不定型含量为95%，谱线仍能看出有尖峰，仍有5%未熔融。由此可见，生产球形石英粉，只要纯度能达到要求，以天然结晶石英为原料最好，其生产成本最低，工艺路线更简捷　　一) 硅微粉在橡胶制品中的应用　　活性硅微粉(经偶联剂处理)填充于天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶等胶料中，粉体易于分散，混炼工艺性能好，压延和压出性良，并能提高硫化胶的硫化速度，对橡胶还有增进粘性的功效，尤其是超细级硅微粉，取代部分白炭黑填于胶料中，对于提高制品的物性指标和降低生产成本均有很好作用。-2um达60-70%的硅微粉用于出口级药用氯化丁基橡胶瓶塞和用于电工绝缘胶鞋中效果甚佳。　　硅微粉在仿皮革制作中作为填充料，其制品的强度、伸长率、柔性等各项技术指标均优于轻质碳酸钙、活性碳酸钙、活性叶蜡石等无机材料作填充剂制作的产品。　　硅微粉代替精制陶土、轻质碳酸征等粉体材料应用于蓄电池胶壳，填充我量可达65%左右，且工艺性能良好。所获胶壳制品，具有外表平整光滑，硬度大，耐酸蚀，耐电压，热变形和抗冲击等物理机械性能均达到或超过JB3076-82技术指标。　　(二) 硅微粉在塑料制品中的应用　　活性硅微粉是聚丙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯等制品理想的增强剂，不仅有较大的填充量，而且抗张强度好。制成母粒，用于聚氯乙烯地板砖中，可提高产品耐磨性。　　硅微粉应用于烯烃树脂薄膜其粉体分散均匀，成膜性好，力学性能强，较用PCC做填充料生产的塑膜，阻隔红外线透过率降低10%以上，对农用

锌锭生产工艺，是衡量一个企业是否具有先进性，是否具备市场竞争力，是否能不断领先于竞争者的重要指标依据。&ldquo;大重量锌锭生产工艺研究&rdquo;成功地解决了大重量锌锭浇铸过程中物表面质量难以控制的技术难题，化学成分稳定，锌主品位达到99.99％以上，物理尺寸为（mm）：长1238--1276，宽489--514，高289--324。工业试验证明所研制的模具可行，锌锭表面洁净、光滑，无裂纹、缩孔，无飞边、毛刺，锌锭厚度对边差不大于20mm。目前，该项技术已申报专利。随着我国锌锭市场的迅猛发展，与之相关的核心生产技术应用与研发必将成为业内企业关注的焦点。了解国内外锌锭生产工艺的核心技术的研发动向、工艺设备、技术应用及趋势对于企业提升产品技术规格，提高市场竞争力十分关键。随着锌锭市场的成熟发展,国内的锌锭生产工艺也逐渐得到完善.与欧美相比,我们国家的锌锭生产工艺已经不处于下风,期待在未来会出现更多的新锌锭生产工艺.!&nbsp;

铝锭生产工艺是一种投资者较为关注的一个信息，那我们来看下其信息。技术工艺，是衡量一个企业是否具有先进性，是否具备市场竞争力，是否能不断领先于竞争者的重要指标依据。随着我国合金铝锭市场的迅猛发展，与之相关的核心生产技术应用与研发必将成为业内企业关注的焦点。了解国内外合金铝锭生产核心技术的研发动向、工艺设备、技术应用及趋势对于企业提升产品技术规格，提高市场竞争力十分关键。通过参考大量专利文献对合金铝锭的工艺技术进展做了系统介绍，通过详细的调查和权威技术资料及相关情报的收集，为客户提供了合金铝锭产品核心技术应用现状、技术研发、工艺设备配套、高端技术应用等多方面的信息，对于企业了解各类合金铝锭产品生产技术及其发展状况十分有益。商业应用前景部分从合金铝锭产品的应用领域、下游产品、国内外生产现状、国内潜在生产厂家、国外生产厂家及规模、国内外产量走势、市场状况及预测、供需状况分析及预测、国内需求厂家及联系方式等诸多方面对合金铝锭产品市场状况及发展方向做了详细论述，可作为合金铝锭产品深加工技术发展趋势导向的重要决策参考。1 双色铝型材的生产方式&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 所谓双色铝型材是指同一功能的铝型材的表面，在不同的面上处理成两种颜色。双色铝刑材的生产方式主要有两种，即组合式和贴膜式所谓组合式，就是同一功能的铝型材是由两个以上的断面组合而成，首先是铝型材单独生产，然后再进行插入装配，最后经锯切等处理方式加工成双色铝型材所谓贴膜式，是为了在同一功能的铝型材上加工成两种颜色，在喷漆时，必须采用贴膜遮盖一部分，喷涂另一部分，以便获得两种颜色。本文重点介绍喷漆贴膜铝型材的生产过程。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2 双色铝型材的特点&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （1）可以根据不同的环境、不同的要求建筑特点和不同的审美观，选择不同的颜色。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （2）产品质量要求高，生产过程中各道工序要严格把关。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （3）双色铝型材，产品档次高，美观大方，深受消费者的青睐。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （4）双色铝型材，生产方便灵活，可以自由组合。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.1 生产工艺流程&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 双色铝型材的生产千艺流程为：脱脂-铬化-烘干-上排-喷漆-固化-下排-检验-装框-贴膜-上排-喷漆-撕膜-固化-下排-检验-包装&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3 2 生产过程中要注意的几个问题&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （1）选样粘度适中的贴膜。在双色铝型材生产中，贴膜的合理选择是关键。贴膜的粘度过低则贴不住。贴膜容易脱落，给喷涂带来相当大的难度。贴膜的粘度过大，说明贴膜上的胶比较多，当贴膜撕掉后，容易将贴膜上的胶粘在型材上，影响型材的表面质量，另一方面，在选择贴膜时，尽可能选用胶的成分与涂漆成分一致或相接近，这样可减轻对漆膜色泽的影响。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （2）选择宽度、厚度适中的贴膜；由于铝型材断面形状复杂，外表向宽、窄悬殊较大，容易将飞边吹起，降低贴膜的遮盖能力，影响喷涂质量。贴膜过窄，则遮盖不住，显然不能喷涂。另一方面，在选择贴膜厚度时，只要能遮盖，具有弹性即可，不一定选择太厚的贴膜，因太厚的贴膜将增加铝型材生产成本，而且也没有必要。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （3）贴膜后及时喷涂。型材贴膜以后，应及时进行喷涂，停放时间越短越好。如果停放时间太长，由于贴膜上的胶干燥，失去粘度，特则是经风一吹，贴膜脱落，导致喷涂同难。因此，为了确保贴膜及喷涂质量，一般贴膜以后的停放时间不要超过16h.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （4）确定颜色、分界面及分界线。铝型材在喷涂之前，一定要根据型材的使用功能以及客户的要求（合同要求），分清每个面所要喷徐的颜色，分界面是哪个面，分界线是哪条线，在什么位置：一般来说，内侧是浅色，外侧是深色在弄清了分界面、分界线及颜色的要求之后才能贴膜，要注意千万不能将膜的位置贴错。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （5）贴膜质量：贴膜是双色铝型材加工中的一道关键工序，贴膜质量的好坏，直接影响到铝型材的表面质量，主要包括以下几个方画：一是贴膜时尽可能不要使贴膜形成过大的张力，也就足说不能使贴膜发生变形，否则贴好后的贴膜容易收缩，使铝型材两端出现无贴膜现象；另一方面，铝型材两端贴膜断开时，要用刀片切开，而不能拉断，否则，拉断的贴膜仍然要收缩；二是贴膜宽度要与贴面宽度相吻合，一般情况下，贴膜宽度稍大于铝型材的贴面宽度，若是贴膜过宽，超出铝型材边缘过多，当喷涂时，容易被压缩空气吹起，若|来源|考试|大|是贴膜过窄，不能完全遮盖，显然是不行的；四是贴面分界线在沟槽边缘时，一定要将；贴膜的飞边压入沟槽内，否则，喷涂时气流容易将贴膜吹起，影响铝型材喷涂质量；五是贴膜时，一定将贴膜贴平，防止皱折、卷缩等现象；六是对于断面形状复杂的型材，如果一次贴膜困难时，可以分两次或多次贴膜，保证贴膜的覆盖质量；七是对一些壁厚较薄或悬臂较大等特殊断面的铝型材，贴膜时不能压得太紧，一定要注意不能使铝型材产生变形；八是第一次喷涂后，铝型材的停放时间不能过长，否则会使型材表而落上灰尘，导致贴膜困难，从而影响贴膜质量：&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （6）严格执行贴膜工艺。铝型材贴膜必须经过第一次喷涂后再贴，不允许型材铬化后直接贴膜，这是因为贴膜上有胶，如果直接将贴膜贴在铬化层上，胶就会粘在铬化层上，或者撕贴膜时，就会将铬化层，撕掉，这样就会大大降低漆膜的附着力，最终影响铝型材的喷涂质量，导致漆膜脱落，其后果不堪设想。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （7）撕膜时间。铝型材经贴膜、喷涂以后，要撕去贴膜，但不能喷涂后马上就撕去贴膜，要控制好撕膜。&mdash;般来说，喷涂后经过流平，漆膜基本凝固，这一过程不能少于10min.然后才能撕去贴膜撕膜。否则，漆膜未开，撕膜的过程中容易将贴膜落在铝型材上，影响漆膜质量。另一方面，撕膜的时候动作要快，以免影响撕膜质量。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （8）喷涂顺序 双色铝型材，需要涂上两种颜色，有两种颜色必然存在深色与浅色，喷涂必然有先有后，喷涂前必须要考虑哪种颜色先喷，哪种颜色后喷，要根据具体情况而定，若是先喷浅色、后喷深色，则先喷涂的浅色就要经过两次固化，即两次烘烤，容易将浅色烘烤变色，若是先喷深色、后喷浅色，则后喷浅色对前喷深色的覆盖性受到一定影响，要想覆盖深色就要增加漆膜厚度，但是漆膜厚到一 定的程度后，又容易产生脱膜现象。因此。在实际生产中，采用先浅后深的工艺较为可行。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （9）避免多次返工。在双色铝型材生产过程中，由于各种因素影响，返工是|来源|考试|大|不可避免的，但是每返工 一次就要增加一次固化。对漆膜来说。多次喷涂，漆膜厚度不断增加，再经多次固化，降低了漆膜附着力，容易造成漆膜脱落。因此，在双色铝型材的生产中尽可能避免多次返工。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; （10）膜厚的合理控制、双色铝型材生产是要经过两次以上的喷涂，如果我们还像单喷那样操作，就会导致有的面漆膜较厚，有的面漆膜较薄，从而引起膜厚严重不均匀。因此在喷涂时就要进行合理控制，第一次喷徐时，只需对着面重点喷涂，而另一面可以不涂或少涂。第二次喷涂叫，闪样尽可能对需要的面重点喷，其他面不喷或少喷，同时还要根据第一次喷涂情况以及选用的涂漆颜色。合理地控制第二次喷涂厚度，但必须保证第二次喷涂对前一次喷涂的浚盖效果。如果你想更多的了解关于铝锭生产工艺的信息，你可以登陆上海有色网进行查询和关注。

现在国内出产铜管的办法技能有三种，分别为上引法、连铸连轧法、揉捏法。三种工艺的差异及优缺陷如下：1.上引法：此出产法为电解铜经熔化后直接上引出铜管。 长处：出资本钱少、出产本钱低、成品率较高、报价便宜。 缺陷：管材安排疏松，不耐高压、只适合于出产小规格空调铜管。2.连铸连轧法：此出产法为电解铜熔化后直接铸造出空心铜坯，通过行星轧制出产出铜管。 长处：出产本钱低、出产效率高。 缺陷为：管材因安排疏松，不耐高压，只限于小规格空调铜管的出产。3.揉捏法：此出产法为电解铜熔化后铸造出铜锭，经二次加热后用大型揉捏机揉捏出铜管。 长处：质量最好、安排结构细密、密度大、耐高压、曲折变形量大，能适用于冷热交流频频、温差改变大的工作环境，可出产大规格铜管。 缺陷：成品率低、出产本钱高，报价高。揉捏铜管出产法是现在国内外铜管出产法中产品质量最安稳、最优的铜管出产办法，只要该工艺出产的铜管最适合应用于暖通范畴，是未来铜管业开展的方向。 钢管的出产工艺就给我们介绍到这儿，期望对我们有所协助。&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

用氢、碳及含碳气体以及硅、铝等都可以将三氧化钼复原为钼。仅仅其他办法难取得纯度高的金属钼。氢复原所生成钼法纯度高，适于出产钼材或钼基合金。     氢复原高纯三氧化钼的化学反响式为：                          MoO3+H2450~650℃MoO2+H2O↑     △H°298＝-85kJ→   MoO3+H2→Mo+2H2O↑     △H°298＝105kJ   反响条件下MoO3与MoO2还或许反响，生成中间氧化物（如Mo4O11等）。     氢复原三氧化钼的标准工艺分作三阶段：     （1）三氧化钼被复原成二氧化钼：   MoO3+H2←→MoO2＋H2O       这是一个放热反响。在400~600℃时平衡条件为PH2O/PH2＝5.0×107~1.7×106。盛有MoO3粉的镍舟在四管马弗炉内缓慢前移，炉温从400℃上升，在550℃前反响完毕，加温至650℃。排出MoO2粉。若550℃时反响未完毕，易熔中间氧化物会在550~600℃熔化，使炉料烧结，复原不充沛。     （2）二氧化钼被复原成钼粉：这是个吸热反响，盛MoO2的镍舟在13管炉内缓慢前移，炉温延炉管从650℃上升到950℃，反响MoO2+2H2←→Mo + 2H2O平衡中，PH2O/PH2 很小； 645℃为0.234，800℃为0.398，927℃为0.55。所以所通入要充沛枯燥、露点-40~50℃作复原剂。     （3）弥补复原：为下降第二段产出钼粉中含氧量。还要在1000~1100℃下对它弥补复原。此种温度，对榜首、二段所用镍铬管和加热器在空气中化学稳定性下降。第三段是在充溢，设密闭炉壳的管状炉中进行。至此，钼粉中氧含量仅0.25%~0.3%。     这三段工艺在出产施行中，又简化成：（1）没有第三段弥补氧化。（2）将榜首段、第二段在同1台十三管炉内进行。（3）将榜首段与仲钼酸铵分化合在一道工序完结，向仲钼酸铵分化转炉通入，此两反响温度挨近，经此工艺后，不是产出MoO3，而是直接产出MoO2。不管怎么改变，都离不了上述化学反响的几个阶段。     经过复原产出的钼粉，可经过粉冶成型，或电弧炉熔株、电子束熔炼等办法成型。

目前，金属钛生产的工业方法是可劳尔法，产品为海绵钛。制取钛材传统的工艺是将海绵钛经熔铸成锭，再加工而成钛材。按此，从采矿到制成钛材的工艺过程的主要步骤为：钛矿->采矿->选矿->太精矿->富集->富钛料->氯化->粗TiCl4->精制->纯TiCl4->镁还原->海绵钛->熔铸->钛锭->加工->钛材或钛部件上述步骤中如果采矿得到的是金红石，则不必经过富集，可以直接进行氯化制取粗TiCI4。另外，熔铸作业应属冶金工艺，但有时也归入加工工艺。　　上述工艺过程中的加工过程是指塑性加工和铸造而言。塑性加工方法又包括锻造、挤压、轧制、拉伸等。它可将钛锭加工成各种尺寸的饼材、环材、板材、管材、棒材、型材等制品，也可用铸造方法制成各种形状的零件、部件。    钛和钛合金塑性加工具有变形抗力大；常温塑性差、屈服极限和强度极限比值高、回弹大、对缺口敏感、变形过程易与模具粘结、加热时又易吸咐有害气体等特点，塑性加工较钢、铜困难。　　故钛和钛合金的加工工艺必须考虑它们的这些特点。　　钛采用塑性加工，加土尺寸不受限制，又能够大批量生产，但成材率低，加工过程中产生大量废屑残料。　　针对钛塑性加工的上述缺点，近年来发展了钛的粉末冶金工艺。钛的粉末冶金流程与普通粉末冶金相同，只是烧结必须要在真空下进行。它适用乎生产大批量、小尺寸的零件，特别适用于生产复杂的零部件。这种方法几乎无须再经过加工处理，成材率高，既可充分利用钛废料作原料，又可以降低生产成本，但不能生产大尺寸的钛件。钛的粉末冶金工艺流程为:钛粉(或钛合金粉)->筛分->混合->压制成形->烧结->辅助加工->钛制品。　　钛材生产的原则流程　　钛材除了纯钛外，目前世界上已经生产出近30种牌号的钛合金。使用最广泛的钛合金是Ti-6Al-4V，Ti-5Al—2.5Sn等

硅铁生产工艺的步骤：它是在熔融硅铁中通入氯气和氧气，尽可能地除去熔融硅铁中的杂质。本发明提供所通入的氯气和氧气的比例为：Cl&darr;〔2〕∶O&darr;〔2〕＝100∶3－200，每吨熔融硅铁通入氯气和氧气总量为10－65公斤，通气时间60－180分钟。本工艺生产出的微碳硅铁可用于冶炼高级无取向硅钢。是向台包内的熔融硅铁通入氯气和氧气，其特征在于通入的氯气和氧气的比例。硅铁冶炼硅铁是以焦炭、钢屑、石英（或硅石）为原料，用电炉冶炼制成的。钢铁英才网传统炼制硅铁时，是将硅从含有SIO2的硅石中还原出来。冶炼硅铁大多使用冶金焦作还原剂，钢屑是硅铁的调节剂。 　　生产一吨硅铁原料及电能消耗为： 　　硅石：1780-1850kg 　　焦炭：890-930kg 　　钢屑：220-230kg 　　电极糊: 45-55kg 　　电耗: 8400-9000kwh/t硅铁构成铁和硅组成的铁合金。 　　硅铁按硅及其杂质含量，分为十六个牌号，其化学成分如下表：（根据GB2277-87）牌号化学成分%&nbsp;SiAlCaMn<td val

在天然界中天然铜的含量很少，一般都以金属共生矿的形状存在。铜矿石中常伴生有多种重金属和稀有金属，如金、银、砷、锑、铋、硒、铅、钴、镍、钼等。依据化合物的性质，铜矿藏可分为天然铜、硫化矿和氧化矿三种类型，首要以硫化矿和氧化矿，特别是硫化矿散布最广，现在电解铜90%来自硫化矿。金、银等贵金属常和铜共生。铜矿石经采矿和选矿富集取得铜精矿，含铜13-30%。可直接供冶炼厂炼铜。 铜矿石分类 一、天然铜 首要成分：Cu(Fe、Ag、Au、);产地：⑴国际：美国密执安州的苏必利尔湖南岸(1857年这儿发现重达420吨的天然铜块)、俄罗斯的图林斯克和意大利的蒙特卡蒂尼等地;⑵我国：湖北、云南、甘肃、长江中下游等地铜矿床氧化带中。二、硫化矿 1.黄铜矿 首要成分：CuFeS2(Ag、Au、Tl、Se、Te);产地：⑴我国：长江中下游区域、川滇区域、山西南部中条山区域、甘肃的河西走廊以及西藏高原等。其间以江西 德兴、西藏玉龙等铜矿最著名;⑵国际：西班牙的里奥廷托，美国亚利桑那州的克拉马祖、犹他州的宾厄姆、蒙大那州的比尤特，墨西哥的卡纳内阿，智利的丘基卡马塔等。2.斑铜矿 首要成分Cu5FeS4(Pt 、Pd);产地：⑴我国：云南东川等铜矿床;⑵国际：美国蒙大那州的比尤特，墨西哥卡纳内阿和智利丘基卡马塔等。3.辉铜矿 首要成分：Cu2S;产地：⑴我国：云南东川铜矿;⑵国际：美国布里斯托、康涅狄格州、比尤特、蒙大拿、亚利桑那州、宾厄姆峡谷、犹他州、鸭城、田纳西州、英国康瓦耳、楚梅布、意大利托斯卡纳和西班牙的力拓矿区、美国的内华达州的Ely矿区、Arizone州的Morenci、Miami和Clifton矿区以及蒙大拿州的比尤特矿区等地。三、氧化矿 1.蓝铜矿 首要成分：Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2;产地：⑴我国：广东阳春、湖北大冶和赣西北;⑵国际：赞比亚、澳大利亚、、俄罗斯、扎伊尔、美国等区域。2.赤铜矿 首要成分：Cu2O;产地：⑴国际：法国、智利、玻利维亚、南澳大利亚、美国等地有国际首要矿区;⑵我国：云南东川铜矿和江西、甘肃等地铜矿区。3.孔雀石 首要成分：Cu2(OH)2CO3;产地：⑴国际：赞比亚、澳大利亚、、俄罗斯、扎伊尔、美国等区域;⑵我国：广东阳春、湖北大冶和赣西北铜矿的选矿、冶炼 铜矿的选矿工艺 铜矿的选矿工艺首要是破碎--球磨--分级--浮选--精选等,对含镍钴钼金等稀贵多金属矿，可将粗选铜精矿再别离浮选镍精矿、钴精矿、钼精矿、金精矿。 浸染状铜矿石的浮选 一般选用比较简单的流程，经一段磨矿，细度-200网目约占50%~70%，1次粗选，2~3次精选，1~2次扫选。如铜矿藏浸染粒度比较细，可考虑选用阶段磨选流程。处理斑铜矿的选矿厂，大多选用粗精矿再磨—精选的阶段磨选流程，其实质是混合—优先浮选流程。先经一段粗磨、粗选、扫选，再将粗精矿再磨再精选得到高档次铜精矿和硫精矿。粗磨细度-200网目约占45%~50%，再磨细度-200网目约占90%~95%。 细密铜矿石因为黄铜矿和黄铁矿细密共生，黄铁矿往往被次生铜矿藏活化，黄铁矿含量较高，难于按捺，分选困难。分选过程中要求一起得到铜精矿和硫精矿。一般选铜后的尾矿就是硫精矿。假如矿石中脉石含量超越20%~25%，为得到硫精矿还需再次分选。处理细密铜矿石，常选用两段磨矿或阶段磨矿，磨矿细度要求较细。药剂用量也较大，黄药用量100g/(t原矿)以上，石灰8~10kg(t原矿)以上。 铜矿的冶炼工艺 从铜矿中挖掘出来的铜矿石，经过选矿成为含铜档次较高的铜精矿或许说是铜矿砂，铜精矿需求经过冶炼提成才干成为精铜及铜制品，现在，国际上铜的冶炼工艺首要有两种：即火法冶炼与湿法冶炼(SX-EX) 1.火法冶炼选矿办法： 至今铜的冶炼仍以火法治炼为主，其产值约占国际铜总产值的85%。 经过熔融冶炼和电解精火炼生产出阴极铜，也即电解铜，一般适于高档次的硫化铜矿。 火法冶炼一般是先将含铜百分之几或千分之几的原矿石，经过选矿提高到20-30%，作为铜精矿，在密闭鼓风炉、反射炉、电炉或闪速炉进行造锍熔炼，产出的熔锍(冰铜)接着送入转炉进行吹炼成粗铜，再在另一种反射炉内经过氧化精粹脱杂，或铸成阳极板进行电解，取得档次高达99.9%的电解铜。该流程简略、适应性强，铜的收回率可达95%，但因矿石中的硫再造硫和吹炼两阶段作为二氧化硫废气排出，不易收回，易构成污染。近年来呈现如白银法、诺兰达法等熔池熔炼以及日本的三菱法等、火法冶炼逐步向接连化、自动化开展。 除了铜精矿之外废铜做为精粹铜的首要原料之一，包含旧废铜和新废铜，旧废铜来自旧设备和旧机器，抛弃的高楼和地下管道;新废铜来自加工厂弃掉的铜屑(铜材的产出比为50%左右)一般废铜直销较安稳，废铜可以分为：裸杂铜:档次在90%以上;黄杂铜(电线);含铜物料(旧马达、电路板);由废铜和其他相似材料生产出的铜，也称为再生铜。 2.湿法冶炼选矿办法: 现代湿法冶炼的技能正在逐步推广，湿法冶炼的推出使铜的冶炼本钱大大下降。一般适于低档次的氧化铜，生产出的精铜称为电积铜。现代湿法冶炼有硫酸化焙烧-浸出-电积，浸出-萃取-电积，细菌浸出等法，适于低档次杂乱矿、氧化铜矿、含铜废矿石的堆浸、槽浸选用或就地浸出。湿法冶炼技能正在逐步推广，估计本世纪末可达总产值的20%，湿法冶炼的推出使铜的冶炼本钱大大下降。 湿法冶炼选矿工艺原理为：Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cu，不一定用铁，金属活动性比铜强就行。也不一定用硫酸铜，可溶性的铜盐就可以。湿法炼铜就是电解饱满硫酸铜溶液。在电解池中，用铁作阳极，用铜作阴极，饱满硫酸铜溶液作电解液。通电今后阳极上的铁因为失电子构成亚铁离子，铜离子在阴极上得电子而变成铜原子。这样可以得到一个比较纯洁的铜单质。 电化学方程式： 阳极：Fe=Fe2+ + 2e-(电子) 阴极：Cu2+ +2e-=Cu   总的方程式：Fe+CuSO4->Cu+FeSO4

进入工厂原料场的氧化镍矿石含有30％以上的水分（结晶水），需要在还原焙烧阶段将水分去除。这个过程是在一个回转窑中进行的。矿石在料场破碎、中和混匀以后，向其中加入炭素还原剂和熔剂，充分混合均匀以后加入到回转窑中。在回转窑中，矿石被焙烧脱水，重量减少30％左右，镍被加入的炭素还原剂还原，形成了温度为600～700℃镍渣。这些镍渣在隔热的状态下被送入到矿热炉的供料料仓（内衬耐火保温层），根据生产工艺的要求，镍渣通过一个密封的管状布料装置均匀地分配到矿热炉内。 　          矿热炉在这种工艺流程中是投资最大的设备，为了环保和工业卫生的需要，炉子被密封起来。在矿热炉中通过电弧冶炼，分离出粗制的镍铁和电炉渣，同时产生含CO75％的还原性气体，这种气体经过净化以后返回到回转窑中作为燃料进行燃烧，提供回转窑所需要的热能，尘灰返到矿热炉继续参与冶炼。电炉炉渣是一种很好的建筑材料，但是目前仅用于道路的建设。从矿热炉中得到的镍铁含硫、硅、碳、磷等杂质高，还不适用于冶炼高级不锈钢。这些粗制的焙烧脱水还需要进行精炼以后才能做为成品出厂。 　 　          将1t的原料矿加入回转窑，大约可以得到650～700kg的镍渣，这些镍渣加入到矿热炉中，大约可以得到120～150kg的粗制镍铁。粗制镍铁中的镍含量一般为14％，最高时可以达到18％。

硅微粉是由纯洁石英粉经先进的超细研磨工艺加工而成，是用处极为广泛的无机非金属材料。具有介电功能优异、热胀大系数低、导热系数高、悬浮功能好等长处。因其具有优秀的物理功能、极高的化学稳定性、共同的光学性质及合理、可控的粒度散布，然后被广泛使用于光学玻璃、电子封装、电气绝缘、高级陶瓷、油漆涂料、精细铸造、硅橡胶、医药、化装品、电子元器件以及超大规模集成电路、移动通讯、手提电脑、航空航天等出产范畴。硅微粉仍是出产多晶硅的重要质料。硅微粉用无水氯化氢（HCl）与之反应在一个流化床反应器中，生成三氯氢硅（SiHCl3），SiHCl3进一步提纯后在中复原堆积成多晶硅。而多晶硅则是光伏工业太阳能电池的首要原材料。近年来，全球动力的继续严重，使大力开展太阳能成为了国际各国动力战略的要点，跟着光伏工业的如火如荼，太阳能电池原材料多晶硅报价暴升，又促进硅微粉的商场需求迅猛添加，硅微粉呈现出求过于供的局势，更使硅资源具有者尽享惊人的暴利。据调查，现在国内出产硅微粉的才能约25万吨，首要是普通硅微粉，而高纯超细硅微粉很多依托进口。开始猜测2005年我国对超细硅微粉的需求量将达6万吨以上。其间，橡胶职业是最大的用户，涂料职业是重要有巨大潜力的使用范畴，电子塑封料、硅基板材料和电子电器浇注料对高纯超细硅微粉质料悉数依托进口，仅普通球形硅微粉的报价2—3万元/吨，而高纯超细硅微粉的报价则高达几十万元/吨以上。硅微粉是由纯洁石英粉经先进的超细研磨工艺加工而成，是用处极为广泛的无机非金属材料。具有介电功能优异、热胀大系数低、导热系数高、悬浮功能好等长处。因其具有优秀的物理功能、极高的化学稳定性、共同的光学性质及合理、可控的粒度散布，然后被广泛使用于光学玻璃、电子封装、电气绝缘、高级陶瓷、油漆涂料、精细铸造、硅橡胶、医药、化装品、电子元器件以及超大规模集成电路、移动通讯、手提电脑、航空航天等出产范畴。 硅微粉仍是出产多晶硅的重要质料。硅微粉用无水氯化氢（HCl）与之反应在一个流化床反应器中，生成三氯氢硅（SiHCl3），SiHCl3进一步提纯后在中复原堆积成多晶硅。而多晶硅则是光伏工业太阳能电池的首要原材料。近年来，全球动力的继续严重，使大力开展太阳能成为了国际各国动力战略的要点，跟着光伏工业的如火如荼，太阳能电池原材料多晶硅报价暴升，又促进硅微粉的商场需求迅猛添加，硅微粉呈现出求过于供的局势，更使硅资源具有者尽享惊人的暴利。 据调查，现在国内出产硅微粉的才能约50万吨，首要是普通硅微粉，而高纯超细硅微粉很多依托进口。开始猜测2008年我国对超细硅微粉的需求量将达10万吨以上。其间，橡胶职业是最大的用户，涂料职业是重要有巨大潜力的使用范畴，电子塑封料、硅基板材料和电子电器浇注料对高纯超细硅微粉质料悉数依托进口，仅普通球形硅微粉的报价2—3万元/吨，而高纯超细硅微粉的报价则高达几十万元/吨以上。 超细硅微粉具有粒度小、比表面积大、化学纯度高、涣散功能好等特色。以其优胜的稳定性、补强性、增稠性和触变性而在橡胶、涂料、医药、造纸、日化等许多范畴得到广泛使用，并为其相关工业范畴的开展供给了新材料的根底和技能确保，享有“工业味精”“材料科学的原点”之美誉。自面世以来，已成为当今时刻材料科学中最能习惯年代要求和开展最快的种类之一，发达国家现已把高功能、高附加植的精细无机材料作为本世纪新材料的要点加以开展。 近年来，计算机商场、网络信息技能商场开展迅猛，CPU集程度愈来愈大，运算速度越来越快，家庭电脑和上网用户越来越多，对计算机技能和网络技能的要求也越来越高，作为技能依托的微电子工业也获得了飞速的开展，PⅢ、PⅣ处理器，宽带大容量传输网络，都离不开大规模、超大规模集成电路的硬件支撑。 跟着微电子工业的迅猛开展，大规模、超大规模集成电路对封装材料的要求也越来越高，不只需求对其超细，并且要求其有高纯度、低放射性元素含量，特别是关于颗粒形状提出了球形化要求。高纯超细熔融球形石英粉（简称球形硅微粉）因为其有高介电、高耐热、高耐湿、高填充量、低胀大、低应力、低杂质、低摩擦系数等优胜功能，在大规模、超大规模集成电路的基板和封装猜中，成了不可短少的优质材料。 为什么要球形化？首要，球的表面流动性好，与树脂拌和成膜均匀，树脂添加量小，并且流动性最好，粉的填充量可到达最高，分量比可达90.5%，因而，球形化意味着硅微粉填充率的添加，硅微粉的填充率越高，其热胀大系数就越小，导热系数也越低，就越挨近单晶硅的热胀大系数，由此出产的电子元器件的运用功能也越好。其次，球形化制成的塑封料应力会集最小，强度最高，当角形粉的塑封料应力会集为1时，球形粉的应力仅为0.6，因而，球形粉塑封料封装集成电路芯片时，成品率高，并且运送、装置、运用过程中不易发生机械损害。其三，球形粉摩擦系数小，对模具的磨损小，使模具的运用寿命长，与角形粉的比较，能够进步模具的运用寿命达一倍，塑封料的封装模具报价很高，有的还需求进口，这一点对封装厂下降成本，进步经济效益也很重要。 球形硅微粉，首要用于大规模和超大规模集成电路的封装上，依据集程度（每块集成电路标准元件的数量）断定是否球形硅微粉，当集程度为1M到4M时，现已部分运用球形粉，8M到16M集程度时，现已悉数运用球形粉。250M集程度时，集成电路的线宽为0.25μm，当1G集程度时，集成电路的线宽现已小到0.18μm，现在计算机PⅣ 处理器的CPU芯片，就到达了这样的水平。这时所用的球形粉为更高级的，首要运用多晶硅的下脚料制成正硅酸乙脂与水解得到SiO2，也制成球形其颗粒度为 -（10～20）μm可调。这种用化学法组成的球形硅微粉比用天然的石英质料制成的球形粉要贵10倍，其原因是这种粉根本没有放射性α射线污染，可做到0.02PPb以下的铀含量。当集程度大时，因为超大规模集成电路间的导线距离非常小，封装料放射性大时集成电路作业时会发生源差错，会使超大规模集成电路作业时可靠性受到影响，因而有必要对放射性提出严厉要求。而天然石英质料到达(0.2～0.4) PPb就为好的质料。现在国内运用的球形粉首要是天然质料制成的球形粉，并且也是进口粉。 一般集成电路都是用光刻的办法将电路会集刻制在单晶硅片上，然后接好衔接引线和管角，再用环氧塑封料封装而成。塑封料的热胀大率与单晶硅的越挨近，集成电路的作业热稳定性就越好。单晶硅的熔点为1415℃，胀大系数为3.5PPM，熔融石英粉的为(0.3～0.5)PPM，环氧树脂的为(30～50)PPM，当熔融球形石英粉以高份额参加环氧树脂中制成塑封料时，其热胀大系数可调到8PPM左右，加得越多就越挨近单晶硅片的，也就越好。而结晶粉俗称生粉的热胀大系数为60PPM，结晶石英的熔点为1996℃，不能替代熔融石英粉(即熔融硅微粉)，所以中高级集成电路中不必球形粉时，也要用熔融的角形硅微粉。这也是高级球形粉想用结晶粉整形为近球形不能成功的原因地点。80年代日本也走过这条路，效果不可，走不通；10年前，包含现在我国还有人走这条路，从以上理论证明此种办法是不可的。即高级塑封料粉不能用结晶粉替代。 是用熔融石英（即高纯石英玻璃），仍是用结晶石英，哪一种为质料出产高纯球形石英粉为好？依据实验，专家以为：这个题现已非常清楚，用天然石英SiO2，高温熔融喷发制球，能够制得彻底熔融的球形石英粉。用天然结晶石英制成粉，然后涣散后用等离子火焰制成的球就是熔融的球，用火焰烧粉制得的球，表面光华，体积也有缩短，更好用，日本供给的这种粉，用X射线光谱分析谱线彻底是平的，也是全熔融球形石英粉，而国内电熔融的石英，如连云港的熔融石英光谱分析不定型含量为95%，谱线仍能看出有尖峰，仍有5%未熔融。由此可见，出产球形石英粉，只需纯度能到达要求，以天然结晶石英为质料最好，其出产成本最低，工艺道路更简捷。 一、硅微粉在橡胶制品中的使用活性硅微粉(经偶联剂处理)填充于天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶等胶猜中，粉体易于涣散，混炼工艺功能好，压延和压出性良，并能进步硫化胶的硫化速度，对橡胶还有增进粘性的成效，尤其是超细级硅微粉，替代部分白炭黑填于胶猜中，关于进步制品的物性目标和下降出产成本均有很好效果。-2um达60-70%的硅微粉用于出口级药用氯化丁基橡胶瓶塞和用于电工绝缘胶鞋中效果甚佳。硅微粉在仿皮革制造中作为填充料，其制品的强度、伸长率、柔性等各项技能目标均优于轻质碳酸钙、活性碳酸钙、活性叶蜡石等无机材料作填充剂制造的产品。硅微粉替代精制陶土、轻质碳酸征等粉体材料使用于蓄电池胶壳，填充我量可达65%左右，且工艺功能杰出。所获胶壳制品，具有外表平坦润滑，硬度大，耐酸蚀，耐电压，热变形和抗冲击等物理机械功能均到达或超越JB3076-82技能目标。二、硅微粉在塑料制品中的使用活性硅微粉是聚、聚氯乙烯、聚乙烯等制品抱负的增强剂，不只要较大的填充量，并且抗张强度好。制成母粒，用于聚氯乙烯地板砖中，可进步产品耐磨性。硅微粉使用于烯烃树脂薄膜其粉体涣散均匀，成膜性好，力学功能强，较用PCC做填充料出产的塑膜，隔绝红外线透过率下降10%以上，对农用棚膜使用推行极为在举国。也可用于电线电缆外包皮等范畴。三、硅微粉在熔制仪器玻璃和玻纤中的使用因为硅微粉颗粒细微，纯度高，在制玻出产中易熔化、时刻短，制品如硼硅仪器玻璃、钠征仪器玻璃、中性器皿等产品的理化功能和外观质量均到达相应标准，与此同时，出产中节能效果特别明显。再则，依据硅微粉具有粒度细且均匀，比表面积大的特色，用于玻纤直接拉丝新工艺，大大的进步了玻纤合作料的均化程度和加速炉内的玻化速度。拉丝的稳定性优于玻璃球拉丝工艺，且具有明显的节能和下降出产成本效果。作为节能矿藏质料，硅微粉使用于陶瓷职业中，关于下降烧成温度和进步成品率等亦收到抱负效果。四、硅微粉做抛光洗刷磨料效果好跟着现代化技能的开展，对材料的表面处理亦要求更高更精，而磨咱们的使用日趋广泛。硅微粉因其颗粒挨近圆形，经过超细、分级制备的超微粉，再经改性处理后，是金属件杰出的洗刷磨料，如在洗刷轴承中使用，光洁度可达3.0以上，优于显示器的同类产品。别的用于半导体职业、精细阀门、硬磁盘、磁头的抛光，轿车抛光剂，均有很好的效果五、硅微粉在涂猜中的使用使用硅微粉特有的功能性，替代沉积硫酸、滑石粉，用于调合漆、底漆、防犭漆等的制造中(参加量6%～15%)不只起到填充增容效果，并且关于进步油漆细度、流平功能、漆膜硬度，缩短涂料研磨时刻和油漆的耐水、防锈、防腐功能及颜料的涣散性、漆的贮存稳定性等效果均为明显。再则，由硅微粉、水、表面活性剂和水按必定份额装备的熔膜涂料，因为其粘度低，无充挂现象运用方便等特色，成为精细铸中的优质涂料。用于橱柜饰面，具有优异的装修效果和耐腐蚀性。六、硅微粉在电器绝缘封装材料中的使用电工级硅微粉是一种活性硅微粉，用作电器产品环氧树脂绝缘封填料，不只可大起伏添加填充量而更重要的是关于下降混合料系统的粘度，改进加工功能，进步混合料对高压电器线圈的渗透性，下降固化物的胀大系数和固化过程中的缩短率，养活混合料与线圈之间的热张差，进步固化物的热、电、机械功能诸方面起到有利效果。至于硅微粉的职业远景，咱们从以下几个方面展望一下： 商场空间 国际方面，现在全国际年需求硅微粉10万吨左右。日本是当今国际出产环氧塑封料产值最大的国家，年需求硅微粉3万吨，悉数依托进口；美国年需求硅微粉2万吨；韩国年需求硅微粉1万吨以上。 国内方面，据有关部门统计，高纯300目～1000目普通硅微粉和超细结晶硅微粉每年国内外用量保持在20%～35%的添加起伏，跟着使用规模的扩展需求量添加将会不断加大。 2001年我国熔融类总用量1.8万吨，其间1.2万吨进口，2004年总用量7.8万吨，其间进口4.8万吨，估计本年总用量将打破10万吨，上半年已进口达2.5万吨。高科技范畴硅微粉的年需求量为2万吨以上。据估测，国内对熔融型硅微粉的需求量，2010年可到达15～30万吨；在电子产品方面，对结晶型硅微粉的需求，估计年需求量将超越70万吨；在熔融石英陶瓷方面，国内对硅微粉的年需求量将达3万吨，商场远景宽广。 据了解，我国硅微粉高级产品首要依托进口。跟着我国参加了WTO商场，以及我国IT工业的迅猛开展，电子封装这一工业将逐步移向我国。专家预言：新的世纪我国将成为国际的封装大国，高纯超细硅微粉等下流产品的商场也将随之扩展。 赢利空间 虽同是硅微粉产品，但报价却相差十万八千里，如普通300目硅微粉只要600元/吨，而8000目～10000意图超细高纯电子类适用微粉报价却高达100000元/吨，假如再晋级至纳米级熔融微细粉吨价更高达200000元/吨以上。 产品上行开展空间 我国有关单位又成功地研宣布电子级高纯超细硅微粉。这是一种商场远景诱人的电子材料产品。高纯超细硅微粉是大规模集成电路基板和电子封装材料的首要质料，它与环氧树脂结合可完结芯片或元器件的粘接封固。超细硅微粉在环氧树脂中的掺入份额决议了基板的热胀大系数。硅微粉所占份额越高，基板的热胀大系数越小，即越挨近硅片的热胀大系数，然后可防止不均匀胀大构成的对微米线路的损坏。因而，对硅微粉的纯度、细度和粒度散布均有严厉的要求。 厂商实例 以上分析能够看出，硅微粉有着诱人的商场远景和宽广的开展空间。跟着高新技能的开展，对硅微粉材料的要求越来越高，厂商彻底能够依据商场的需求，比较少的投入，随时调整产品结构，开发深加工产品，以进步厂商的竞争力。但这些都要有一个必不可少的条件---科技立异。只要依托科技开宣布高新产品，才能使商场空间不断拓宽并构成良性循环。

氯化锌（ZnC12），白色棒状、粒状或粉状晶体，密度2.91 g/cm3，熔点283℃，沸点723℃，无味，潮解性强，能自空气中吸收水分而溶化。    氯化锌易溶于水，水溶液呈酸性；能溶于甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、等含氧有机溶剂；及溶于、等含氮溶剂；还具有溶解金属氧化物纤维的特性；不溶于液。熔融的氯化锌具有很好的导电功能。氯化锌有毒性，腐蚀性很强，应密闭储存。    氯化锌产品用于电池工业作电解质，出产活性炭的活化剂，在有机工业中用作聚腈的溶剂及有机组成的脱水剂、缩合剂，石油工业用作净化剂，染料工业用作显色稳定剂、活性染料和阳离子染料的出产，印染工业用作媒染剂、丝光剂、上浆剂。此外，还用于造纸、木材防腐、医药、纺织、电焊、电镀、颜料等工业部门。    氯化锌的出产工艺流程如下图所示。    现在，我国氯化锌出产大都选用锌浮渣、锌烟尘、锌铸型渣，也有选用锌锭或氧化锌（含Zn0 90％）为质料，工艺简略，产品质量好。可是，跟着工业的开展，锌锭和氧化锌求过于供。因而要寻觅扩展氯化锌工业开展的途径。我国菱锌矿资源丰富，亟待开发使用。研讨使用菱锌矿直接出产氯化锌是开展氯化锌工业的途径之一。    用菱锌矿出产氯化锌的关键在于原矿杂质含量高，

熔铸包括熔化、提纯、除杂、除气、除渣与铸造过程。主要过程为：　　　　（1）配料：根据需要生产的具体合得奖号，计算出各种合金成分的添加量，合理搭配各种原材料。　　　　（2）熔炼：将配好的原材料按工艺要求加入熔炼炉内熔化，并通过除气、除渣精炼手段将熔体内的杂渣、气体有效除去。　　　　（3）铸造：熔炼好的铝液在一定的铸造工艺条件下，通过深井铸造系统，冷却铸造成各种规格的圆铸棒。

红铜即纯铜，又叫紫铜，具有很好的导电性和导热性，塑性极好，易于热压和冷压力制作，可制成管、棒、线、条、带、板、箔等铜材。现很多用于制作电线、电缆、电刷、电火花专用电蚀铜等要求导电性杰出的产品，须防磁性搅扰的磁学仪器、外表，如罗盘、航空外表等。铜发现简史　　铜是古代就现已知道的金属之一。一般以为人类知道的第一种金属是金，其次便是铜。铜在自然界储量非常丰富，而且制作便利。铜是人类用于加工的第一种金属，开始人们运用的仅仅存在于自然界中的天然单质铜，用石斧把它砍下来，便能够锤打成多种器物。跟着加工的开展，仅仅运用天然铜制作的加工工具就不足应用了，加工的开展促进人们找到了从铜矿中获得铜的办法。含铜的矿产比较多见，大多具有艳丽而有目共睹的色彩，    例如金黄色的黄铜矿CuFeS2，鲜绿色的孔雀石CuCO3Cu(OH)2，深蓝色的石青2CuCO3Cu(OH)2等，把这些矿物在空气中焙烧后构成氧化铜CuO，再用碳复原，就得到金属铜。纯铜制成的器物太软，易曲折。人们发现把锡掺到铜里去，能够制成铜锡合金──青铜。铜，    COPPER，源自Cuprum，是以产铜出名的塞浦路斯岛的古名，早为人类所熟知。它和金是仅有的两种带有除灰白黑以外色彩的金属。铜与金的合金，可制成各种饰物和用具。参加锌则为黄铜；加进锡即成青铜。

硫酸法技能的首要工艺进程是：    ①TiO2质料用硫酸酸解；    ②沉降，将可溶性硫酸氧钛从固体杂质中别离出来；    ③水解硫酸氧钛构成不溶水解产品或称偏钛酸；    ④煅烧除掉水分，生成枯燥的纯Ti02。    若选用的开端质料配料的铁含量高或钛含量较低时，则要在净化和水解之间添加去除和收回FeS04·7H20和浓缩钛液工艺进程。    1．酸解    经研磨、枯燥的钛铁矿（含42％-60％的TiO2）和／或酸溶性钛渣(TiO2含量72％一78％）一般在铅衬反响器顶用浓硫酸在150-180℃的温度下酸解。为便于酸解，质料一般要磨到200目左右。需求指出的是，白钛石、人工金红石和金红石不溶解于硫酸，因而不能用硫酸法钛白的出产办法。    酸一料混合物一般用空气进行气流拌和并经过吹人蒸汽加热。大多数出产厂运用浓度为85％-92％的硫酸，剧烈的放热反响在160℃左右就开端了。而某些厂则先进行酸矿预混物料，这样有助于陡峭剧烈的反响。    钛铁矿中的铁含量越高(TiO2含量越低），所用硫酸的稀释程度就越高。对处理岩矿而言，适宜的酸浓度为85％。而处理钛渣，酸中的H2S04一般为91%-92％。为了取得陡峭的反响，不需用比此更浓的硫酸。    之后，钛液被逐步稀释，首先用酸，然后用水。不管酸的浓度怎么，反响固相物的形状都是疏松的多孔饼，其首要组成是Fe2(S04)3和TiOS04（硫酸氧钛）。由于质猜中存在的钒、铬和其他金属要在硫酸中分化，因而多孔饼中也含有这类金属硫酸盐。    酸解反响一般用能装30-40t反响物的酸解罐进行间歇式操作。剧烈的放热反响一般继续约30min，然后将多孔饼固相物冷却3h左右。    硫酸法发生的空气污染大部分来自于酸解。反响中，很多硫氧化物、酸雾和夹藏的未反响质料粒子在很短时间内开释出来。这些放散物被暂时搜集到气体洗刷塔和固体物质除尘体系中。    有些工厂，如美礼联在萨尔瓦多（巴西）、亨兹曼在蒂鲁卡隆（马来西亚）的工厂和钛工业公司在宇部（日本）的工厂以及韩口公司（韩国）为便于更好地操控反响和下降硫氧化物的开释，选用了接连酸解工艺。    接下来是用水和／或稀硫酸将硫酸盐多孔饼浸出。这种饼的分化和三价铁／二价铁的复原一般要进行11-12h，使在酸解罐处的总反响时间达14-15h.    假如以钛铁矿为质料，钛液要用铁屑处理将三价铁(Fe3＋）复原成二价铁(Fe2+）。假如以钛渣为根本质料，由于只要Fe2+，故省掉这一步工序。复原继续到发生一些三价钛（Ti3+）停止，意图是使一切的铁在随后各进程中都坚持二价方法。一般目标为2％的Ti3+就行了，大部分钛以四价（Ti4+）方法存在。正如接连酸解相同，复原也可选用接连方法进行。    假如让Fe3+进人水解阶段，它们将吸附在TiO2粒子表面，构成终究钛产品白度目标低。因而，在整个工艺进程中使铁坚持二价形状至关重要。[next]    2.弄清／沉降    冷却酸解液、固体慵懒物质和未反响的质料剩下物溶液从酸解罐的底部悉数排放到宽底的低位沉积池／沉降池中。    此处是将由钛矿杂质构成的可溶性剩下物去掉。这些剩下物或许包含硅石、锆石／硫酸锆、白钛石和／或金红石。加人酪蛋白、淀粉或其他有机絮凝剂，液体便经过简略的重力别离沉积在沉降池中。可溶性剩下物的沉降能够在此阶段辅以硫化锑(SbS3)沉积的方法进行。为此，需在酸解阶段将氧化锑加人到开端的质猜中，沉降时加人以沉积SbS3。    用旋转耙从沉降池中将固体物质去除。一般，在沉降池底部有一集中排放点。固体物质扫除后，先用废酸洗刷以收回未反响的质料，然后用水洗掉残留酸。沉降后的钛液经过精滤除掉纤细的剩下粒子。这些精滤滤渣与从沉降池中搜集的其他固体物合在一起送往答应的堆积场。    整个沉降进程大约8h。    3.绿矾收回    钛液冷却至10℃左右，以便以“绿矾”的方法分出大部分的铁。绿矾首要是FeS04·7H20,稠浊有铬、钒、锰和其他金属硫酸盐。这些金属是开端的质料夹藏的。剩下的Fe2+仍留在钛液中。绿矾能够以红泥浆的方法滤掉。处置绿矾是硫酸法工艺的首要问题之一。在现代化的硫酸法工厂中，绿矾用专门的真空冷冻结晶体系去除，该体系规划为能生成很大的FeS04·7H20晶体，而铬、钒杂质含量最少。大晶体便于处理和贮存，这一点十分重要，由于大多数钛白出产商将收回的绿矾加工成副产品供应，如用做土壤调节剂或水处理剂。    假如只用钛渣作质料，此阶段没有很多的铁分出。这样，钛出产商就防止了随之而来的绿矾处理问题。FeSO4：Ti02的临界比值是7：10。假如钛液的FeSO4含量很高，则在此阶段有必要除掉绿矾。但假如比值小于0.7,则没有必要除绿矾。    绿矾除掉后，余下的钛液一般经过真空蒸发浓缩到25摄氏度时1.67的相对密度。此步之后，假如质料是钛铁矿，钛液的Ti02含量为230g/L。假如质料是钛渣，则TiO2含量为250g/L。虽然经过了分出绿矾除铁，但经过钛铁矿获取的钛液中的铁含量仍高于钛渣钛液。    4.水解    水解工序是硫酸法钛出产十分要害的一步。这一步将可溶性硫酸氧钛在90℃时水解成不溶于水的水合Ti02沉积物，或称偏钛酸。要取得所需粒度的高质量水解产品，必需严格操控比如加热速度、钛液的Fe2+和Ti4+含量以及其他要素等条件。如前所述，防止呈现Fe3+是此环节的要害。    为操控水解速度、水解物的过滤洗刷功能和终究产品的细度及质量目标，需求在水解时加人晶种。晶种的加人方法有两种：本身晶种（Blumenfeld法，1928年）和外加晶种(Mecklenburg法，1930年）。两种方法均能出产出相同质量的产品。[next]    本身晶种是在水解时使用预先加人的水解钛液和水所发生的晶种进行水解工艺，不必别的制备晶种。    外加晶种望文生义是向钛液加人经别的制备的金红石或锐钛型晶种，用以操控水解速度和钛产品的终究晶体类型。为此意图的金红石晶种是用偏铁酸－或纯TiCl4制备，而锐钛型晶种是用偏钛酸、或向钛液加人水或酸发生的。    放下所加的晶种，从硫酸氧钛溶液中沉积出的TiO2为锐钛型。不过，在此阶段加人金红石晶种是为了在煅烧时易于使偏钛酸沉积物转化成的Ti02为金红石型。若选用锐钛型或本身晶种，则在煅烧时要加人金红石型煅烧晶种才有利于金红石Ti02的生成。    偏钛酸的沉积是经过几小时的钛液欢腾到达的。在沉积快结束时，有时要加人必定的水以进步水解率。可是，加人的水过量则会损坏Ti02沉积物的质量，整个水解沉积进程需求3-5h。    水解沉积物浆料经过滤、洗刷后，在复原条件下用硫酸酸浸以除掉终究微量吸附铁和其他金属，即一般所说的漂白，大约7%-8％的S03紧紧吸附在浆猜中，无法洗掉。事实上，要阅历过滤和洗刷，才能将偏钛酸沉积别离出来。硫酸法钛出产的大部分废酸由此发生。    第一次过滤中的滤液（称为“浓废酸”）一般含H2SO4 22%-24％。一般每出产It制品钛要发生8-l0t“浓废酸”。假如以钛渣为质料，这种酸仍含有分化的硫酸亚铁，一起还含有很多的硫酸铝和硫酸镁。    而之后的洗刷和过滤发生的酸废物（称为“稀废酸”），所含H2SO4低于0. 5％。依据水洗和过滤环节的数量，每出产It制品钛发生的稀酸可达60t.    为操控粒度成长，需向偏钛酸参加调节剂，如硫酸钾、磷酸钾和锌。有时还需在此进程中进一步加人金红石晶种以促进煅烧时构成金红石型Ti02。终究用于煅烧的物料是水合TiO2浆料，固含量为35％一50％。    5.煅烧    煅烧是在一个微倾的内燃式回转窑中进行的。在重力效果下，水合Ti02浆料在回转窑中慢慢前移。煅烧温度为900 - 1250摄氏度。为了到达所需的钛类型，实践温度需求按几个等级严格操控。一般出产金红石型钛所需的温度要高一些。经过煅烧环节脱去水分和除掉剩下的微量S03，一起还能够将锐钛型转变成金红石型。煅烧还有助于增强终究钛产品的化学慵懒和断定其粒度，虽然粒度的断定首要是在水解阶段。经过进程取样和对色彩、消色力及粒度的物理检测能够对煅烧进程的严密操控起辅佐效果。    在煅烧阶段，跟着S03和酸雾的扫除，不可防止要夹藏一些纤细的TiO2粒子，缕缕烟气显着可见。因而，工厂有必要设有收回Ti02粒子、除尘和除酸雾的设备，以使煅烧尾气不对环境构成损害。    煅烧后，Ti02经研磨破碎烧结颗粒。这以后，一些钛以未包膜Ti02初品的方法出售用于珐琅、焊条等需求初级产品的应用领域。其首要并且是简直一切的钛厂均要进行的表面处理，即后处理。不过，大多数出产商都是在同一现场进行Ti02的表面处理。仅有少部分供应商进行异地后处理加工。表面处理进程见后三末节叙说。[next]    该工艺所发生的首要废物是废酸（含洗水）和以钛铁矿为质料所产出的FeS04·7H20;废酸一般很稀，H2S04含量低于25％，一些钛出产商极力别离酸解时第一次过滤发生的强酸废物和随后过滤与水洗发生的弱酸废物。硫酸法出产每吨钛发生的副产品及产值如下。    以钛铁矿质料：3-4t FeS04·7H20; 7-8t (23％H2S04）废酸；    以钛渣质料：4-6t (25％H2S04）废酸。    此外，在锻烧阶段，每吨钛有7-8kg S03排人大气或有必要收回以削减对大气污染。

一种工艺用来生产有着高屈服强度和合适延展性的铝合金板材，特别是用于制造汽车的面板。这个工艺包括将没有经过热处理的铝合金铸造成一个铸坯，然后所述的铸坯经过一系列的轧制得到较终规格的板材，更好的选择是随后的热处理退后产生再结晶。轧制步骤包括热轧和中温轧制铸坯以得到中间厚度的中间制品，然后冷却中间制品，接着在室温到340摄氏度的范围内中温轧制以及冷轧中间制品得到较终的规格的板材。这一系列的轧制过程是连续进行的没有中间品的圈绕和对中间板材的完全退火。该发明还涉及合金制品的薄板。　　　　本发明涉及生产一种生产铝板材的工艺流程。特别是，本发明涉及通过轧制法从不经热处理合金中生产处适合成形的板材。例如，在制造汽车面板方面的5000系列铝合金。　　　　5000系列铝合金(即镁作为主要的合金元素)通常用于汽车的面板(护板、门板、罩等等)，对于这样的应用，为合金板片提供高屈服点和高延展性时所想要达到的。合适规格和屈服强度的铝合金片可由连续浇铸之后的轧制得到。在传统的连铸过程中，从铸造中得到的金属经过热轧和温制，然后盘绕(在温度大约300摄氏度)接着被送往另一轧机，在不超过160摄氏度的温度进行较后的冷轧。　　　　为了精炼，在这里所要提到的一点是通常所指的“热轧”是在温度高于合金的再结晶温度时实施的。以便合金在轧辊型缝之间或在滚动以后的线圈中自己退火再结晶。所述的“冷轧”通常意味着具有大量加工硬化率的工作轧辊以便在轧制期间或之后的合金既没有重结晶也不会发生回复。“中温轧制”在二者之间执行，以便没有重结晶作用但是屈服强度由于恢复过程而大幅度减少。对于铝合金，热轧温度超过350摄氏度，冷轧温度小于150摄氏度，中温轧制在150和350摄氏度之间实施。　　　　不幸地是，上述的常规方法的中间卷绕是笨重和昂贵的，储运需要获得一产品，其具有一个合适的微晶结构，以生产预期的屈服强度。　　　　在美国专利号5，514，228中，在1996年5月7日公开一个同轴的连铸过程，其中板片没有经过中间圈绕而轧成较后所需的规格。不过，在较终的轧制之前还需要进一步的固溶处理，以便在较后的卷绕之前板片进行连续地完全被退火。然而，5000系列合金经固溶处理后不会被强化。　　　　本发明的一个目的是以方便和经济的方式生产不经热处理的铝合金板片以便适用于汽车版面的制造。　　　　本发明的另一个目的是，提供一种工艺以连续的步骤而不经过中间的二级轧制生产5000系列的铝合金板片，以得到高屈服点的铝合金产品。　　　　本发明的一方面，提供生产铝合金板片的一种工艺，其中包括：铸造不经热处理的铝合金以形成一个扁钢锭，然后扁钢锭经过一系列的轧制步骤，以生产较后规格的产品。轧制步骤包括：热轧和中温轧制板坯，形成中级规格中间板片，冷却间板片；然后在室温到340摄氏度的温度范围内对中间板片进行中温轧制和冷轧；一系列连续的轧制步没有中间片的卷绕或完全退火。　　　　上述流程在所谓的H2回火中一种合金。进一步的退火再结晶生产处适合于汽车所用的板片。　　　　本发明的另一方面，提供一种铝合金板片由不经热处理的铝合金制成，这一个过程包括：铸造不经热处理的铝合金，以形成扁钢锭；所述扁钢锭经过一系列的轧制，以生产较后规格的制品；轧制步骤包括：热轧和中温轧制板坯，形成中级规格的中间片，冷却中间片，然后在室温到340摄氏度的温度范围内对中间板片进行中温轧制和冷轧；一系列连续的轧制步没有中间片的卷绕或完全退火。　　　　如上所述，本发明需要热轧和中温轧制然后不经中级圈绕或完全退后进行中温轧制和冷轧。当连续轧制扁钢锭的时候，热板坯向空气和轧辊失去热，以便热轧在中温轧制中结束（即在结晶温度以下)。　　　　这就是通过热轧和中温轧制的方法。在热轧期间，金属完全再结晶以释放在铸造期间产生的任何应变能。这期间的温度取决于同时发生的冷加工的发生量，以及合金的组成。在中温轧制期间，应变能量由于逐渐的轧制而建立，这就是金属所谓的“恢复”。如同重结晶作用一样，出去温度影响外恢复程度取决于冷加工的量和合金的组成。重结晶和恢复之间的重要的区别是，即重结晶作用导致内部张力迅速的减少并在热轧期间发生，然而恢复是中温轧制和冷轧的整个周期中发生，而且内部张力是平稳的减少的，但是大部分压力在“暖和的”轧制期间被释放。　　　　本发明的过程对任何不经热处理的铝合金有益，这些铝合金较终的处理方式是完全退火状态。不过，加强晶粒度在汽车应用方面的5000系列合金中是较重要的。过程可用于所有的5000系列合金在完全退火状态中被运送，但是对AA5754合金尤其有用，此合金含有有限量的Mg，为了避免应力腐蚀裂纹，对此合金来说，加强晶粒度是特别重要的。Mg含量更高的例如AA5182合金，对应力腐蚀裂纹敏感，但它们有更高的强度。对于这样的合金的当然是有益的，但是不那么明显。　　　　本发明的工艺，至少在它的优选的形式中，提供一种制作汽车车身结构的5000系列的铝片，其在一台连铸机上经过连续的轧制得到良好的机械性能。　　　　本发明的一个优点是，虽然自身退火不会生产优选的微观结构和性质，但是在较低温度的轧制以后的重结晶以及接着的退火，确实生产预期的细粒尺寸、高强度和有利的晶体织构。　　　　1.生产铝合金板片的一种工艺，包括：铸造不经热处理的铝合金以形成一个扁钢锭，然后扁钢锭经过一系列的轧制步骤，以生产较后规格的产品。轧制步骤包括：热轧和中温轧制板坯，形成中级规格中间板片，冷却间板片；然后在室温到340摄氏度的温度范围内对中间板片进行中温轧制和冷轧；一系列连续的轧制步没有中间片的卷绕或完全退火。

铝热法(thermiteprocess)　　　　以铝作复原剂出产铁合金的方法。用铝复原某些金属氧化物所释放出的化学反响热，就能完结氧化物复原反响并得到别离好的合金与炉渣，而不需从外部弥补热量。铝热法与用硅铁作复原剂的硅热法同属运用自热反响出产铁合金的方法，称金属热法，又称炉外法。它们以铝粒、硅铁粉或铝镁合金粉作复原剂。铝热法首要用来出产含有高熔点金属与难复原元素的铁合金、中间合金、铬与锰等。产品特色是含碳量极低(一般<0．05％)。铝热法出产设备简略，占地面积小，出产规划可依据使命断定，产品品种较多，出产周期短等特色。　　　　简史1859年俄国科学家别克托夫(H．H．BeKeTOBy)在《论若干复原现象》中说到“用铝复原氧化得到24％Ba和33％Ba的铝合金”。这是对铝热法实验的较早陈述，但其时在工业上没有得到运用。1893年戈尔德施米特(H．Goldschmidt)发现金属氧化物的粉末和粉状复原金属(基本上是铝)的混合料，焚烧引发反响后，就能主动继续进行，直至炉料反响结束。1898年戈尔德施米特在德国电化学学会上做了关于金属热复原法的陈述，人们才知道铝热法在工业出产上已获得杰出作用，能够经济地、大批量地出产不含碳的铁合金与纯金属。这一年应该是铝热法用于工业出产的起点。工业上用铝热法出产的铁合金首要有：钛铁、钼铁、铌铁、硼铁、钒铁、钨铁、金属铬、金属锰以及镍基、钛基、铝基等中间合金。　　　　我国以铝热法工业出产铁合金是从1957年末吉林铁合金厂出产钼铁开端的。　　　　一切氧化物都随温度的升高而更易分化，然后也更易复原。各种氧化物的氧势差在高温下变小。从图1能够估量复原状况。在ΔF。-T图中，方位低的元素能够复原方位较高的氧化物。两条ΔF。-T线间的间隔越大，则复原反响发作的热量愈多。铝(或硅)热复原反响的先决条件是ΔF。≤0，即反响自由能的负值越大，铝热复原反响就越简单进行。从ΔF。-T图分析铝(或硅)热复原反响时，未考虑动力学进程，所以这种判别是定性的。一切的金属热复原反响在较低温度下的ΔF。比较高温度下的ΔF。的负值大，因此在反响能够进行的条件下，将反响温度尽可能控制在比较低的水平，这样对复原反响向右进行有利。　　　　铝热复原反响有的能够把金属全部从相关的氧化物中置换出来，如铁、钨、钼等；而有的只能进行到合金液与炉渣中的氧化物挨衡，一部分氧化物留在炉渣中。有些氧化物在铝热复原进程中被复原成贱价氧化物，如TiO2被复原成TiO，从酸性氧化物转变为碱性氧化物，与复原进程发作的AI2O3结组成铝酸盐而留在炉渣中，增加了钛的丢失。为了削减贱价氧化物在炉渣中的丢失：(1)是增加复原金属的参加量，在复原剂过剩的条件下防止贱价氧化物发作；(2)是增加碱性氧化物如CaO、MgO、BaO即可削减炉渣中TiO、MnO等的含量，进步金属元素的回收率。碱性氧化物还能够下降炉渣的熔点和改善炉渣的流动性。氧化物与AI2O3组成的二元渣系的液相线改变见图2。碱性氧化物增加的数量应尽量少，避免增加渣量影响反响进程。　　　　因为反响快，很难到达平衡条件。部分复原金属未被用于复原而残留在合金中，构成中间化合物如TiAl、TiAl3等，使合金含铝量高，并且难以获得高品位合金。为了促进反响挨衡，有时增加第3种元素，如增加铁来吸收反响发作的金属，使反响向右进行。这种方法在出产铁合金时是可行的，还能够下降合金熔点和反响温度。要得到含铝低的产品，则可将铝的配加量稍低于核算量。图1能够为挑选复原剂的品种和氧化物的类型供给参阅。铁合金冶炼常用的复原剂首要是铝与硅铁，偶而也用少数镁(以镁铝合金参加)。　　　　铝热法的反响成果有必要使金属与炉渣均有杰出的流动性，即被加热至它们的熔点以上，使产出的合金与炉渣清楚别离；并且能得到较高的金属收得率，才干认为是反响主动进行而被工业出产选用。这一问题需求分析铝热法冶炼进程的热平衡。关于铝热法冶炼的热平衡见表。　　　　在铝热复原反响进程中，反响物的复原、生成物的发作、反响热的发作、反响物(合金与炉渣)的加热等都是在同一瞬间、同一系统之中一起完结的。所以热量会集，反响速度快，时间短，热效率高。反响熔体的表面一直为参加的炉料所掩盖，所以当反响进行时，反响器热传导和热辐射所发作的热丢失，对复原进程的影响较小。因为反响时问短，炉料与反响物的蒸腾丢失量小，所以蒸腾热量也少。　　　　铝热法的首要热源是热化学反响发作的反响热△H。298(反响)，它能够通过核算方法求得。1914年俄国化学家热姆丘日内涵“得到的金属和渣的含热量，和随同反响进程的热丢失，对各种不同的合金是近似于相同”的基础上，提出“若要铝热进程正常进行，则有必要在反响中每克炉料发作的热量不少于550cal”的规律。即用单位炉料发作的热量来判别铝热复原进程能否主动进行。所谓单位炉料发热量Q是用铝热复原反响热△H。298(反响)除以炉料(氧化物、铝)总重W，即Q=△H。298(反响)／W，cal／g(1cal=4．19J，下同)。热姆丘日内规律在出产上可作为参阅，或在新品种研发时作开始估量时运用。其原因是对氧化物复原程度的规则不同，合金和炉渣的熔点不同，冶炼规划巨细不同，矿石的相结构不平等，所以在通过配料核算得到炉料的配比后，要先用小规划冶炼设备试炼，然后再作恰当调整，方可用于出产。在正常出产的工厂中当矿石改换时也需求通过试炼来批改配料单。出产上炉料的总量应包含铝、硅铁等复原剂，氧化物(或矿石)及杂质(或脉石)、熔剂等的质量和。反响热是依据手册中的生成焓(△H。298)数据核算。因为时代和版别的不同，存在着不同程度的差异，核算出的反响热也是不同的。实践工作者应选定一批数据，固定运用，并依据实践得出批改系数。

1.锌锭的出产 1.1 锌的性质 化学称号：锌 分子式：Zn 相对原子量65.409。 蓝白色有光泽的金属。六方形晶体结构。质硬于锡而软于铜。常制成棒、片、粉、粒等多种形状。在枯燥空气中安稳，在湿润空气中生成白色的碱式碳酸盐而复于表面。加热至100～150℃时变为有延展性，至210℃时变为脆性而易破坏。在空气中焚烧发蓝绿色火焰。能被硫酸、缓慢地腐蚀，当有氧化剂或少数其他金属离子如铜、镍、钴存在时，反响加快。易溶于硝酸，溶于稀酸和氢氧化碱溶液，缓慢溶于乙酸和并均能发作反响而放出。易燃(锌粉)。 锌是一种蓝白色金属。密度为7.14克/立方厘米，熔点为419.5℃。在室温下，性较脆;100～150℃时，变软;超越200℃后，又变脆。 锌的化学性质生动，在常温下的空气中，表面生成一层薄而细密的碱式碳酸锌膜，可阻挠进一步氧化。当温度到达225℃后，锌氧化剧烈。焚烧时，宣布蓝绿色火焰。锌易溶于酸，也易从溶液中置换金、银、铜等。 主氧化态：+2 ，其它：+1 1.2锌的使用 锌首要用于钢铁、冶金、机械、电气、化工、轻工、军事和医药等范畴。 因为锌在常温下表面易生成一层保护膜，所以锌最大的用处是用于镀锌工业。锌能和许多有色金属构成合金，其间锌与铝、铜等组成的合金，广泛用于压铸件。锌与铜、锡、铅组成的黄铜，用于机械制造业。含少数铅镉等元素的锌板可制成锌锰干电池负极、印花锌板、有粉腐蚀照相制板和胶印印刷板等。 1.3 出产原理及工艺流程 1.3.1 出产原理 现代炼锌办法分为火法炼锌与湿法炼锌两大类。火法炼锌包含平罐炼锌、竖罐炼锌、电热法炼锌和密闭鼓风炉炼锌，湿法炼锌即电解堆积法炼锌。湿法炼锌与火法炼锌比较，因为湿法炼锌具有金属回收率高、产品质量好、综合利用好、能量消耗较低、环境保护好、本钱低一级长处，近几十年来，特别是成功地选用热酸浸出(或称高温高酸浸出)——黄钾铁矾(或针铁矿)沉铁法后，湿法炼锌开展十分敏捷，已取得了对火法炼锌的压倒优势。 1.3.2 工艺进程 冶炼四厂选用的是具有优势的湿法炼锌。 第一步，锌培沙浸出及沉铁，此步需求浸出槽，过滤机，假如需二次热酸浸出的话还需热酸浸出槽.所得硫酸锌溶液进入下一工序. 第二步，硫酸锌溶液净化，此步需净化除掉铜、镉、钴及氟氯.此步设备需求机械拌和槽，压滤机.所得净化后的硫酸锌溶液进入下一工序. 第三步，硫酸锌溶液电堆积，使锌在阴极上分出，人工剥离。 1.3.3 湿法炼锌工艺流程图

因为中国铝土矿资本的80%以上为高铝、高硅，难溶出的一水硬铝石，对这种资本，不能沿袭国外普遍选用的惯例拜耳法出产氧化铝。中国氧化铝的出产工艺主要有如下几种： 　　1.烧结法：对于中国铝土矿难溶的特点的传统办法。当前，烧结法出产氧化铝仍占全国总产量的约40%，但出产工艺也在不断改进中。 　　2.混联法：即低铝硅比的矿石用于烧结法，高铝硅比的矿石用于拜耳法，在两个工艺流程中有物流的穿插。 　　3.选矿—拜耳法： 即是经过选矿的办法将铝土矿中的含铝矿藏与含硅矿藏有效地别离，从而进步含铝矿藏中铝硅A/S比(铝硅比)。使得高A/S比的含铝矿藏能够用拜耳法经济地处置。 　　这种选矿和拜耳法联合出产氧化铝的办法即是选矿--拜耳法，这将为往后中国氧化铝工业的发展起到严重效果。

空调铜管出产工艺 1、上引法：此出产法为电解铜经熔化后直接上引出铜管。 长处：出资本钱少、出产本钱低、成品率较高、报价便宜。 缺陷：管材安排疏松，不耐高压、只适合于出产小规格空调铜管。 2、连铸连轧法：此出产法为电解铜熔化后直接铸造出空心铜坯，通过行星轧制出产出铜管。 长处：出产本钱低、出产效率高。 缺陷：管材因安排疏松，不耐高压，只限于小规格空调铜管的出产。 3、揉捏法：此出产法为熔化后铸造出铜锭，经二次加热后用大型揉捏机揉捏出铜管。 长处：质量最好、安排结构细密、密度大、耐高压、曲折变形量大，能适用于冷热交流频频、温差改变大的工作环境，可出产大规格铜管。 缺陷：成品率低、出产本钱高，报价高。揉捏铜管出产法是现在国内外铜管出产法中产品质量最安稳、最优的铜管出产办法，只要该工艺出产的铜管最适合应用于暖通范畴，是未来铜管业开展的方向。

2002年4月23日，美国俄特尔纳米材料公司（Altair Nanomaterials Inc.）申请了发明专利。该工艺既不是硫酸法出产工艺，又不是氯化法出产工艺，应该说是法出产工艺，其工艺流程如下图所示：浸取钛铁矿，别离不溶的残渣。浸取液进行高价铁还原为贱价铁，冷却结晶出氯化亚铁，别离氯化亚铁；别离出氯化亚铁后的含钛浸取液进行第一次溶剂萃取，萃取相为含钛和高铁溶液，萃余相为含亚铁的水溶液，回来工艺用于再生，回到浸取工序；含钛的萃取相进行第2次萃取，萃取相为含钛的水溶液，萃余相为含高铁的水溶液，回来再生工序；通过萃取提纯后的氯化钛溶液进行水解，最好的水解方法是喷雾加热水解，得到偏钛酸，气相的和水回来再生体系。水解后的偏钛酸进行煅烧、湿磨、无机包膜、过滤洗刷、枯燥、汽粉和包装。该工艺可出产纳米钛、锐钛型和金红石型钛。对冷却结晶别离出的氯化亚铁进行热解得到氧化铁固体，气体为氯化氢和水蒸气回来开端的浸取工序。其特征是循环运用，副产品只发生氧化铁渣。    该公司为美国纳斯达克上市公司，1999年从总部设在澳大利亚的BHP公司购买新工艺技能和试验设备，为加强新工艺的开发，2001年将参加研讨的15位科学家聘请到俄特尔继续进行新钛出产工艺研讨，2002年第一个专利在美国同意。1910年是克洛朗斯硫酸法的时代，1950年是杜邦氯化法的时代，21世纪是俄特尔法的时代。    该公司称新工艺出产钛的长处有：运用低成本的钛质料；能量消耗低；既可按需求出产锐态型，也可出产金红石型产品和纳米级钛；废物发生少，无需深井填埋；比硫酸法和氯化法出产成本低；而出资费用与其适当。    该出产工艺仅完成了每天5t的中试试验，其工业化的规划出产设备还得静候喜报。

螺纹钢是由小型轧机出产的，小型轧机的首要类型分为：接连式、半接连式和横列式。现在世界上新建和在用的以全接连式小型轧机居多。当今盛行的钢筋轧机有通用的高速轧制的钢筋轧机和4切分的高产量的钢筋轧机。接连小型轧机所用坯料一般是连铸小方坯，其边长一般为130~160mm，长度一般在6~12米左右，坯料单重1.5~3吨。轧制线多为平-立替换安置，完成全线无扭转轧制。依据不同坯料标准和制品尺度有18、20、22、24架的小型轧机，18架为干流。现在，棒材轧制多选用步进式加热炉、高压水除鳞、低温轧制、无头轧制等新工艺，粗轧、中轧向习惯大坯料及前进轧制精度方向开展，精轧机首要是前进精度和速度（最高18m/s）。产品标准一般为ф10-40mm，也有ф6-32mm或ф12-50mm的。出产的钢种为市场很多需求的低中高碳钢、低合金钢；最高轧制速度为18m/s。其出产工艺流程如下：步进式加热炉　&rarr;粗轧机　&rarr;中轧机　&rarr;精轧机　&rarr;水冷设备　&rarr;冷床　&rarr;冷剪　&rarr;主动计数设备　&rarr;打捆机　&rarr;卸料台架

中厚板轧钢车间生产工艺流程 连铸坯→加热炉→除鳞机→轧机→控制冷却→矫直→冷床冷却→切头切倍尺→双边剪→定尺剪→表面检查和清理→垛板→入库→发货        中厚板生产工艺流程 HQ100:0.14C, 1.29Mn, 0.31Si, 1.40Ni, 0.59Cr, 0.50Mo, 0.43Cu, 0.06V, 0.02S, 0.018P 调质态：955MPa s0.2, 15%d5, -40℃冲击功30J 还有HQ130HQ100钢和 HQ130钢是国内近年来为了满足工程机械发展的需要研制开发的低合金调质高强度耐磨钢 （σb≥1000～1300MPa），主要用于高强度焊接结构耐磨和要求承受冲击的部位。HQ100钢是抗拉强度σb≥980MPa的低碳调质高强度耐磨钢，是为了制造大型工程机械而研制的钢种，该钢不仅强度高、低温缺口韧性好，而且具有优良的焊接性能，是中国工程机械、采矿机械和运输车辆等制造大型机械设备不可缺少的高强度焊接结构钢。 HQ100钢的生产工艺流程应包括：转炉冶炼→炉外精炼→模铸→开坯→缓冷→板坯清理→轧制→热处理→检验→交货等。该钢中厚板 （15～65mm）热处理工艺大多采用920℃±10℃淬火＋620℃回火；HQ100钢920℃水淬后的组织是板条状位错马氏体，随着回火温度升高，碳化物的析出与长大导致了钢性能的明显变化，920℃±10℃淬火＋620℃回火后的组织为回火索氏体。厚度9～12mm 的 HQ100钢薄板采用轧后控冷＋610℃回火的热处理工艺，该钢轧后控冷后的组织主要为下贝氏体，控冷＋610℃回火后的组织为回火索氏体。还有这些也是Q345B 70 2120 8350 Q345B 70 2050 8700 Q345B 70 2100 8650 Q345B 70 2440 9850 Q345B 70 2020 8400 Q345B 70 2020 8850