冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0

冷轧薄钢板，简称冷轧钢板、冷轧薄板、冷轧板、冷板等。它还包括不锈钢板、弹簧钢板、硬钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、镀铝板等。冷轧薄钢带，简称冷轧钢带、冷轧带钢、钢带、带钢、薄钢带、冷轧卷等。还包括不锈钢带、镀锌钢带、镀锡钢带等。 冷轧钢板标准 冷轧薄钢板、钢带（以下简称冷轧薄板）主要用于零件的冲压加工，而冷轧薄板的力学性能十分重要，它直接关系到板材的冲压性能。冷轧薄板是以不同的热处理状态分级的，不同硬度的材料，用于不同的加工方法，国家标准GB/T 13237-1991《优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带》将冷轧薄板大致分为三级，P级用于普通冲压，S级用于深度冲压，Z级用于最深度冲压。中国冶金标准YB/T 5059-1993《低碳钢冷轧钢带》将薄钢板按硬度分为五级，即：TR（特级）、R（软）、BR（半软）、DY（低硬）和Y（冷硬）。其实通过一定的冷轧变形程度和冷轧后热处理的恰当配合，可以在广泛的范围内满足用户关于材料力学性能方面的要求。冷轧薄板根据用户加工上的要求可以分成更多的级别。例如：日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》的分类除分为一般用（spcc）、冲压用(spcd)和深冲压用（spce）三类外，还细分为退火、标准调质、1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬、全硬等级别。 在冷轧薄板力学性能的检测方面，一些标准只规定了拉伸试验，另一些标准除拉伸试验外还规定了硬度试验。 中国标准GB/T 13237-1991就只规定了拉伸试验，技术要求冷轧钢板标准如表一所示：牌号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率不小于拉延级别Z－S和PZSP08F275～365275～38034323008,08Al,10F275～390275～41032302810295～410295～43030392815F315～430315～45029282715335～450335～47027262520355～490335～50026252425——390～540——242330——440～590——222135——490～635——201940——510～650————1845——530～680————1650——540～715————14 日本标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》（该标准中包含了冷轧薄钢板和钢带）规定了拉伸试验，也规定了硬度试验，该标准的力学性能要求如下：表二：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的拉伸试验质牌号抗拉强度/MPa 不小于 伸长率/%不小于试样按以下公称厚度/mm>=0.250.250.400.601.01.6>=2.5SPCC SPCD SPCE(270) 270 270(32) 34 36(34) 36 3836 38 40　 37 39 41 　　 (38) 40 42 　39 41 435号试样轧制方向 表三：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的硬度值。调质区分符号 硬度最大HRBHV退火A57105标准调质S65115 注：厚度小于0.6mm的钢板和钢带，原则上不进行拉伸试验。 表四：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬材料的拉伸试验值。调质区分 符号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率/%最小试样1/8硬8294～410255号试样轧制方向1/4硬4370～490101/2硬2440～590——硬1>=550——     表五：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬状态的硬度值。调质区分符号HRBHV1/8硬 1/4硬8450～7165～8095～130 115～1501/2硬 硬2174～89 ≥85135～185 ≥170注：HRB和HV，仅选用其中之一。英国标准BS 1449/1.9-1991《厚板、薄板和钢带第一部分：碳素钢和碳锰钢厚板、薄板和钢带具有成形性能的冷轧窄钢带技术条件》对冷轧板分级为CS1（铝镇静稳定化超深冲）、CS2（超深冲）、CS3（深冲）、CS4（折边）、CS15（商品级）。这项标准的力学性能要求如表六所示： 表六：钢材交货时的力学性能轧制状态和级别退火（A）或平整冷轧（SP）状态硬度HV1)2)最大屈服强度Re1)/MPa最小抗拉强度Rm1)/MPa最小伸长率A1)/%最小弯心直径1)（180°弯曲）原始标距LO50mm80mmCS1A9514027038（36）0aSP10514027036（34）0aCS2A9514027036（34）0a SP10014027036（34）0aCS3A100（140）（280）（34）（32）0aSP110（140）（280）（34）（32）0aCS4A105（140）（280）——0aSP115（140）（280）——0a 注：1）窄钢带交货应符合，或者硬度和弯曲试验，或者拉伸和弯曲试验，但硬度和拉伸试验不应同时进行。     2）对于SP（平整冷轧）状态，与镀层精整（PL）或镜面光洁度（MF），或以“无拉伸痕”交货的钢材组合，最大硬度可以提高5个HV或抗拉强度可以提高20MPa。     3）牌号CS2、CS3和CS4的硬度值仅适用于沸腾钢。 如上所述冷轧薄板的力学性能可以通过拉伸试验来检测，也可以通过硬度试验来检测。由于硬度试验设备简单、易于掌握，试验效率高，并且金属硬度与强度之间有一定的对应关系，所以硬度检测是确定材料力学性能的更方便的方法。冷轧薄板的硬度检测可以用于冷轧板生产过程的质量控制，更适于生产冲压产品的厂家对原材料进行力学性能的复检。 日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996规定的硬度试验是洛氏硬度HRB和维氏硬度HV。维氏硬度试验可用于冷轧薄板，但洛氏硬度HRB却不适用于测试薄板材料。因为当板材厚度小于2mm时，测试HRB硬度可能会因为发生“测砧效应”而使测量的硬度值失准。对于薄板材料，可以测试表面洛氏硬度HRN或HRT，然后换算成HRB或HV硬度。冷轧钢板标准生产了一种便携式表面洛氏硬度计，它非常适合测试薄板和钢带材料，它可以在生产现场、销售现场或材料仓库快速进行冷轧薄板材料的洛氏硬度检测，完成一次测量仅需要10秒钟时间，检测的板材厚度范围为0.05-50mm。这种仪器可以用在冷轧薄板带的生产线上，对产品的热处理效果进行在线的质量控制。这种仪器更适用于冲压产品的生产厂家。可以用它对购入的板材硬度进行复检，可以携带它去钢材市场选购材料，也可以利用它对自己厂生产的冲压产品进行硬度检测。 这种仪器如果配上一个支承座，还可以放到办公桌上使用。可以对成批的成品或半成品工件做逐件检测。它的测试精度与台式洛氏硬度计相同。 目前冷轧薄带材料正在向超薄方向发展，据报道，上海宝钢已扎制出厚度为0.08mm的冷轧薄板带材。采用本所生产的PHR-1S型表面洛氏硬度计，配一个金刚点砧座，就可测试薄至0.05mm冷轧薄板带材料的硬度。 这种应用完全可以取代维氏硬度计，使冷轧薄板材料的力学性能检测实现快速、简便、经济。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板。冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，冷轧钢板的密度不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。冷轧钢板的密度：热轧钢板含碳量可比冷轧钢板略高些。在成份相持不大的情况下密度是一样的。但如果成份相差悬殊，如不锈钢不论冷轧、热轧密度都在7.9g/cm3左右。具体还要看成份，热轧只是延展性更好，钢材同样受到压力作用

热轧钢管采用的是德国技术的制造设备及先进的涡流探伤设备；美国进口的清除内毛刺和冷缩径工艺设备，确保内壁光洁平滑无损伤及焊缝再处理；国内最先进的自动化天然气高温退火炉，退火温度达1000℃，彻底消除钢管制造过程中产生的内应力；国内最先进的排辊式制管及缩径设备；水压试验工序改为100％静水压常规工序，压力不低于60公斤，确保产品质量过关。设备完善的化学实验室、物理实验室、万能材料试验机、洛氏硬度仪等高端检验检测设备，为产品质量提高可靠保障。 热轧钢管适用范围： 本产品广泛应用于中低压流体输送管道，煤气管道、天然气管道、供水管道、污水处理管道、空调管道、消防管道、建筑工程、化工工程、石油管道工程、供热取暖工程及设备工程等是近两年开发的国家“九五”重点高新技术推广项目和国家“火炬”计划项目，适用于石油天然气工业。给排水工程、化学工业、电力工业农业灌溉、城市建设，也可用于气体输送管道用，并可做结构管使用，打桩、桥梁、码头、道路等通用。 热轧钢管的材质： 本产品材质为10#，20#，35#，45#，X42, X60, X80, Q235，Q295，Q345，也可根据客户需求自选材质。 热轧钢管的标准： 本产品依据API SPEC 5L石油天然气标准、API SPEC 5CT石油套管规范,GB/T8163-1999输送流体用钢管GB/T8162-1999结构用钢管标准。 定尺长度： 定尺长度为8000～12000mm±500mm，也可根据客户需求长度生产。 热轧钢管可供应的规格型号：除下列规格型号外，也可根据客户需求生产非型号钢管。 经过几年来厂家和客户的使用验证了我公司产品质量有可靠保障，是无缝钢管的替代产品，产品畅销全国20多个省、市、自治区，因质优价廉受到广大客户的青睐。

热轧是在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制。可以破坏钢锭的铸造组织，细化钢材的晶粒，并消除显微组织的缺陷，从而使钢材组织密实，力学性能得到改善。这种改善主要体现在沿轧制方向上，从而使钢材在一定程度上不再是各向同性体；浇注时形成的气泡、裂纹和疏松，也可在高温和压力作用下被焊合。热轧钢管生产工艺流程 热轧无缝钢管的生产工艺流程包括坯料轧前准备、管坯加热、穿孔、轧制、定减径和钢 管冷却、精整等几个基本工序。 当今热轧无缝钢管生产的一般主要变形工序有三个：穿孔、轧管和定减径；其各自的工 艺目的和要求为： 热轧钢管生产穿孔 将实心的管坯变为空心的毛管；我们可以理解为定型，既将轧件断面定为圆环状；其设 备被称为穿孔机。对穿孔工艺的要求是：首先要保证穿出的毛管壁厚均匀，椭圆度小，几何 尺寸精度高；其次是毛管的内外表面要较光滑，不得有结疤、折叠、裂纹等缺陷；第三是要 有相应的穿孔速度和轧制周期， 以适应整个机组的生产节奏， 使毛管的终轧温度能满足轧管 机的要求。 2.1.2 热轧钢管生产轧管 将厚壁的毛管变为薄壁（接近成品壁厚）的荒管；我们可以视其为定壁，即根据后续的 工序减径量和经验公式确定本工序荒管的壁厚值； 该设备被称为轧管机。 对轧管工艺的要求 是： 第一是将厚壁毛管变成薄壁荒管 （减壁延伸） 时首先要保证荒管具有较高的壁厚均匀度； 其次荒管具有良好的内外表面质量。 2.1.3 热轧钢管生产定减径（包括张减） 大圆变小圆，简称定径；相应的设备为定（减）径机。对定减径工艺的要求是：首先在 一定的总减径率和较小的单机架减径率条件下来达到定径目的， 第二可实现使用一种规格管 坯生产多种规格成品管的任务，第三还可进一步改善钢管的外表面质量。 20 世纪 80 年代末,曾出现过试图取消轧管工序,仅使用穿孔加定减的方法生产无缝钢管, 简称 CPS,即斜轧穿孔和张减的英文缩写),并在南非的 Tosa 厂进行了工业试验,用来生产外径: ３３.４～１７９.８mm，壁厚 3.4～25mm 的钢管，其中定径最小外径为 101.6mm；张减最 大外径我 101.6mm。经过实践检验，该工艺在产生壁厚大于 10mm 的钢管时质量尚可，但 在生产壁厚小于 8mm 的钢管时通过定径、张减不能完全消除穿孔毛管的螺旋线，影响了钢 管的外观质量。在随后的改造中不得不在穿孔机于定减径机之间增设了一台 MINI-MPM(4 机架)来确保产品质量。 2.2 各热轧机组生产工艺过程特点 我们通常将毛管的壁厚加工称之为轧管。轧管是钢管成型过程中最重要的一个工序环 节。 这个环节的主要任务是按照成品钢管的要求将厚壁的毛管减薄至与成品钢管相适应的程 度，即它必须考虑到后继定、减径工序时壁厚的变化，这个环节还要提高毛管的内外表面质 量和壁厚的均匀度。 通过轧管减壁延伸工序后的管子一般称为荒管。 轧管减壁方法的基本特 点是在毛管内按上刚性芯棒，由外部工具（轧辊或模孔）对毛管壁厚进行压缩减壁。依据变 形原理和设备特点的不同，它有许多种生产方法，如表 1 所示。一般习惯根据轧管机的形式 来 命 名 热 轧 机 组 。 轧 管 机 分 单 机 架和 多 机 架 ，单 机 架 有 自动 轧 管 机 、阿 塞 尔 轧 机 、

冷轧是在室温条件下将钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最小厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，大部份工厂如保定普瑞钢材冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和 市场 需求而决定。冷轧的优缺点：优点：成型速度快、 产量 高，且不损伤涂层，可以做成多种多样的截面形式，以适应使用条件的需要；冷轧可以使钢材产生很大的塑性变形，从而提高了钢材的屈服点。缺点: 1.虽然成型过程中没有经过热态塑性压缩，但截面内仍然存在残余应力，对钢材整体和局部屈曲的特性必然产生影响；2.冷轧型钢样式一般为开口截面，使得截面的自由扭转刚度较低。在受弯时容易出现扭转，受压时容易出现弯扭屈曲，抗扭性能较差；3.冷轧成型钢壁厚较小，在板件衔接的转角处又没有加厚，承受局部性的集中荷载的能力弱。镀锌是在装有镀件、玻璃球、锌粉、水和促进剂的旋转滚桶内，作为冲击介质的玻璃球随着滚桶转动，与镀件表面发生摩擦和锤击产生机械物理能量，在化学促进剂的作用下，将镀涂的锌粉“冷焊”到镀件表面上，形成光滑、均匀和细致的具有一定厚度的镀层。镀锌分为热镀锌和电镀锌两种。热镀锌也叫热浸镀锌和热浸锌，是一种有效的 金属 防腐方式，主要用于各 行业 的 金属 结构设施上。是将除锈后的钢件浸入500℃左右融化的锌液中，使钢构件表面附着锌层，从而起到防腐的目的。电镀锌，是利用电解设备将管件经过除油、酸洗、后放入成分为锌盐的溶液中，并连接电解设备的负极，在管件的对面放置锌版，连接在电解设备的正极接通电源，利用电流从正极向负极的定向移动就会在管件上沉积一层锌，冷镀管件是先加工后镀锌。

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。产品特点因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。简单来说，冷轧，是在热软板扎的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧→酸洗→冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由热轧经过连续冷变形而成的冷轧，机械性能比较差，硬度太高，必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。化学成分（Wt%）牌号CSiMnPSCuSPCC0.02～0.08≤0.100.15～0.30≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q1950.06～0.12≤0.300.25～0.50≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q235-B0.12～0.20≤0.300.30～0.70≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050制作工序冷轧通常采用众轧的方式。冷轧生产的工序一般包括原料准备、酸洗、轧制、脱脂、退火(热处理)、精整等。冷轧以热轧产品为原料，冷轧前原料要先除磷，以保证冷轧产品的表面洁净。轧制是使材料变形的主要工序。脱脂的目的在于去除轧制时附在轧材上的润滑油脂，以免退火时污染钢材表面，对不锈钢也为防止增碳。退火包括中间退火和成品热处理，中间退火是通过再结晶消除冷变形时产生的加工硬化，以恢复材料的塑性及降低金属的变形抗力。成品热处理的目的除了通过再结晶消除硬化外。还在于根据产品的技术要求以获得所需要的组织(如各种织构等)和产品性能(如深冲、电磁性能等)。精整包括检查、剪切、矫直(平整)、打印、分类包装等内容。冷轧产品有很高的包装要求，以防止产品在运输过程中表面被刮伤。除上述工序外在生产一些特殊产品时还有各自的特殊工序。如轧制硅钢板时，在冷轧前要进行脱碳退火，轧后要进行涂膜、高温退火、拉伸矫直(见张力矫直)与回火等。用于冷轧带刚的轧机有二辊轧机、四辊轧机和多辊轧机。应用最多的是四辊轧机。轧制更薄的产品则要采用多辊轧机。多辊轧机的种类很多，如六辊轧机、偏八辊轧机，十二辊轧机，二十辊轧机等(见轧机)。随着对板形要求的提高，发展了许多改进板形的技术，如弯辊技术、窜辊技术和交叉轧辊技术等。冷轧带钢轧机按机架排列可分为单机可逆或不可逆式与多机连续式两类。前者适用于多品种、少批量或合金钢产品比例大的情况。它投资低、建厂快，但产量低，金属消耗较大。多机架连续轧制适合于产品品种较单一或者变动不大的情况，它有生产效率高、产量大的优点，但投资较大。与热轧带钢(见热连轧宽带钢生产工艺、热轧窄带钢生产)相比，冷轧带钢(见冷板扎带生产)的轧制工艺有以下特点：(1)采用工艺润滑和冷却，以降低轧制时的变形抗力和冷却轧辊；(2)采用大张力轧制，以降低变形抗力和保持轧制过程的稳定。采用的平均单位张力值为材料屈服强度的10%～60%，一般不超过50%；(3)采用多轧程轧制。由于冷轧使材料产生加工硬化，当总变形量达到60%～80%时，继续变形就变得很困难。为此要进行中间退火，使材料软化后轧制得以继续进行。为了得到要求的薄带钢，这样的中间退火可能要进行多次。两次中间退火之间的轧制称为一个轧程。冷轧带钢的退火在有保护气体的连续式退火炉或罩式退火炉中进行(见冷轧板带退火)。冷轧带钢的最小厚度目前可达到0.05mm，冷轧箔材可达到0.001mm。

热轧钢材是经过高温加热轧制而成的钢材，它的强度不是很高，但足以满足我们的使用，它的塑性、可焊性较好，因此我们比较常用；冷轧钢是普通热轧钢经过强力拉拔超过应变硬化阶段的钢材，它的强度很高，但韧性、可焊性差，比较硬、脆！    热轧低碳钢 Q/BQB 302 SPHCSPHDSPHE JIS G3131 SPHCSPHDSPHE 适用于制造冷成型加工的零件。  StW22StW23StW24 DIN 1614(EN10111) StW22 (DD11)STW23 (DD12)StW24 (DD13)  一般结构用钢 Q/BQB 303 SS 330SS 400SS 490SS 540 JIS G3101 SS 330SS 400SS 490SS 540 用于建筑、桥梁、船舶、车辆等一般结构件。  St 33St 37-2St 37-3St 44-2St 50-2St 52-3 DIN 17100(EN10025) St 33 (S185)St 37-2 (S235JR)St 37-3 (S235JO)St 44-2 (S275JR)St 50-2 (E295)St 52-3 (S355JO)  焊接结构用钢 Q/BQB 303 SM 400ASM400BSM 400CSM 490ASM490BSM 490CSM490YASM490YBSM520BSM 520C JIS G3106 SM 400ASM400BSM 400CSM 490ASM490BSM 490CSM490YASM490YBSM520BSM 520C 用于建筑、桥梁、船舶、车辆、石油罐、工程机械等要求焊接性能优良的结构件。  B520JJ --- --- 混凝土搅拌车筒体用热连轧钢板。  Welten590RE NSC Welten590RE 可焊高强度钢板，用于压力容器、油罐、工程机械、采矿机械、压力水管等。  B590GJAB590GJB --- ---  机械结构用钢 Q/BQB 303 C 22C35S 20CS 35C DIN 17200JIS G4501 C 22C35S 20CS 35C 用于经切削等加工并热处理后使用的机械结构件。  细晶粒结构钢 --- StE255StE355 DIN 17102 StE255StE355 适用于焊接的细晶粒结构钢。  钢管用钢带钢 Q/BQB 303 SPHT1SPHT2SPHT3 JIS G3132 SPHT1SPHT2SPHT3 用于焊接钢管。  汽车结构用钢 Q/BQB 310BZJ 311BZJ 312BZJ 313BZJ 314 SAPH 310SAPH 370SAPH 400SAPH 440 JIS G3113 SAPH 310SAPH 370SAPH 400SAPH 440 用于要求成形性加工性能的汽车构架、车轮等汽车结构件。  QStE 340TMQStE 380TMQStE 420TMQStE 460TMQStE 500TM SEW 092(EN10149-2) QStE 340TM (---)QStE 380TM (---)QStE 420TM (S420MC)QStE 460TM (S460MC)QStE 500TM (S500MC) 冷变形用热轧粒钢，用于要求良好冷成型性能并有较高或高强度要求的汽车大梁等结构件。  B330CLB380CLB420CL --- --- 有良好冷成型性能，用于汽车滚型车轮轮网及轮幅。  B440QZRB480QZR --- --- 制造汽车传动轴管用。  B 320L B 550LB 510L B 420LB 510DL --- --- 汽车大梁、横梁用。  锅炉及压力容器用钢 Q/BQB 320 HII19Mn6 DIN 17155 (EN10028-2) HII (P265GH)19Mn6 (P355GH) 除保证常温性能外，还保证较高温度下的力学性能，适用于蒸汽锅炉设备，较高工作温度的压力容器及类似结构件。  Q/BQB 320 SB410 JIS G3103 SB410  Q/BQB 321 B440HPB490HP JIS G3116 SG295SG325 焊接气瓶用钢板。  船体结构用钢 Q/BQB 330 ABD LR,BVGL,DNV 及ABS 船规 ABD 可按各国船级社规范供货。  耐大气腐蚀钢 Q/BQB 340 WTSt37-2WTSt52-3 SEW087 (EN10155) WTSt37-2 (S235J2W)WTSt52-3 (S355J 2G 1W) 用于制造集装箱、铁道车辆、石油井架、工程机械等要求耐大气腐蚀的结构件截流和燃料。  NAW 400NAW 490 NSC NAW 400NAW 490  B460NQRB490NQR --- ---  耐硫酸腐蚀钢 S-ten2 NSC S-ten2 用于制造含介质的容器等。  耐海水腐蚀钢 Mariloy G 41AMariloy S 50A Mariloy G 41AMariloy S 50A 用于采油平台、船舶、海港建筑等结构构件。  高耐候性结构钢 BZJ342 B480GNQR --- --- 用于制造车辆、集装、建筑及其它结构件。  厚度方向性能热连轧钢板 Q/BQB 350 Z15Z25Z35 --- --- 钢板厚度方向性能有良好的抗层状撕裂性能，用于海上采油平台及其它要求厚度性能的结构件。  表面硬化钢 Q/BQB 360 C 10C15 DIN 17210 C 10C15 高纯净低碳钢，供进行表面渗碳或渗氮后进行淬火硬化制造表层高硬度、耐磨、芯部具高韧性的结构件。  S09CKS15CK JIS G4051 S09CKS15CK  高韧性管线钢 BZJ 371 X60RLX70RL API 5L X60X70 供螺旋焊生产石油输送管用高韧性管线钢热轧宽带钢  直缝焊接套管用钢 BZJ 372 J55 API 5CT J55 供制造直缝焊石油套管用  花纹钢板 BZJ 390 BCP 270BCP 340BCP 400 --- --- 扁豆型花纹钢板  自行车用热连轧宽带钢 BZJ 304 SPHT1Z,SPHT2ZSPHT3Z,SPHDZSM50BZ,SM53BZ --- --- 用于制造自行车上、下、后接头，前叉肩、前花盘、链条滚车把横管，中轴等零件  管线用热连轧卷 GB 14164 S205,S240S315S290,S360,S385S415,S450,S480 API 5L Grade A,BX42,X46,X52X56,X60,X65X70 石油、天然气输送管用  1 、热连轧钢板产品简介：     热连轧钢板、带产品，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成带钢。从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。由于热连轧钢板产品具有强度高，韧性好，易于加工成型及良好的可焊接性等优良性能，因而北广泛应用于船舶、汽车、桥梁、建筑、机械、压力容器等制造行业。随着热轧尺寸精度、板形、表面质量等控制新技术的日益成熟以及新产品的不断问世，热连轧钢板、带产品得到了越来越广泛的应用并在市场上具有越来越强的竞争力。一般说明热连轧钢板产品，钢种规格品种繁多，用途广泛，从一般的工程结构至汽车、桥梁、船舶、锅炉压力容器等制造，都得到大量使用。各种不同用途，对钢板的材质性能、表面质量及尺寸、外形精度等要求也各不相同，因此，必须对热轧钢板产品的品种、材质、特性及其用途有所了解，才能做到经济、合理利用。 2 、力学性能考虑要点 力学性能名词术语（ 1 ）力学性能： 钢板的力学性能式指钢板在受力作用下所显示与弹性或非弹性反应相关或涉及应力——应变关系的性能。抗拉强度、屈服点、伸长率及冲击吸收功是表示热轧钢板力学性能的主要指标。其大小表示钢材抵抗各种作用的能力的大小，是评定钢板材料质量的主要判据，也是钢板制件设计时选材和进行强度计算的主要依据。 （ 2 ）力学性能实验： 测定热轧钢板力学性能的实验主要有拉伸试验及冲击试验等。 （ 3 ）屈服强度： 试样在拉伸过程中，负荷不增加或开始有所降低而试样仍能继续伸长（变形）时的应力。钢材的屈服强度愈低，产生永久变形所需的力愈小，即愈容易成形加工。（ 4 ）抗拉强度： 试样拉伸时，在拉断前所承受的最大应力。当材料所受的外应力大于其抗拉强度时，将会发生破裂，因此，钢板材料的抗拉强度愈大，则表示它愈能承受大的外应力而不断裂。 （ 5 ）伸长率： 试样在拉断后，其标距部分所增加的长度与原标距长度的百分比。伸长率的比数愈大，则表示材料在受力破坏前可以经受永久变形的性能（塑性）愈好；反之则塑性愈差。 （ 6 ）冲击功 （冲击吸收功）：冲击试验时，规定形状和尺寸的试样在冲击力一次作用下折断时所吸收的功，冲击功的大小，表示金属材料对冲击负荷的抵抗能力。冲击功愈高，则材料抗突然脆断的能力愈强。 3 、热连轧钢板产品的选用 1 ）力学性能与可成形性及使用性能的关系    要使钢板获得所需的形状，必须使其永久变形，所采取的工艺可以是局部或整体弯曲、深冲、张拉或这些成型方法的组合。（ 1 ）薄钢板的屈服强度表示出成形后的可成形性和强度，对普通碳素钢板的成形，屈服点值过高，常常有可能发生过大的回弹、成形时容易破断，磨具磨损快以及由于塑性不良而出现缺陷。然而材料的屈服点小于 140Mpa 时，又可能经受不住成形过程中施加的应力，对用于较复杂或复杂成形加工或冲压加工的钢板，通常要求具有比较低的屈服强度值，而且屈服比值愈小，由钢板的成形性能愈好。（ 2 ）中厚板的冷态可成形性与材料的屈服强度和伸长率有直接关系。屈服强度值愈低，产生永久变形所需的应力愈小；伸长率值愈高，高的延展性可以允许承受大的变形量而不致断裂。 （ 3 ）对用于建筑结构、桥梁及机械结构件的钢板，为防止构件断裂，要求钢板材料具有特点的抗拉强度，而为防止构件变形，又要求钢板材料具有一定的屈服强度，因此对这类用途的钢材都要求规定抗拉强度、屈服强度的最小值或范围值。 （ 4 ）对用于承受冲击负荷变形，例如船舶、桥梁、石油、天然气管线用钢板，为防止其使用中发生脆性断裂，又要求其具有一定足够高的冲击韧性 - 冲击功值。 2 ）钢板品种类别的选用 .    热连轧钢板产品包括带（卷）及由其剪切而成的钢板。而钢带（卷）又可分为直发卷及精整卷（分卷，平整分卷及纵切带卷）。    由于直发卷未经重卷，未切除钢带头尾尺寸变化部分并且未经矫直和平整，因此直发卷带有舌头和鱼尾，并且容易发生头尾厚度、宽度不均，边部浪形，折边、塔形以及开卷后出现折皱（腰折）等缺陷，因此对钢板的表面质量，板形要求比较高的用途而言，不宜选用热轧直发卷，而应选用经过精整线重卷、平整的平整卷。 5、“热轧带钢 ” １．产品：普通碳素结构钢钢带 标准：（ GB/T3524-1992 、 GB/T8164-1993 、 QJ/HG02.22-1995 规格：厚度： 2.0 -5.0mm 宽度： 100 -230mm 钢种： HG5 、 Q215 、 Q235 ２．产品：优质碳素结构钢钢带 标准：（ GB8749-1998 、 GB/T8164-1993 size="3"> ） 规格：厚度： 2.5 -4.5mm 宽度： 钢种： 10# 、 20# 、 45# 、 50# 、 40Mn 、 45Mn 、 65Mn ３．产品：自行车链条用钢带 标准： QJ/HG02.15-1991 规格：厚度： 2.75 -4.5mm 宽度： 125 -205mm 钢种： ZL20MnSi 用途：焊接管用、工业链条用、自行车变速链条用、建筑机械、工具用、弹簧用（卷帘门弹簧、卡簧等） “ 冷轧带钢 ” １．产品：碳素结构钢冷轧钢带 标准：（ GB716-1991 、 QJ/HG02.22-1995 ） 规格：厚度： 0.5 -2.0mm 宽度：≤ 205mm 钢种： HG5 、 Q215 、 Q235 ２．产品：优质碳素结构钢冷轧钢带 标准： GB3522-1983 规格：厚度： 0.5 -2.0mm 宽度：≤ 205mm 钢种： 10# 、 20# 、 40Mn 、 45# 、 50# ３．产品：自行车链条用冷轧钢带 标准：（ QJ/HG02.15-1991 、 GB3522-1983 ） 规格：厚度： 0.5 -2.0mm 宽度： 125 -205mm 钢种： ZL20MnSi 用途：工业链条用、自行车变速链条用、刀具用、家具用 “ 小型材 ” １．产品：圆钢（小轧股份公司生产） 标准：（ GB699-1988 、 GB700-1988 、 GB3077-1988 、 GB702-1986 、 QJ/HG02.17-1991 ） 规格： 10 -42mm （ 10 、 12 、 14 、 16 、 18 、 20 、 22 、 25 、 28 、 30 、 32 、 34 、 35 、 36 、 38 、 40 、 42mm ） 钢种： Q215 、 Q235 、 45# 、 50# 、 HG3 、 20CrMnTi 、 20Cr 、 20CrMo 、 35CrMo 、 42CrMo 、 60Si2Mn 、 40Cr 用途：机械零件、轴、五金工具、齿轮用钢、标准件用钢等；螺铆、螺栓、轴、销、自行车、摩托车等配 件 ２．产品：螺纹钢筋 标准 :(GB1499-1991 、 BS4449:1988 ） 规格： 10 、 12 、 14 、 16 、 18 、 20 、 22 、 25 、 28 、 32 、 36 、 40mm 钢种： 20MnSi 、 20MnV 、 25MnSi 、 BS20MnSi 。 用途：建筑用材、包括可供高层建筑用材。（钢筋混凝土结构用）

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在20-40吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。　　　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。　　　　简单来说，冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。　　　　冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由于热轧经过连续冷变型而成的冷轧，在机械性能比较差，硬度太高。必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。　　　　冷轧一般都会经过退火处理。

冷轧镀锌板，是一种镀锌钢板。钢板按轧制分为热轧和冷轧两种。冷轧板是平板状的，矩形的，可直接轧制而成的。冷轧是在室温条件下将钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最小厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，大部份工厂如保定普瑞钢材冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和 市场 需求而决定。冷轧和热轧的区别： 1、冷轧成型钢允许截面出现局部屈曲，从而可以充分利用杆件屈曲后的承载力；而热轧型钢不允许截面发生局部屈曲。2、热轧型钢和冷轧型钢残余应力产生的原因不同，所以截面上的分布也有很大差异。冷弯薄壁型钢截面上的残余应力分布是弯曲型的，而热扎型钢或焊接型钢截面上残余应力分布是薄膜型。3、热轧型钢的自由扭转刚度比冷轧型钢高，所以热轧型钢的抗扭性能要优于冷轧型钢。冷轧的优缺点：优点：成型速度快、 产量 高，且不损伤涂层，可以做成多种多样的截面形式，以适应使用条件的需要；冷轧可以使钢材产生很大的塑性变形，从而提高了钢材的屈服点。缺点: 1.虽然成型过程中没有经过热态塑性压缩，但截面内仍然存在残余应力，对钢材整体和局部屈曲的特性必然产生影响；2.冷轧型钢样式一般为开口截面，使得截面的自由扭转刚度较低。在受弯时容易出现扭转，受压时容易出现弯扭屈曲，抗扭性能较差；3.冷轧成型钢壁厚较小，在板件衔接的转角处又没有加厚，承受局部性的集中荷载的能力弱。冷轧镀锌板用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及 产业 设备、各种建筑材料。

冷轧板卷是以热轧卷为原料，在室温下在再结晶温度以下进行轧制而成，包括板和卷，国内众多钢厂如宝钢、武钢、鞍钢等均可以生产。其中成张交货的称为钢板，也称盒板或平板；长度很长、成卷交货的称为钢带，也称卷板。 生产过程中由于不进行加热，所以不存在热轧常出现的麻点和氧化铁皮等缺陷，表面质量好、光洁度高。而且冷轧产品的尺寸精度高，产品的性能和组织能满足一些特殊的使用要求，如电磁性能、深冲性能等。  　　规格：厚度为0.2-4mm，宽度为600-2 000mm，钢板长度为1 200-6 000mm。  　　牌号：Q195A-Q235A、Q195AF-Q235AF、Q295A(B)-Q345 A(B)；SPCC、SPCD、SPCE、ST12-15;DC01-06  　　性能：主要采用低碳钢牌号，要求具有良好的冷弯和焊接性能，以及一定的冲压性能。 钢号规格（厚*宽*长）冷轧板规格板0.4*1000*C0.5*1250*C0.35*1000*C 1.0*1000*C0.7*1020*C0.3*1000*C 0.4*1000*C1.5*1000*C2.5*1000*C 2.5*1000*C2.0*1250*C1.5*1250*C 1.0*1250*C1.0*1000*C1.0*1000*2000 1.2*1000*20001.5*1000*20000.5*1000*C 2.0*1000*20003.0*1000*20001.0*1250*2000 1.0*1250*25001.2*1250*20001.2*1250*2500 1.5*1250*20001.5*1250*20002.0*1250*2000 2.0*1250*25002.5*1250*20002.5*1250*2500 3.0*1250*20003.0*1250*25001.0*1250*2500 0.35*1000*20000.4*1000*20000.45*1000*2000 0.5*1000*20000.6*1000*20000.7*1000*2000 0.8*1000*20002.0*1000*20001.2*1000*2000 1.5*1000*20001.0*1250*2000

（二）电工用冷轧硅钢薄板（GB2521-88）  　　用含硅0.8％-4.8％的电工硅钢为材质，经冷轧而成。  　　冷轧硅钢片分晶粒无取向和晶粒取向两种钢带。冷轧电工钢带具有表面平整、厚度均匀、叠装系数高、冲片性好等特点，且比热轧电工钢带磁感高、铁损低。用冷带代替热轧带制造电机或变压器，其重量和体积可减少0％-25％。若用冷轧取向带，性能更佳，用它代替热轧带或低档次冷轧带，可减少变压器电能消耗量45％-50％，且变压器工作性能更可靠。  　　用于制造电机和变压器。通常，晶粒无取向冷轧带用作电机或焊接变压器等的状态；晶粒取向冷轧带用作电源变压器、脉冲变压器和磁放大器等的铁芯。  　　钢板规格尺寸：厚度为0.35、0.50、0.65mm，宽度为800-1000mm，长度为≤2.0m。

冷轧板带用途很广，如汽车制造、电气产品、机车车辆、航空、精密仪表、食品罐头等。 　　冷轧薄钢板是普通碳素结构钢冷轧板的简称，也称冷轧板，俗称冷板，有时会被误写成冷扎板。冷板是由普通碳素结构钢热轧钢带，经过进一步冷轧制成厚度小于4mm的钢板。由于在常温下轧制，不产生氧化铁皮，因此，冷板表面质量好，尺寸精度高，再加之退火处理，其机械性能和工艺性能都优于热轧薄钢板，在许多领域里，特别是家电制造领域，已逐渐用它取代热轧薄钢板。 　　适用牌号：Q195、Q215、Q235、Q275；SPCC（日本牌号）；ST12（德国牌号） 　　符号：冷轧板的用途 　　1、Q—普通碳素结构钢屈服点（极限）的代号，它是“屈”的第一个汉语拼音字母的大小写；195、215、235、255、275—分别表示它们屈服点（极限）的数值，单位：兆帕MPa（N/mm2）；由于Q235钢的强度、塑性、韧性和焊接性等综合机械性能在普通碳素结构钢中属最了，能较好地满足一般的使用要求，所以应用范围十分广泛。 　　2、S-钢（Steel）、P-板（Plate）、C-冷轧（cold）、第四位C-普通级（common）。 　　3、ST-钢（Steel）、12-普通级冷轧薄钢板、　 　　标记：尺寸精度—尺寸—钢板品种标准 　　冷轧钢板：钢号—技术条件标准 　　标记示例：B-0.57501500-GB708-88；钢板、标准号Q/BQB402，牌号SPCC，热处理状态退火+平整（S），表央加工状态为麻面D，表面质量为FB级的切边（切边EC，不切边EM）钢板、厚度0.5mm，B级精度，宽度1000mm，A级精度，长度2000mm，A级精度，不平度精度为PF.A，则标记为：钢板ECQ/BQB 402-SPCC-SD-FB/（0.51000A2000A-PF.A）； 　　冷轧钢板：Q225-GB912-89 　　主要产地有：宝钢、鞍钢、本钢、武钢、邯钢、包钢、唐钢、涟钢、济钢等 　　冷轧普通薄钢板 ：由普通碳素结构钢或低合金结构钢冷轧制成。冷轧板表面质量较好。具有良好的冲压性能。对其要求要保证冷弯和杯试验合格，常用于汽车等行业和镀层板的原料。 　　冷轧优质薄钢板：主要包括各种优质钢冷轧薄板，最常用的是碳素结构钢板，尤其是深冲压用冷轧薄钢板，是由低碳优质钢08Al冷轧的薄板，钢板按表面质量分为三组；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ，分别表示特别高级、高级、较高的精整表面,按拉延级别分为ZF、HF、F级（代表用于冲制拉延最复杂、很复杂、复杂的零件）,根据钢板厚度允许偏差，又分为A、B两级精度、广泛用于汽车拖拉机工业。 　　冷轧钢板，表面光洁，加工优良，用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及产业设备、各种建筑材料。随着经济发展，冷轧钢板已被称为现代社会的必须材料。 冷轧产品的分类： 热轧酸洗、轧硬卷、普通冷轧、镀锌（电镀锌、耐指纹、热镀锌）、镀铝锌、电镀锡、彩涂、电工钢（矽钢片）等。 　　1、热轧酸洗：　　2、轧 硬 卷：在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。

不锈钢热轧钢板是用热轧工艺生产的不锈钢钢板。厚度不大于3mm的为薄板，厚度大于3mm的为厚板用于化工、石油、机械、船舶等行业制造耐蚀零件、容器和设备。其分类和牌号如下： 　　1．奥氏体型钢 　　(1)1Cr17Mn6Ni15N；(2)1Cr18Mn8Ni5N；(3)1Cr18Ni9；(4)1Cr18Ni9Si3；(5)0Cr18Ni9；(6)00Cr19Ni10；(7)0Cr19Ni9N；(8)0Cr19Ni10NbN；(9)00Cr18Ni10N；(10)1Cr18Ni12；(11) 0Cr23Ni13；(12)0Cr25Ni20；(13) 0Cr17Ni12Mo2；(14) 00Cr17Ni14Mo2；(15) 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N；(16) 00Cr17Ni13Mo2N；(17) 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti；(18) 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti；(19) 1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti；(20) 0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti；(21) 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2；(22) 00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2；(23) 0Cr19Ni13Mo3；(24) 00Cr19Ni13Mo3；(25) 0Cr18Ni16Mo5；(26) 1Cr18Ni9Ti；(27) 0Cr18Ni10Ti；(28) 0Cr18Ni11Nb；(29) 0Cr18Ni13Si4 　　2．奥氏体——铁素体型钢 　　(30)0Cr26Ni5Mo2；(31)00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2； 　　3．铁素体型钢 　　(32)0Cr13Al；(33) 00Cr12；(34)1Cr15；(35)1Cr17；(36)1Cr17Mo；(37)00Cr17Mo； (38)00Cr18Mo2；(39)00Cr30Mo2；(40)00Cr27Mo 　　4．马氏体型钢 　　(41)1Cr12；(42)0Cr13；(43)；1Cr13；(44)2Cr13；(45)3Cr13；(46)4Cr13；(47)3Cr16；(48)7Cr17 　　5．沉淀硬化型钢 　　(49)0Cr17Ni7Al热轧板带钢工艺润滑的研究　　一 热轧工艺润滑的主要作用　　1.1 降低摩擦系数，降低轧制力　　由于磨擦系数的减小，使轧制力降低，一般为可降低轧制力10%~25%，这样降低了轧制功率，节约了能耗，。　　1.2 减少轧辊消耗，提高作业率　　热轧条件下，工作轧辊面因与冷却水长期接触发生氧化，形成黑皮，这是造成轧辊异常磨损的主要原因。采用特殊的润滑剂能够有效阻止辊面黑皮的形成，延长轧辊使用寿命，减少换辊次数，提高轧机作业率。　　1.3改善轧后表面质量　　轧辊磨损的降低，黑皮的减少直接改善了轧后板面质量。　　1.4改善制品内部组织性能　　工艺润滑可以使轧后带钢的晶料组织得到改善，提高其深冲性能。　　1.5节能降耗　　采用工艺润滑后，热轧吨钢平均节电3度；酸洗酸液减少0.3~1.0kg；金属消耗降低1.0kg；轧辊的消耗能降低30%~50%。　　二 热轧工艺润滑的机理 　　通常热轧润滑剂是以油水混合液的形式被送到轧辊表面的，水是载体，少量的油均匀分散在水中。油水混合液的作用过程是水包油相向油包水相的转变过程。混合液体到达辊面后，以水包油的形式迅速地在辊面展开，当进入变形区与高温轧件接触时，由于温度和压力的作用，水很快蒸发并转变成油包水相，一部分油燃烧成以灰分为主的燃烧物；一部分油则以油膜的形式均匀地覆盖在轧辊与轧件的接触弧面上，两者在变形区内大约0.01s的时间内都能起到润滑的作用。　　三 热轧工艺润滑剂的选用　　3.1 热轧工艺润滑剂的性能　　3.1.1良好且稳定的润滑性能　　3.1.2良好的润湿性和黏着性，能均匀地分散在轧辊表面并牢固地黏着。　　3.1.3高温下良好的抗氧化性和耐分解性，保证在与轧件接触前不产生燃烧和分解。　　3.1.4良好的抗乳化性和离水展着性。　　3.1.5无毒无味，同时分解中产生的气体也无毒无味，燃烧产物无毒，不污染环境。　　3.2热轧工艺润滑剂的组成及种类　　热轧油有水基和油基两种形式，目前大部分厂家采用油基热轧油。　　一般热轧油由基础油和油性剂两部分组成，基础油有矿物油、聚烯烃、酯类油；油性剂有动、植物油、脂肪酸、高级脂肪酸、合成脂、固体润滑剂等。　　四 热轧工艺润滑对力能参数的影响　　生产中采用上述热轧油后，使得轧制压力显著降低15%~30%；轧辊消耗减少可达50%；节能减少近10%。　　采用不同类型的热轧油进行热轧普碳钢工艺润滑效果实验，测量轧制压力并与无工艺润滑的轧制条件的轧制力作比较，结果见下表　　表： 不同类型热轧油的润滑效果　　热轧油类型 轧制压力下降%　　Q-HB-1905 32.5 　　HR-40 21.2 　　Q-HB-11 20.8 　　脂肪油 40　　由表可看出，脂肪油表现出较好的降低轧制力的能力，但脂肪油也存在致命缺陷，如轧后钢板表面的清洁性较差；另外脂肪油在高温条件下油烟较重，恶化工作环境。另外不同种类的添加剂降低轧制压力也明显不同，影响效果如图所示 五 工艺润滑对轧辊磨损的影响　　采用工艺润滑可大大降低轧辊的磨损，热轧时轧辊应有足够冷却与润滑。通过现场对比试验，轧制带钢产量与轧辊磨损的关系在不同的轧制条件下有很大的差异，如图所示 随轧制量增加，轧辊磨损加剧，由于磨损的不均匀性，将严重影响到轧后的板面质量，采用润滑后，轧辊磨损的速度要缓慢得多。　　采用工艺润滑后，轧辊磨损大大减少，沿辊身长度上的磨损也变得较为均匀，这样对热轧带钢的板形非常有利。下图为F1～F4 400连轧机组轧辊的磨损情况： 　　实践表明，采用微量的润滑剂完全可以达到降低轧辊磨损的目的，轧辊的润滑效果及磨损程度并不是与润滑剂用量及浓度成正比，相反，润滑剂的用量过大，会造成打滑、轧件咬入困难，同时造成污染。　　六 存在的问题 　　热轧带钢采用工艺润滑后，使轧件的咬入条件发生变化,不利于轧件的顺利咬入,可以通过间歇供油的方式来解决。由于采用润滑后摩擦系数的下降，对板宽、板厚将产生很大影响，且不易控制，可在条件成熟时采用AGC厚度自动控制系统，对厚度精度进行有效控制，且能获得更加良好的板形。此外由于轧制油的燃烧，使工人恶劣的工作条件比以前有所加剧，车间油烟较大，需专设排烟系统。

冷 轧 产 品 品 名        材 质碳 结 板    SPCC、St12、DC01、Q235AB优结钢板   20-45#、08-15#优质碳素钢    08AL低碳深冲板    SC1、SPCE、ST14、DC04 超深冲板  SC2、St15、DC05、SC3、St16、DC06、St17耐腐蚀钢   05CuPCrNi、09CuPCrNi、Q345GNHL 低碳冲压钢   SPCD、ST13、DC03深 冲 板   SPCEN参照： （一）冲压用冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 1、一般冲压用钢：BLC B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；L——低碳（Low Carbon）；C——一般用（Commercial） 2、抗时效性低屈服钢：BLD B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；L——低碳（Low Carbon）；D——冲压用（Drawing） 3、非时效性极深冲用钢：BUFD（BUSD） B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；U——超级（Ultra）；F——成型（Formability）； D——冲压（Drawing） 4、非时效性超深冲用钢：BSUFD B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；SU——超高级（Ultra+Super）；F——成型（Formability）； D——冲压（Drawing） （二）冷成型用高强度冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 B ××× × × B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；×××——最小屈服点值； ×——一般用V、X、Y、Z表示 V：高强度低合金，屈服点与抗拉强度差值无规定 X：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别70MPa Y：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别100MPa Z：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别140MPa ×——氧化物/硫化物夹杂控制（K：镇静、细晶粒；F：K+硫化物控制；O：K、F外） 例：B240ZK、B340VK （三）抗凹陷性冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 B ××× × × B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写 ×××——最小屈服点值 ×——强化方式（P：强化；H：烘烤硬化） ×——由1或2表示（1：超低碳；2：低碳） 築210P1：深冲压用高强度钢；B250P2：一般加工用含磷高强度钢；B180H1：深冲用烘烤硬化钢

28日国内不锈钢冷轧上涨幅度在500元左右。据信息研究中心商场监测显现，北京区域，冷卷304/2B的0.5-3.0mm报价在3.20-3.33万元左右(吨价，下同)；热板304/No.1太钢6mm-20mm价位在2.78-3.75万元之间；321圆钢报价在4.70-5.10万元，2Cr13、3Cr13报价在0.94万元左右。佛山区域，冷卷304/2B 0.4-3.0mm张浦报价在3.18-3.33万元左右；无锡区域，冷卷304/2B报价张浦0.4-3.0mm报价在3.32-3.43万元，太钢0.5-3.0mm报价在3.25-3.48万元左右。现商场上仍无会集到货，资源继续严重，报价调高后成交状况欠安。商场304冷轧卷报价较9月出厂报价已高出500元左右，在消费旺季降临、商场库存量不大等有利要素的状况下，部分供应商对后市达观。.

紫铜钢管是紫铜的一个种类，包括c1100紫铜钢管、T2进口紫铜钢管、T1紫铜钢管等，随着中国经济的发展，中国紫铜 行业 也是众多紫铜厂商关注的焦点之一。紫铜就是铜单质，因其颜色为紫红色而得名。紫铜就是工业纯铜，其熔点为1083℃，无同素异构转变，相对密度为8.9，为镁的五倍。比普通钢还重约15%。其具有玫瑰红色，表面形成氧化膜后呈紫色，故一般称为紫铜。它是含有一定氧的铜，因而又称含氧铜。1.紫铜钢管的性质紫铜，因呈紫红色而得名。它不一定是纯铜，有时还加入少量脱氧元素或其他元素,以改善材质和性能，因此也归入铜合金。中国紫铜加工材成分可分为：普通紫铜(T1、T2、T3、T4)、无氧铜（TU1、TU2和高纯、真空无氧铜）、脱氧铜（TUP、TUMn）、添加少量合金元素的特种铜（砷铜、碲铜、银铜）四类。紫铜的电导率和热导率仅次于银，广泛用于制作导电、导热器材。紫铜在大气、海水和某些非氧化性酸（盐酸、稀硫酸）、碱、盐溶液及多种有机酸（醋酸、柠檬酸）中，有良好的耐蚀性，用于化学工业。另外，紫铜有良好的焊接性，可经冷、热塑性加工制成各种半成品和成品。20世纪70年代，紫铜的 产量 超过了其他各类铜合金的总 产量 。紫铜中的微量杂质对铜的导电、导热性能有严重影响。其中钛、磷、铁、硅等显著降低电导率,而镉、锌等则影响很小。氧、硫、硒、碲等在铜中的固溶度很小,可与铜生成脆性化合物,对导电性影响不大，但能降低加工塑性。普通紫铜在含氢或一氧化碳的还原性气氛中加热时，氢或一氧化碳易与晶界的氧化亚铜(Cu2O)作用，产生高压水蒸气或二氧化碳气体，可使铜破裂。这种现象常称为铜的“氢病”。氧对铜的焊接性有害。铋或铅与铜生成低熔点共晶，使铜产生热脆；而脆性的铋呈薄膜状分布在晶界时，又使铜产生冷脆。磷能显著降低铜的导电性,但可提高铜液的流动性,改善焊接性。适量的铅、碲、硫等能改善可切削性。紫铜退火板材的室温抗拉强度为22～25公斤力／毫米2,伸长率为45～50％，布氏硬度（HB）为35～45。具有优良的导电性﹑导热性﹑延展性和耐蚀性。主要用于制作发电机﹑母线﹑电缆﹑开关装置﹑变压器等电工器材和热交换器﹑管道﹑太阳能加热装置的平板集热器等导热器材。常用的铜合金分为黄铜﹑青铜﹑白铜3大类。纯净的铜是紫红色的 金属 ，俗称“紫铜”、“红铜”或“赤铜”。 紫铜富有延展性。象一滴水那么大小的纯铜，可拉成长达两公里的细丝，或压延成比床还大的几乎透明的箔。紫铜最可贵的性质是导电性能非常好，在所有的 金属 中仅次于银。但铜比银便宜得多，因此成了电气工业的“主角”。2.紫铜钢管的用途紫铜的用途比纯铁广泛得多，每年有50%的铜被电解提纯为纯铜，用于电气工业。这里所说的紫铜，确实要非常纯，含铜达99.95%以上才行。极少量的杂质，特别是磷、砷、铝等，会大大降低铜的导电率。铜中含氧(炼铜时容易混入少量氧)对导电率影响很大，用于电气工业的铜一般都必须是无氧。铜管质地坚硬，不易腐蚀，且耐高温、耐高压，可在多种环境中使用。与此相比，许多其他管材的缺点显而易见，比如过去住宅中多用的镀锌钢管，极易锈蚀，使用时间不长就会出现自来水发黄、水流变小等问题。还有些材料在高温下的强度会迅速降低，用于热水管时会产生不安全隐患，而铜的熔点高达摄氏1083度，热水系统的温度对铜管微不足道。想要了解更多关于紫铜钢管的信息，请继续浏览上海 有色 网。 

钢管镀锌是提高钢管耐锈蚀性能、装饰美观的一种工艺手法。目前，最常用的钢管镀锌方法是热镀锌。无缝钢管的制造工艺可以分为：热轧（挤压）、冷轧（拔）、热扩钢管这基本的几类。焊管按照制造工艺可以分为：直缝焊接钢管，埋弧焊接钢管、板卷对接焊钢管，焊管热扩钢管。按照钢管的形状可以分为方形管、矩形管、八角形，六角形、D形，五角形等异形钢管。 复杂断面钢管，双凹型钢管，五瓣梅花形钢管，圆锥形钢管，波纹形钢管，瓜子形钢管，双凸形钢管等。按用途分类--管道用钢管、热工设备用钢管、机械工业用钢管、石油、地质钻探用钢管、容器钢管、化学工业用钢管、特殊用途钢管、其他。钢管生产技术的发展开始于自行车制造业的兴起。钢管不仅用于输送流体和粉状固体、交换热能、制造机械零件和容器，它还是一种经济钢材。用钢管制造建筑结构网架、支柱和机械支架，可以减轻重量，节省 金属 20～40％，而且可实现工厂化机械化施工。钢管对国民经济发展和人类生活品质的提高关系甚大，远胜于其他钢材。从人们的日常用具、家具、供排水、供气、通风和采暖设施到各种农机用具的制造、地下资源的开发、国防和航天所用枪炮、子弹、导弹、火箭等都离不开钢管。钢管镀锌能有效地延长钢管的腐蚀时间，使得钢管的利用价值得到提升，目前钢材 市场 的镀锌钢管的 价格 也在小幅度的上涨。 

涂敷钢管是在大口径螺旋焊管和高频焊管基础上涂敷塑料而成，最大管口直径达1200mm，涂敷钢管可根据不同的需要涂敷聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚乙烯（PE）、环氧树脂（EPOZY）等各种不同性能的塑料涂层，附着力好，抗腐蚀性强，可耐强酸、强碱及其它化学腐蚀，无毒、不锈蚀、耐磨、耐冲击、耐渗透性强，管道表面光滑，不粘附任何物质，能降低输送时的阻力，提高流量及输送效率，减少输送压力损失。涂层中无溶剂，无可渗出物质，因而不会污染所输送的介质，从而保证流体的纯洁度和卫生性，在-40℃到+80℃范围可冷热循环交替使用涂敷钢管，不老化、不龟裂，因而可以在寒冷地带等苛刻的环境下使用。大口径涂敷钢管广泛应用于自来水、天然气、石油、化工、医药、钢管、通讯、电力、海洋等工程领域。

中国输气管道建设的高峰期。石油和天然气作为一种主要能源在国家的经济建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用。随着石油天然气需求量的不断增加 ,管道的输送压力不断增加 ,管线钢管向着大口径、厚壁和高强度方向发展已成趋势。“西气东输”和“陕京二线”天然气输送管线工程就标志着我国采用大口径、厚壁、高压输送管的新起点。为了实现西气东输工程用大口径直缝埋弧焊钢管的国产化 ,巨龙钢管有限公司建成了国内第一条JCOE大口径直缝埋弧焊管生产线 ,直缝钢管是焊缝与钢管纵向平行的钢管。通常分为公制电焊钢管、电焊薄壁管、变压器冷却油管等等。　　生产工艺　　直缝高频焊接钢管具有工艺相对简单，快速连续生产的特点，在民用建筑、石化、轻工等部门有广泛用途。多用于输送低压流体或做成各种工程构件及轻工产品。 　　1.直缝高频焊接钢管的生产工艺流程 　　直缝焊接钢管是通过高频焊接机组将一定的规格的长条形钢带卷成圆管状并将直缝焊接而成钢管。钢管的形状可以是圆形的，也可以是方形或异形的，它取决于焊后的定径轧制。焊接钢管的材料主要是：低碳钢及σs≤300N/mm2、σs≤500N/mm2的低合金钢或其他钢材。直缝钢管高频焊接的生产工艺流程如下： 　　2.高频焊接 　　高频焊接是根据电磁感应原理和交流电荷在导体中的趋肤效应、邻近效应和涡流热效应，使焊缝边缘的钢材局部加热到熔融状态，经滚轮的挤压，使对接焊缝实现晶间接合，从而达到焊缝焊接之目的。高频焊是一种感应焊（或压力接触焊），它无需焊缝填充料，无焊接飞溅，焊接热影响区窄，焊接成型美观，焊接机械性能良好等优点，因此在钢管的生产中受到广泛的应用。 　　钢管的高频焊接正是利用交流电的趋肤效应和邻近效应，钢材（带钢）经滚压成型后，形成一个截面断开的圆形管坯，在管坯内靠近感应线圈中心附近旋转一个或一组阻抗器（磁棒），阻抗器与管坯开口处形成一个电磁感应回路，在趋肤效应和邻近效应的作用下，管坯开口处边缘产生强大而集中的热效应，使焊缝边缘迅速加热到焊接所需温度经压辊挤压后，熔融状态的金属实现晶间接合，冷却后形成一条牢固的对接焊缝。 　　3.高频焊管机组 　　直缝钢管的高频焊接过程是在高频焊管机组中完成的。高频焊管机组通常由滚压成型、高频焊接、挤压、冷却、定径、飞锯切断等部件组成，机组的前端配有储料活套，机组的后端配有钢管翻转机架；电气部分主要有高频发生器、直流励磁发电机和仪表自动控制装置等组成。现以φ165mm高频焊管机组为例，其主要技术参数如下： 　　3.1 焊管成品　　圆管外径： φ111~165mm　　方管： 50×50~125×125mm　　矩形管： 90×50~160×60~180×80mm　　成品管壁厚：2~6mm 　　3.2 成型速度： 20~70米/分钟 　　3.3 高频感应器：　　热功率： 600KW　　输出频率： 200~250KHz　　电源： 三相380V 50Hz　　冷却： 水冷　　激励电压： 750~1500V 　　4.高频激励电路 　　高频激励电路（又称高频振荡电路），是由安装在高频发生器内的大型电子管和振荡槽路组成，它是利用电子管的放大作用，在电子管接通灯丝和阳极时，把阳极输出信号正反馈到栅极，形成自激振荡回路。激励频率的大小取决于振荡槽路的电气参数（电压、电流、电容和电感）。 　　5.直缝钢管高频焊接工艺 　　5.1 焊缝间隙的控制 　　将带钢送入焊管机组，经多道轧辊滚压，带钢逐渐卷起，形成有开口间隙的圆形管坯，调整挤压辊的压下量，使焊缝间隙控制在1~3mm，并使焊口两端齐平。如间隙过大，则造成邻近效应减少，涡流热量不足，焊缝晶间接合不良而产生未熔合或开裂。如间隙过小则造成邻近效应增大，焊接热量过大，造成焊缝烧损；或者焊缝经挤压、滚压后形成深坑，影响焊缝表面质量。 　　5.2 焊接温度控制 　　焊接温度主要受高频涡流热功率的影响，根据公式（2）可知，高频涡流热功率主要受电流频率的影响，涡流热功率与电流激励频率的平方成正比；而电流激励频率又受激励电压、电流和电容、电感的影响。激励频率公式为： 　　f=1/[2π(CL)1/2]...(1)　　式中：f-激励频率(Hz)；C-激励回路中的电容(F)，电容=电量/电压；L-激励回路中的电感，电感=磁通量/电流 　　上式可知，激励频率与激励回路中的电容、电感平方根成反比、或者与电压、电流的平方根成正比，只要改变回路中的电容、电感或电压、电流即可改变激励频率的大小，从而达到控制焊接温度的目的。对于低碳钢，焊接温度控制在1250~1460℃，可满足管壁厚3~5mm焊透要求。另外，焊接温度亦可通过调节焊接速度来实现。 　　当输入热量不足时，被加热的焊缝边缘达不到焊接温度，金属组织仍然保持固态，形成未熔合或未焊透；当输入热时不足时，被加热的焊缝边缘超过焊接温度，产生过烧或熔滴，使焊缝形成熔洞。 　　5.3 挤压力的控制 　　管坯的两个边缘加热到焊接温度后，在挤压辊的挤压下，形成共同的金属晶粒互相渗透、结晶，最终形成牢固的焊缝。若挤压力过小，形成共同晶体的数量就小，焊缝金属强度下降，受力后会产生开裂；如果挤压力过大，将会使熔融状态的金属被挤出焊缝，不但降低了焊缝强度，而且会产生大量的内外毛刺，甚至造成焊接搭缝等缺陷。 　　5.4 高频感应圈位置的调控 　　高频感应圈应尽量接近挤压辊位置。若感应圈距挤压辊较远时，有效加热时间较长，热影响区较宽，焊缝强度下降；反之，焊缝边缘加热不足，挤压后成型不良。 　　5.5 阻抗器是一个或一组焊管专用磁棒，阻抗器的截面积通常应不小于钢管内径截面积的70%，其作用是使感应圈、管坯焊缝边缘与磁棒形成一个电磁感应回路，产生邻近效应，涡流热量集中在管坯焊缝边缘附近，使管坯边缘加热到焊接温度。阻抗器用一根钢丝拖动在管坯内，其中心位置应相对固定在接近挤压辊中心位置。开机时，由于管坯快速运动，阻抗器受管坯内壁的磨擦而损耗较大，需要经常更换。 　　5.6 焊缝经焊接和挤压后会产生焊疤，需要清除。清除方法是在机架上固定刀具，靠焊管的快速运动，将焊疤刮平。焊管内部的毛刺一般不清除。 　　5.7 工艺举例　　现以焊制φ32×2mm 直缝焊管为例，简述其工艺参数：　　带钢规格：2×98mm 带宽按中径展开加少量成型余量　　钢材材质：Q235A　　输入 励磁电压：150V 励磁电流：1.5A 频率：50Hz　　输出 直流电压：11.5kV 直流电流：4A 频率：120000Hz　　焊接速度：50米/分钟　　参数调节：根据焊接线能量的变化及时调节输出电压和焊接速度。参数固定后一般不用调整。 　　6.高频焊管的技术要求与质量检验 　　根据GB3092《低压流体输送用焊接钢管》标准的规定，焊管的公称直径为6~150mm，公称壁厚为2.0~6.0mm，焊管的长度通常为4~10米，可按定尺或倍尺长度出厂。钢管表面质量应光滑，不允许有折叠、裂缝、分层、搭焊等缺陷存在。钢管表面允许有不超过壁厚负偏差的划道、刮伤、焊缝错位、烧伤和结疤等轻微缺陷存在。允许焊缝处壁厚增厚和内缝焊筋存在。 　　焊接钢管应做机械性能试验和压扁试验以及扩口试验，并要达到标准规定的要求。钢管应能承受一定的内压力，必要时进行2.5Mpa压力试验，保持一分钟无渗漏。允许用涡流探伤的方法代替水压试验。涡流探伤按GB7735《钢管涡流探伤检验方法》标准执行。涡流探伤方法是将探头固定在机架上，探伤与焊缝保持3~5mm距离，靠钢管的快速运动对焊缝进行全面的扫查，探伤信号经涡流探伤仪的自动处理和自动分选，达到探伤的目的。 　　探伤后的焊管用飞锯按规定长度切断，经翻转架下线。钢管两端应平头倒角，打印标记，成品管用六角形捆扎包装后出厂。

在水电站压力钢管的焊接一直采用传统、简单而繁重的焊条电弧焊技术，只有少量的制作场纵缝采用埋弧自动焊技术，压力钢管的全位置自动化焊接技术尚属空白。随着水电建设的高速发展和机组参数的不断增大，大直径厚壁压力钢管的焊接必须采用先进的全位置自动化焊接技术才能适应施工生产的需要。 　　压力钢管全位置自动焊不仅要实现焊接小车沿焊缝的自动行走，焊丝的自动输送、凋整，摆动及对中等机电控制过程，而且要解决焊丝的熔滴过渡形式，保证全位置焊接的焊缝成型质量，特别是对各种位置的焊接规范自动调整等一系列自动控制技术；而更重要的是现场拼装的焊缝对装质量差、施工环境恶劣，较难满足自动化焊接施工的要求。目前，压力钢管全位置自动化焊接技术在大直径厚壁压力钢管焊接中全面应用尚有一定难度，其主要原因是： 　　(1)大直径厚壁压力钢管的安装环缝组装难以达到均匀一致的高精度，这就要求全位置自动焊设备能根据坡口尺寸及偏差自动凋整有关工艺参数，以降低或消除不均匀参数对焊接质量的影响； 　　(2)焊缝空间位置不断变化，要求焊接系统能根据焊炬所在位置自动及时调整焊接工艺参数，实现各处焊接成型基本一致； 　　(3)要实现坡口尺寸、焊接熔地形状，焊接规范参数实寸调节三者匹配，保证焊缝质量，其自动控制技术难度较大。 　　因此，如何选择造价低、适应性强、操作简单、焊接效率高的全位置自动化焊接设备是解决上述问题的唯一途径。针对水电站压力钢管的焊接特点，我们开发研制了一套独具特色的全位置自动焊机，并在湖北省兴山县古洞口水电站压力钢管及三峡二期工程左厂11#14#压力钢管纵缝的焊接施工中获得了成功应用。 1 全位置自动焊机的主要研制内容及其实施方案 　　全位置自动焊机研制主要包括机械和电气控制两大部分内容。 1.1 机械设计与制造 　　整机机械设计包括爬行轨道、爬行小车，焊炬摆动机构及摆幅自适应坡口宽度传感器结构设计。 1.1.1 爬行轨道 　　爬行道轨由不锈钢薄板、分体式齿块组成的齿条和固定道轨于工件表面的水磁铁块组成。爬行小车和焊炬摆动的控制拖车分别借助左右共四对滚动轴承对夹持道轨边缘，从而使两者可以沿道轨平稳灵活地移动，借助爬行小车内的行车电机输出轴上的小齿轮与道轨上的齿条啮合并通过两侧联杆使爬行小车与焊炬摆动控制拖车联成一体，使两者可以在道轨上可靠、平稳地运行，实行全位置爬行的功能。 1.1.2 爬行小车 　　爬行小车分主动驱动的行走小车和被动行走的焊炬摆动控制拖车两部分。它们分别在底板下方两侧各有两对互成60°的轴承轮夹紧轨道边缘，运动灵活可靠。夹持轨道的两侧轴承轮中的其中一侧可以通过螺杆和滑块作横向移动以实现小车在轨道上夹持与拆卸，使小车在轨道上装卸十分方便。 1.1.3 焊炬摆动机构 　　焊炬摆动机构是实现焊接电弧横向运动的机构。本系统采用一空心薄壁不锈钢方管。其上固定有条状不锈钢板和齿条作摆杆，摆杆端部安装有焊炬夹紧和传感器固定及调节机构。依靠摆杆上条状不锈钢板两侧有倒角的边缘与安装于立板上的四只轴承外套的V型滚轮相啮合，组成了摆动十分灵活、轻巧、刚度好、间隙小、工作稳定可靠、拆卸十分方便的摆动机构。 1.1.4 摆幅自适应坡口宽度和焊接自动跟踪两用传感器 　　摆幅和跟踪两用传感器是为了适应在水电站现场施工条件下，大直径厚壁压力钢管的环缝坡口装配很难做到间隙均匀，而且全位置自动化焊接时轨道的铺设也很难与焊缝完全平行而设计的。本机传感器采用探针机械接触坡口侧壁获取信号，这是一种工作可靠、抗干扰能力最强的获取信号方式，然后通过传感器内部的摆杆系统产生光电信号，经逻辑电路分辨控制焊炬摆动电机转向和停留，实现了焊炬摆幅自适应坡口宽度的功能。 1.2 电气控制系统研制 　　焊机电气控制系统设计功能的完善、工作稳定可靠、抗干扰性好对于确保焊机工作质量十分重要。本焊机充分考虑了全位置自动化焊机所必须的基本功能和参考国内外同样先进焊机的功能，开发了具有自身特点的摆幅自适应坡口宽度和自动跟踪焊接控制功能。本机具备的主要控制功能如下： 　　1)焊炬摆幅自动与手动选择； 　　2)焊炬摆幅设定与自适应选择； 　　3)焊炬摆动两侧停留时间调节； 　　4)焊炬摆速调节； 　　5)焊接电弧运动轨迹选择； 　　6)焊接方向选择； 　　7)焊接速度凋节； 　　8)设定摆幅工作方式下始摆方向选择； 　　9)设定摆幅工作方式下电弧纠偏调节； 　 10)焊接行车小车近控与遥控。 　　其电气控制原理如下图所示： 2 整机主要技术参数： 小车电源： 　　　220V 50HZ 小车爬行速度 　　0～450mm/min 焊炬摆动幅度 　　0～±40mm 焊炬摆动速度 　　250～3000mm/min 焊炬摆动方式 　　1)直线形；2)锯齿形；3)梯形；4)矩形 焊炬两侧停留时间　 0～5sec 自动跟踪精度 　　±0.5sec 焊炬调整自由度 　6个 焊接钢管曲率半径 ≥1500mm 焊机重量　　　　 18.5 kg 　　本焊机适应的焊接方法不受限制，可以根据需要采用CQ2气体保护焊、药芯焊丝气保焊、药芯焊丝自保焊、MAG焊、MIG焊、TIG焊等方法，只需配以相应特性的焊接电源和焊炬。 3 工程应用与效果 3.1 应用工程简介 　　古洞口水电站位于湖北省兴山县古夫河下游，电站总装机容量为4.5万kW，多年平均发电量为1.24亿kwh，其压力钢管直径为5m，壁厚为16～40mm不等，全长600余m。全部采用国产16Mn低合金结构钢制造。 　　三峡工程是举世瞩目的水电工程，其装机总容量为1 820万kW，年发电量达847亿kwh，其压力钢管直径为12.4m，壁厚为26～541mm，单管长度122.5m，采用国产16MnR低合金结构钢和进口600MPa级低碳调质高强钢板制造。 3.2 全位置自动焊工艺 　　全位置自动焊工艺参数见表1。 表1 全位置自动焊工艺参数表 3.3 应用效果 　　(1)全位置自动焊与传统焊条电弧焊的各项性能效果对比如表2： 表2 全位置自动焊应用效果对比表 　　(2)通过对古洞口压力钢管和三峡二期工程左厂11#～14＃压力钢管的焊接应用，纵缝超声波探伤的一次合格率为99.5％，环缝超声波探伤的一次合格率达98.1%，焊缝外观质量优良率达到了100％，这是传统的焊条电弧焊所无法比拟的。 　　(3)该焊接小车采用柔性轨道，机头行走摆动、焊缝两侧停留均能做到无级调速、自动送丝，稳定可靠，达到了全位置自动化焊接的基本要求。 　　(4)由于实现了机械化和自动化的焊接新技术，不仅减轻了焊工的劳动强度，而且大大提高了焊缝无损探伤的一次合格率，在焊接质量上大大减少了人为因素的影响。 　　(5)采用连续送丝和大电流密度焊接，与焊条电弧焊相比可提高工效1倍以上。 　　(6)与焊条电弧焊相比，该自动焊工艺具有较深的熔深，可采用较小坡口角度，同时可以大大降低焊接热影响区的宽度和焊接残余变形。 4 结束语 　　全位置自动焊机在吸取了国外同类焊机成功经验的基础上针对水电站压力钢管现场施工特点，创造性的开发；厂焊炬摆幅自适应坡口宽度和自动跟踪等重要功能，焊机整体设计合理，工作稳定可靠、外形美观、机构紧凑轻便，具有很高的推广应用价值。 　　全位置自动化焊接技术在古洞口压力钢管纵环缝及三峡二期工程左厂11#～14#压力钢管纵缝焊接施工中的成功应用，只是自动化焊接技术在水电站焊接施工中应用的一个开端，该设备与技术在三峡工程压力钢管环缝焊接中应用将是我们下一步追求的目标。全位置自动焊在水电站压力钢管及蜗壳上的应用也是焊接施工技术发展的必然结果

国标无缝钢管是用钢锭或实心管坯经穿孔制成毛管，然后经热轧、冷轧或冷拨制成。在我国钢管业中具有重要的地位，分热轧和冷轧（拨）无缝钢管两类。尺寸及允许偏差： D1 ±1.5%，最小±0.75 mmD2 ±1.0%。最小±0.50 mmD3 ±0.75%．最小±0.30 mmD4 ±0.50%。最小±0.10 mm 国标无缝钢管重量公式： 　　[(外径-壁厚)*壁厚]*0.02466=kg/米（每米的重量） 无缝钢管的国标是GB8162、直缝焊接钢管的国标是GB/T13793， 　　GB8162无缝钢管　GB8162无缝钢管与GB8163的区别 GB8162《结构用无缝钢管》，此标准适用于一般结构、机械结构用无缝钢管，GB8163《输GB8162送流体用无缝钢管》标准适用于输送流体的一般无缝钢管。它与GB8162的主要区别是GB8163钢管逐根进行液压试验或进行超声波、涡流、漏磁探伤。因此，在压力管道钢管的标准选用上，不宜采用GB8162标准。钢管品种钢管标准常用钢管牌号常用国外钢管标准结构用无缝钢管GB/T8162-199910、20、35、45、40Mn2、45Mn2、27SiMn、20Cr、40Cr、20CrMo、35CrMo、38CrMoA1、30CrMnSi、50CrV、ASTM A500-98ASTM A501-98、ASTN A519-98、JIS G3441-1994 输送流体用无缝钢管  GB/T8163-199910、20、Q295、Q345ASTM A53-98、ASTM A192、ASME S192、JIS G3452-1998、FIS G3454-1998、DIN 1629-1984油井用油管、接箍料管管线钢管API SPEC 5CTAPE SPEC 5LJ55、N80 A、B、X42API高压锅炉用无缝钢管GB5310-199520G、20MnG、25MnG、15MoG、20MoG、12Cr1MoVG、15CrMoVG、12Cr2MoG、12Cr2MoWVTiB、12Cr3MoVSiTiBASTM A106-96a、ATSMA213-95a、JISG3461-1988、JISG3462-1998、DIN 17175-1979、BS3059：Part 2：1990低中压锅炉用无缝钢管GB3087-199910、20ASTM A179、ASTM A192、BS3059化肥设备用高压无缝钢管GB6479-8610、20G、Q345、Q390、10MoVNb、12CrMo、15CrMo、12Cr2MoISO 9329-2-1997、ASTM A161-94石油裂化用无缝钢管GB9948-8610、20、12CrMo、15CrMo、1Cr2Mo、1Cr5MoJIS G3441-1988汽车半轴套管用无缝钢管Q/OHAD001-1997YB/T5035-199845Mn2、45、25MnCrDIN 1629-1984液压支柱用热轧无缝钢管Q/OHAD010-1998GB/T17398-199827SiMn 船舶用碳钢、碳锰钢无缝钢管GB/T5312-1999Q320、Q360、Q410、Q460、Q490DIN 2391-1994冷拔精密无缝钢管GB/T3639-83GB/T8713-8810、20、35、45、20CrMo 地质钻探用无缝钢管YB/T5052-93YB235-70DZ40、DZ50 炮弹用无缝钢管YBn1-8640Mn2、D60 顶杆用无缝钢管Q/OHAD003-941CrMo 轴承钢管YB/Z12-77YJZ84GCr15 带肋钢筋连接套筒用无缝钢管Q/OHAD011-1997a10、20 气瓶用无缝钢管技术协议34Mn2V、30CrMo、35CrMo、45 进口无缝钢管和国产无缝钢管的差距在于价格，目前国内无缝钢管制造水平也是比较高的，像天钢，冶钢，宝钢，中钢联，汇通制造钢管已达国际先进水平。

无缝钢管无缝钢管是用实心管坯经穿孔后轧制的。1、生产制造方法按生产方法不同可分为热轧管、冷轧管、冷拔管、挤压管等。1.1、热轧无缝管一般在自动轧管机组上生产。实心管坯经检查并清除表面缺陷，截成所需长度，在管坯穿孔端端面上定心，然后送往加热炉加热，在穿孔机上穿孔。在穿孔同时不断旋转和前进，在轧辊和顶头的作用下，管坯内部逐渐形成空腔，称毛管。再送至自动轧管机上继续轧制。最后经均整机均整壁厚，经定径机定径，达到规格要求。利用连续式轧管机组生产热轧无缝钢管是较先进的方法。 1.2、若欲获得尺寸更小和质量更好的无缝管，必须采用冷轧、冷拔或者两者联合的方法。冷轧通常在二辊式轧机上进行，钢管在变断面圆孔槽和不动的锥形顶头所组成的环形孔型中轧制。冷拔通常在0.5～100T的单链式或双链式冷拔机上进行。 1.3、挤压法即将加热好的管坯放在密闭的挤压圆筒内，穿孔棒与挤压杆一起运动，使挤压件从较小的模孔中挤出。此法可生产直径较小的钢管。 2、用途 2.1、无缝管用途很广泛。一般用途的无缝管由普通碳素结构钢、低合金结构钢或合金结构钢轧制，产量最多，主要用作输送流体的管道或结构零件。 2.2、根据用途不同分三类供应：a、按化学成分和机械性能供应；b、按机械性能供应；c、按水压试验供应。按a、b类供应的钢管，如用于承受液体压力，也要进行水压试验。 2.3、专门用途的无缝管有锅炉用无缝管、地质用无缝管及石油用无缝管等多种。 3、种类 3.1、无缝钢管按生产方法不同可分为热轧管、冷轧管、冷拔管、挤压管等。 3.2、按外形分类有圆形管、异形管之分。异形管除方形管和矩形管外，还有椭圆管、半圆管、三角形管、六角形管、凸字形管、梅花形管等。 3.3、按材质的不同，分为普通碳素结构管、低合金结构管、优质碳素结构管、合金结构管、不锈管等。 3.4、按专门用途分，有锅炉管、地质管、石油管等。 4、规格及外观质量 无缝管按GB/T8162-87规定 4.1、规格：热轧管外径32～630mm。壁厚2.5～75mm。冷轧(冷拔)管外径5～200mm。壁厚2.5～12mm。 4.2、外观质量：钢管的内外表面不得有裂缝、折叠、轧折、离层、发纹和结疤缺陷存在。这些缺陷应完全清除掉，清除后不得使壁厚和外径超过负偏差。 4.3、钢管的两端应切成直角，并清除毛刺。壁厚大于20mm的钢管允许气割和热锯切割。经供需双方协议也可不切头。 4.4、冷拔或冷轧精密无缝钢管《表面质量》参照GB3639-83。 5、化学成分检验 5.1、按化学成分和机械性能供应的国产无缝管，如10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45和50号钢的化学成分应符合GB/T699-88的规定。进口无缝管按合同规定的有关标准检验。09MnV、16Mn、15MnV钢的化学成分应符合GB1591-79的规定。 5.2、具体分析方法参照GB223-84《钢铁及合金化学分析方法》的有关部分。 5.3、分析偏差参照GB222-84《钢的化学分析用试样及成品化学成分允许偏差》。 6、物理性能检验 6.1、按机构性能供应的国产无缝管，普通碳素钢按GB/T700-88的甲类钢制造(但必须保证含硫量不超过0.050%和含磷量不超过0.045%)，其机械性能应符合GB8162-87表内所规定的数值。 6.2、按水压试验供应的国产无缝管必须保证标准所规定的水压试验。 6.3、进口无缝管的物理性能检验按合同规定的有关标准进行。 7、主要进出口情况 7.1、一般无缝管进口量很大。主要进口国家是德国和日本。欧洲国家如罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、瑞士、法国、西班牙、捷克、南斯拉夫、匈牙利等国都有进口。还有少量从南美的阿根廷、墨西哥等国进口。 7.2、根据我国用货单位的不同要求，进口无缝管规格多达100多种，常见的规格有15922mm、1595mm、15918mm。114.38mm、114.310mm、114.313mm。长度一般为5～8m或4～7m不等。主要是热轧碳结构，钢号为ST35.ST45及ST65。进口规格直径最小的为305mm，最大的47813mm。 7.3、从法国和西班牙曾进口少量直径较小而壁薄的无缝管，如183mm，223mm、26.93mm等。执行德国曼内斯曼钢管厂的一般规则。 7.4、从匈牙利和日本进口的无缝管，常参照DIN2448、DIN1629。 7.5、在进口索赔案例中，进口无缝管存在的质量问题主要有：化学成分不合格、压扁试验发生劈裂、抗拉强度低、出现严重锈蚀及凹坑等。 8、包装 按GB2102-88规定。钢管包装分三种：捆扎、装箱、涂油捆扎或涂油装箱。

疏浚钢管是主要用于清理输送泥沙，泥浆以及其它混合杂物的钢制管道。主要为螺旋钢管，无缝钢管和直缝钢管。疏浚钢管广泛应用于海滩，河道，航道，城市环保，工程施工等领域。天津滨海腾飞钢铁有限公司地处天津北辰区南仓道储宝市场，公司主营国产进口高温高压锅炉管、合金钢锅炉管，规格齐全，高压合金管，石油裂化管，液压支架管，化肥专用管，高压锅炉管，液压支柱管，16Mn钢管，无缝管（16Mn无缝管、27SiMn无缝管）、圆钢（Q345B圆钢、16Mn圆钢）并为电厂及锅炉电站进口整套锅炉管道材料。疏浚钢管

国标钢管规格产品类别国标钢管规格主要材质国标钢管规格执行标准国标钢管规格用途国标钢管规格规格范围高压锅炉管20G、A106cST45.8/3GB5310-95ASTMA106-99DIN17175-79高压锅炉用耐热无缝钢管∮16-824×2-65  　合金管12Cr1MoVP22(10CrMo910)T91、P91、P9、T9 WB36、Cr5Mo(P5、STFA25、T5、)15CrMo(P11、P12、STFA22)13CrMo44、Cr5Mo、15CrMo、25CrMo、30CrMo、40CrMo DIN17175-79JISG3467-88JISG3458-88 　 GB5310-95 GB9948-88ASTMA335/A335mASTMA213/A213m石油、化工、电力、锅炉行业的耐高温、耐低温、耐腐蚀用无缝钢管∮16-824×2-100 不锈钢301 302 304 304L 304H 305 316 316L 316Ti 317 317L 310S 321 321H 347HGB/T14976-2002 GB13296-91 GB5310-95 GB6479-2000 GB9948-88 ASTM312 ASTM213不锈钢高压无缝钢管 1Cr18Ni9TiФ6-680×0.5-40 高压合金无缝钢管T91/P91、P92、15CrMoG、12Cr1MoVGGB3087-99 GB5310-95  GB6479-2000 石油、化工、电力、锅炉行业的耐高温、耐低温、耐腐蚀用无缝钢管∮60-830×0.53-60 石油套管J55　　N80API  SPEC  5CT油井用油管、接箍料管∮60-630×1.53-40 低中压锅炉管10、20GB3087-1999低中压锅炉过热用管、 沸水管、机车大小烟管∮10-530×2-40 石油裂化管2012CrMo15CrMoGB9948-88石油炼精厂的炉管、热交换管、管道用无缝管∮10.530×1.5-36 化肥设备用高压无缝管20、16Mn、Q345GB6479-2000化肥设备、管道∮25-426×6-40 液压支柱管27SiMnGB/T17396-1998液压支架液压支柱∮70-377×9-40 船用管410GB/T5312-1999制造船舶专用耐压管、锅炉及过热器用管∮14-426*1.5-4.5 管线管B级API石油、天然气 工业输送气、水、油∮60-630×1.53-40 流体管20、Q345GB/T8163-1999流体输送∮8-630×1.5-40 结构管10、20、35、45、16Mn? Q345BGB/T8162-1999一般结构用∮6-610×1.5-40 精密管St35 St37.4(10#) St45(20#)St55(35#) Ck45(45#)St52(16Mn) CH8Ni9Ti 35CroGB/T3639-2000DIN2391用于汽车、摩托车、工程机械、千斤顶、电动工具及运动器材等其他领域所用的精密钢管∮4-89

钢管表面处理是钢管的使用寿命的关键因素之一，它是防腐层与钢管能否牢固结合的前提。经研究机构验证，防腐层的寿命除取决于涂层种类、涂覆质量和施工环境等因素外，钢管的表面处理对防腐层寿命的影响约占50％，因此，应严格按照防腐层规范对钢管表面的要求，不断探索和总结，不断改进钢管表面处理方法。     1、清洗     利用溶剂、乳剂清洗钢材表面，以达到去除油、油脂、灰尘、润滑剂和类似的有机物，但它不能去除钢材表面的锈、氧化皮、焊药等，因此在防腐生产中只作为辅助手段。       2、工具除锈     主要使用钢丝刷等工具对钢材表面进行打磨，可以去除松动或翘起的氧化皮、铁锈、焊渣等。手动工具除锈能达到Sa2级，动力工具除锈可达到Sa3级，若钢材表面附着牢固的氧化铁皮，工具除锈效果不理想，达不到防腐施工要求的锚纹深度。（ 中国喷砂机网 www.penshaji.com ）     3、酸洗     一般用化学和电解两种方法做酸洗处理，管道防腐只采用化学酸洗，可以去除氧化皮、铁锈、旧涂层，有时可用其作为喷砂除锈后的再处理。化学清洗虽然能使表面达到一定的清洁度和粗糙度，但其锚纹浅，而且易对环境造成污染。     4、喷(抛)射除锈     喷(抛)射除锈是通过大功率电机带动喷(抛)射叶片高速旋转，使钢砂、钢丸、铁丝段、矿物质等磨料在离心力作用下对钢管表面进行喷(抛)射处理，不仅可以彻底清除铁锈、氧化物和污物，而且钢管在磨料猛烈冲击和磨擦力的作用下，还能达到所需要的均匀粗糙度。 　　喷(抛)射除锈后，不仅可以扩大管子表面的物理吸附作用，而且可以增强防腐层与管子表面的机械黏附作用。因此，喷(抛)射除锈是管道防腐的理想除锈方式。一般而言，喷丸(砂)除锈主要用于管子内表面处理，抛丸(砂)除锈主要用于管子外表面处理。采用喷(抛)射除锈应注意几个问题。     4．1除锈等级     对于钢管常用的环氧类、乙烯类、酚醛类等防腐涂料的施工工艺，一般要求钢管表面达到近白级(Sa2．5)。实践证明，采用这种除锈等级几乎可以除掉所有的氧化皮、锈和其他污物，锚纹深度达到40~100μm，充分满足防腐层与钢管的附着力要求，而喷(抛)射除锈工艺可用较低的运行费用和稳定可靠的质量达到近白级(Sa2．5)技术条件。     4．2喷(抛)射磨料     为了达到理想的除锈效果，应根据钢管表面的硬度、原始锈蚀程度、要求的表面粗糙度、涂层类型等来选择磨料，对于单层环氧、二层或三层聚乙烯涂层，采用钢砂和钢丸的混合磨料更易达到理想的除锈效果。钢丸有强化钢表面的作用，而钢砂则有刻蚀钢表面的作用。钢砂和钢丸的混合磨料(通常钢丸的硬度为40～50 HRC，钢砂的硬度为50～60 HRC可用于各种钢表面，即使是用在C级和D级锈蚀的钢表面上，除锈效果也很好。     4．3磨料的粒径及配比     为获得较好的均匀清洁度和粗糙度分布，磨料的粒径及配比设计相当重要。粗糙度太大易造成防腐层在锚纹尖峰处变薄；同时由于锚纹太深，在防腐过程中防腐层易形成气泡，严重影响防腐层的性能。      粗糙度太小会造成防腐层附着力及耐冲击强度下降。对于严重的内部点蚀，不能仅靠大颗粒磨料高强度冲击，还必须靠小颗粒打磨掉腐蚀产物来达到清理效果，同时合理的配比设计不仅可减缓磨料对管道及喷嘴(叶片)的磨损，而且磨料的利用率也可大大提高。通常，钢丸的粒径为0.8～1.3 mm，钢砂粒径为0.4～1.0 mm，其中以0.5～1.0 mm为主要成分。砂丸比一般为5～8。     应该注意的是在实际操作中，磨料中钢砂和钢丸的理想比例很难达到，原因是硬而易碎的钢砂比钢丸的破碎率高。为此，在操作中应不断抽样检测混合磨料，根据粒径分布情况，向除锈机中掺入新磨料，而且掺人的新磨料中，钢砂的数量要占主要的。     4．4除锈速度 钢管的除锈速度取决于磨料的类型和磨料的排量，即单位时间内磨料施加到钢管的总动能E及单颗粒磨料的动能E1。     式中： m ——磨料的喷(抛)量；     　　　 V ——磨料运行速度；    　　　  m1——单颗粒磨料的质量。     m。的大小与磨料破碎率有关，破碎率大小直接影响表面处理作业的成本及除锈设备的费用。当设备固定不变后，m为常数，y为常数，所以E也是一个常数，但由于磨料破碎，m1发生变化，因此，一般应选择损耗率较低的磨料，这样有利于提高清理速度和长叶片的寿命。     4．5清洗和预热     在喷(抛)射处理前，采用清洗的方法除去钢管表面的油脂和积垢，采用加热炉对管体预热至40一60℃，使钢管表面保持干燥状态。在喷(抛)射处理时，由于钢管表面不含油脂等污垢，可增强除锈的效果，干燥的钢管表面也有利于钢丸、钢砂与锈和氧化皮的分离，使除锈后的钢管表面更加洁净。     5 结语     在生产中重视表面处理的重要性，严格控制除锈时的工艺参数，在实际施工中，钢管防腐层的剥离强度值大大超过标准的要求，确保了防腐层的质量，在同样设备的基础上，大大提高工艺水平，降低生产成本。

直缝钢管是用焊缝与钢管纵向平行的钢管。通常分为公制电焊钢管、电焊薄壁管、变压器冷却油管等等。　　生产工艺　　直缝高频焊接钢管具有工艺相对简单，快速连续生产的特点，在民用建筑、石化、轻工等部门有广泛用途。多用于输送低压流体或做成各种工程构件及轻工产品。 　　1.直缝高频焊接钢管的生产工艺流程 　　直缝焊接钢管是通过高频焊接机组将一定的规格的长条形钢带卷成圆管状并将直缝焊接而成钢管。钢管的形状可以是圆形的，也可以是方形或异形的，它取决于焊后的定径轧制。焊接钢管的材料主要是：低碳钢及σs≤300N/mm2、σs≤500N/mm2的低合金钢或其他钢材。直缝钢管高频焊接的生产工艺流程如下： 　　2.高频焊接 　　高频焊接是根据电磁感应原理和交流电荷在导体中的趋肤效应、邻近效应和涡流热效应，使焊缝边缘的钢材局部加热到熔融状态，经滚轮的挤压，使对接焊缝实现晶间接合，从而达到焊缝焊接之目的。高频焊是一种感应焊（或压力接触焊），它无需焊缝填充料，无焊接飞溅，焊接热影响区窄，焊接成型美观，焊接机械性能良好等优点，因此在钢管的生产中受到广泛的应用。 　　钢管的高频焊接正是利用交流电的趋肤效应和邻近效应，钢材（带钢）经滚压成型后，形成一个截面断开的圆形管坯，在管坯内靠近感应线圈中心附近旋转一个或一组阻抗器（磁棒），阻抗器与管坯开口处形成一个电磁感应回路，在趋肤效应和邻近效应的作用下，管坯开口处边缘产生强大而集中的热效应，使焊缝边缘迅速加热到焊接所需温度经压辊挤压后，熔融状态的金属实现晶间接合，冷却后形成一条牢固的对接焊缝。 　　3.高频焊管机组 　　直缝钢管的高频焊接过程是在高频焊管机组中完成的。高频焊管机组通常由滚压成型、高频焊接、挤压、冷却、定径、飞锯切断等部件组成，机组的前端配有储料活套，机组的后端配有钢管翻转机架；电气部分主要有高频发生器、直流励磁发电机和仪表自动控制装置等组成。现以φ165mm高频焊管机组为例，其主要技术参数如下： 　　3.1 焊管成品　　圆管外径： φ111~165mm　　方管： 50×50~125×125mm　　矩形管： 90×50~160×60~180×80mm　　成品管壁厚：2~6mm 　　3.2 成型速度： 20~70米/分钟 　　3.3 高频感应器：　　热功率： 600KW　　输出频率： 200~250KHz　　电源： 三相380V 50Hz　　冷却： 水冷　　激励电压： 750~1500V 　　4.高频激励电路 　　高频激励电路（又称高频振荡电路），是由安装在高频发生器内的大型电子管和振荡槽路组成，它是利用电子管的放大作用，在电子管接通灯丝和阳极时，把阳极输出信号正反馈到栅极，形成自激振荡回路。激励频率的大小取决于振荡槽路的电气参数（电压、电流、电容和电感）。 　　5.直缝钢管高频焊接工艺 　　5.1 焊缝间隙的控制 　　将带钢送入焊管机组，经多道轧辊滚压，带钢逐渐卷起，形成有开口间隙的圆形管坯，调整挤压辊的压下量，使焊缝间隙控制在1~3mm，并使焊口两端齐平。如间隙过大，则造成邻近效应减少，涡流热量不足，焊缝晶间接合不良而产生未熔合或开裂。如间隙过小则造成邻近效应增大，焊接热量过大，造成焊缝烧损；或者焊缝经挤压、滚压后形成深坑，影响焊缝表面质量。 　　5.2 焊接温度控制 　　焊接温度主要受高频涡流热功率的影响，根据公式（2）可知，高频涡流热功率主要受电流频率的影响，涡流热功率与电流激励频率的平方成正比；而电流激励频率又受激励电压、电流和电容、电感的影响。激励频率公式为： 　　f=1/[2π(CL)1/2]...(1)　　式中：f-激励频率(Hz)；C-激励回路中的电容(F)，电容=电量/电压；L-激励回路中的电感，电感=磁通量/电流 　　上式可知，激励频率与激励回路中的电容、电感平方根成反比、或者与电压、电流的平方根成正比，只要改变回路中的电容、电感或电压、电流即可改变激励频率的大小，从而达到控制焊接温度的目的。对于低碳钢，焊接温度控制在1250~1460℃，可满足管壁厚3~5mm焊透要求。另外，焊接温度亦可通过调节焊接速度来实现。 　　当输入热量不足时，被加热的焊缝边缘达不到焊接温度，金属组织仍然保持固态，形成未熔合或未焊透；当输入热时不足时，被加热的焊缝边缘超过焊接温度，产生过烧或熔滴，使焊缝形成熔洞。 　　5.3 挤压力的控制 　　管坯的两个边缘加热到焊接温度后，在挤压辊的挤压下，形成共同的金属晶粒互相渗透、结晶，最终形成牢固的焊缝。若挤压力过小，形成共同晶体的数量就小，焊缝金属强度下降，受力后会产生开裂；如果挤压力过大，将会使熔融状态的金属被挤出焊缝，不但降低了焊缝强度，而且会产生大量的内外毛刺，甚至造成焊接搭缝等缺陷。 　　5.4 高频感应圈位置的调控 　　高频感应圈应尽量接近挤压辊位置。若感应圈距挤压辊较远时，有效加热时间较长，热影响区较宽，焊缝强度下降；反之，焊缝边缘加热不足，挤压后成型不良。 　　5.5 阻抗器是一个或一组焊管专用磁棒，阻抗器的截面积通常应不小于钢管内径截面积的70%，其作用是使感应圈、管坯焊缝边缘与磁棒形成一个电磁感应回路，产生邻近效应，涡流热量集中在管坯焊缝边缘附近，使管坯边缘加热到焊接温度。阻抗器用一根钢丝拖动在管坯内，其中心位置应相对固定在接近挤压辊中心位置。开机时，由于管坯快速运动，阻抗器受管坯内壁的磨擦而损耗较大，需要经常更换。 　　5.6 焊缝经焊接和挤压后会产生焊疤，需要清除。清除方法是在机架上固定刀具，靠焊管的快速运动，将焊疤刮平。焊管内部的毛刺一般不清除。 　　5.7 工艺举例　　现以焊制φ32×2mm 直缝焊管为例，简述其工艺参数：　　带钢规格：2×98mm 带宽按中径展开加少量成型余量　　钢材材质：Q235A　　输入 励磁电压：150V 励磁电流：1.5A 频率：50Hz　　输出 直流电压：11.5kV 直流电流：4A 频率：120000Hz　　焊接速度：50米/分钟　　参数调节：根据焊接线能量的变化及时调节输出电压和焊接速度。参数固定后一般不用调整。 　　6.高频焊管的技术要求与质量检验 　　根据GB3092《低压流体输送用焊接钢管》标准的规定，焊管的公称直径为6~150mm，公称壁厚为2.0~6.0mm，焊管的长度通常为4~10米，可按定尺或倍尺长度出厂。钢管表面质量应光滑，不允许有折叠、裂缝、分层、搭焊等缺陷存在。钢管表面允许有不超过壁厚负偏差的划道、刮伤、焊缝错位、烧伤和结疤等轻微缺陷存在。允许焊缝处壁厚增厚和内缝焊筋存在。 　　焊接钢管应做机械性能试验和压扁试验以及扩口试验，并要达到标准规定的要求。钢管应能承受一定的内压力，必要时进行2.5Mpa压力试验，保持一分钟无渗漏。允许用涡流探伤的方法代替水压试验。涡流探伤按GB7735《钢管涡流探伤检验方法》标准执行。涡流探伤方法是将探头固定在机架上，探伤与焊缝保持3~5mm距离，靠钢管的快速运动对焊缝进行全面的扫查，探伤信号经涡流探伤仪的自动处理和自动分选，达到探伤的目的。 是用钢板或钢带经过卷曲成型后焊接制成的钢管。焊接钢管生产工艺简单，生产效率高，品种规格多，设备资少，但一般强度低于无缝钢管。20世纪30年代以来，随着优质带钢连轧生产的迅速发展以及焊接和检验技术的进步，焊缝质量不断提高，焊接钢管的品种规格日益增多，并在越来越多的领域代替了无缝钢管。焊接钢管按焊缝的形式分为直缝焊管和螺旋焊管。直缝焊管生产工艺简单，生产效率高，成本低，发展较快。螺旋焊管的强度一般比直缝焊管高，能用较窄的坯料生产管径较大的焊管，还可以用同样宽度的坯料生产管径不同的焊管。但是与相同长度的直缝管相比，焊缝长度增加30~100%，而且生产速度较低。　　探伤后的焊管用飞锯按规定长度切断，经翻转架下线。钢管两端应平头倒角，打印标记，成品管用六角形捆扎包装后出厂。

DN是指公称直径，DN100是说钢管的公称直径是100毫米.DN后面的值是经过圆整的，DN100的管子不代表其通径就是100mm（通常DN100的管外径为114mm内径为95mm。不过个别的企业标准对DN的定义又不同了。我们公司对DN定义为公称口径，他是介于公称直径外径与公称直径内径之间的一个数值）。DN100的管子 又叫四寸管。普通镀锌焊管1.2寸重量为3.13kg/m，1.5寸重量为3.84kg/m； 加厚型镀锌焊管1.2寸重量为3.78/m，1.5寸重量为4.58kg/m；钢管重量公式 钢管重量公式:[(外径-壁厚)*壁厚]*0.02466=kg/米(每米的重量) 你要是省事就现成的：普通镀锌焊管1.2寸重量为3.13kg/m，1.5寸重量为3.84kg/m； 加厚型镀锌焊管1.2寸重量为3.78/m，1.5寸重量为4.58kg/m；无缝钢管、焊管重量计算公式： kg/m = (外径 - 壁厚) * 壁厚 * 0.02466 输入外径(mm), 输入壁厚(mm),得到重量（kg/m）一般情况下也可以参考这样的数值： 普通：1.2寸重量为3.13kg/m，1.5寸重量为3.84kg/m 加厚：1.2寸重量为3.78/m，1.5寸重量为4.58kg/m

1．选择适宜的场地和库房    1)保管钢管的场地或仓库，应选择在清洁干净、排水通畅的地方，远离产生有害气体或粉尘的厂矿。在场地上要清除杂草及一切杂物，保持钢管干净   2)在仓库里不得与酸、碱、盐、水泥等对钢管有侵蚀性的材料堆放在一起。不同品种的钢管应分别堆放，防止混淆，防止接触腐蚀   3)大型型钢、钢轨、辱钢板、大口径钢管、锻件等可以露天堆放   4)中小型型钢、盘条、钢筋、中口径钢管、钢丝及钢丝绳等，可在通风良好的料棚内存放，但必须上苫下垫     5)一些小型钢管、薄钢板、钢带、硅钢片、小口径或薄壁钢管、各种冷轧、冷拔钢管以及价格高、易腐蚀的金属制品，可存放入库     6)库房应根据地理条件选定，一般采用普通封闭式库房，即有房顶有围墙、门窗严密，设有通风装置的库房     7)库房要求晴天注意通风，雨天注意关闭防潮，经常保持适宜的储存环境    2．合理堆码、先进先放    1)堆码的原则要求是在码垛稳固、确保安全的条件下，做到按品种、规格码垛，不同品种的材料要分别码垛，防止混淆和相互腐蚀     2)禁止在垛位附近存放对钢管有腐蚀作用的物品     3)垛底应垫高、坚固、平整，防止材料受潮或变形     4)同种材料按入库先后分别堆码，便于执行先进先发的原则     5)露天堆放的型钢，下面必须有木垫或条石，垛面略有倾斜，以利排水，并注意材料安放平直，防止造成弯曲变形     6)堆垛高度，人工作业的不超过1.2m，机械作业的不超过1.5m，垛宽不超过2.5m     7)垛与垛之间应留有一定的通道，检查道一般为O．5m，出入通道视材料大小和运输机械而定，一般为1.5～2．Om     8)垛底垫高，若仓库为朝阳的水泥地面，垫高O．1m即可；若为泥地，须垫高O．2～0.5m。若为露天场地，水泥地面垫高O·3～O·5m，沙泥面垫高0.5～O．7m   9)露天堆放角钢和槽钢应俯放，即口朝下，工字钢应立放，钢管的I槽面不能朝上，以免积水生锈   3．保护材料的包装和保护层    钢厂出厂前涂的防腐剂或其他镀复及包装，这是防止材料锈蚀的重要措施，在运输装卸过程中须注意保护，不能损坏，可延长材料的保管期限    4．保持仓库清洁、加强材料养护    1)材料在入库前要注意防止雨淋或混入杂质，对已经淋雨或弄污的材料要按其性质采用不同的方法擦净，如硬度高的可用钢丝刷，硬度低的用布、棉等物     2)材料入库后要经常检查，如有锈蚀，应清除锈蚀层     3)一般钢管表面清除于净后，不必涂油，但对优质钢、合金薄钢板、薄壁管、合金钢管等，除锈后其内外表面均需涂防锈油后再存放     4)对锈蚀较严重的钢管，除锈后不宜长期保管，应尽快使用

出口退税，又称“出口货物退税”，其内涵是指对出口货物退还国内生产、流通环节已经缴纳的商品税。在我国，出口退税是退还出口商品国内已纳增值税和消费税。 1、假如你是钢管制造厂，有进出口权,那么退税是按出口FOB价*退税率的，然后与企业进项税与销项税留抵对比，哪个小退哪个。       2、假如你是钢管贸易公司，那么按照增值税发票货值*退税税率，余12%税转入成本。       3、钢管退税都是在出口货物九十天之内将资料报送税务机关。 出口退税条件       （1）必须是增值税、消费税征收范围内的货物。　　       （2）必须是报关离境出口的货物。 （3）必须是在财务上作出口销售处理的货物。        （4）必须是已收汇并经核销的货物。 出口退税登记      1、出口企业应持对外贸易经济合作部及其授权批准其出口经营权的批件、工商营业执照、海关代码证书和税务登记证于批准之日起三十日内向所在地主管退税业务的税务机关填写《出口企业退税登记表》（生产企业填写一式三份，退税机关、基层退税部门、企业各一份），申请办理退税登记证。　 2、没有进出口经营权的生产企业应在发生第一笔委托出口业务之前，需持委托出口协议、工商营业执照和国税税务登记证向所在地主管退税业务的税务机关办理注册退税登记。 　　 3、出口企业退税税务登记内容发生变化时，企业在工商行政管理机关办理变更注册登记的，应当自工商行政管理机关办理变更登记之日起三十日内，持有关向退税机关申请办理变更税务登记，填写《退税登记变更表》（生产企业填写一式两份，退税机关、企业各一份）。按照规定企业不需要在工商行政管理机关办理注册登记的，应当自有关机关批准或者宣布变更之日起三十日内，持有关向退税机关申请办理变更税务登记。      出口退税是指对出口商品已征收的国内税部分或全部退还给出口商的一种措施，这也是国际惯例。1994年1月1日开始施行的《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》规定，纳税人出口商品的增值税税率为零，对于出口商品，不但在出口环节不征税，而且税务机关还要退还该商品在国内生产、流通环节已负担的税款，使出口商品以不含税的价格进入国际市场。     国务院规定，从1985年4月1日起实行对出口产品退税政策。1994年1月1日起，随着国家税制的改革，我国改革了已有的退还产品税、增值税、消费税的出口退税管理办法，建立了以新的增值税、消费税制度为基础的出口货物退（免）税制度。出口退税是一种国际惯例，是国际产品公平竞争的基础。     我国于1985年开始确立了现行的出口退税制度，使出口货物以不含税价格进入国际市场，不仅增强了出口货物的竞争能力，调动了出口企业的积极性，也大大促进了我国外贸经济的发展。因而可以说，出口退税政策的实行对财政收入的影响是积极的。近些年来，特别是在1997年亚洲金融危机之后，国家为缓解当时人民币贬值的压力，刺激外贸企业的积极性，中国政府从1998年开始提高了出口退税的比例，此后几年中，曾分次、分批、分产品地提高了出口退税率，使得平均退税率已达15%以上，其中纺织服装、机电产品和高新技术产品的出口退税率高达17%，实现了出口的零税率。 出口退税率是出口货物的实际退税额与计税依据之间的比例。它是出口退税的中心环节，体现国家在一定时期的经济政策，反映出口货物实际征税水平，退税率是根据出口货物的实际整体税负确定的，同时，也是零税率原则和宏观调控原则相结合的产物。      从2004年1月1日起，中国对不同出口货物主要有17%、13%、11%、8%、5%等五档退税率。出口企业从小规模纳税人购进货物出口准予退税的，规定出口退税率为5%的货物，按5%的退税率执行，规定出口退税率高于5%的货物一律按6%的退税率执行。 出口退税率一、将部分纺织品、服装、玩具出口退税率提高到14%。二、将日用及艺术陶瓷出口退税率提高到11%。三、将部分塑料制品出口退税率提高到9%。四、将部分家具出口退税率提高到11%、13%。五、将艾滋病药物、基因重组人胰岛素冻干粉、黄胶原、钢化安全玻璃、电容器用钽丝、船用锚链、缝纫机、风扇、数控机床硬质合金刀、部分书籍、笔记本等商品的出口退税率分别提高到9%、11%、13%。 以上调整自2008年11月1日起执行。具体执行时间，以“出口货物报关单（出口退税专用）”海关注明的出口日期为准。