热轧钢材是经过高温加热轧制而成的钢材，它的强度不是很高，但足以满足我们的使用，它的塑性、可焊性较好，因此我们比较常用；冷轧钢是普通热轧钢经过强力拉拔超过应变硬化阶段的钢材，它的强度很高，但韧性、可焊性差，比较硬、脆！    热轧低碳钢 Q/BQB 302 SPHCSPHDSPHE JIS G3131 SPHCSPHDSPHE 适用于制造冷成型加工的零件。  StW22StW23StW24 DIN 1614(EN10111) StW22 (DD11)STW23 (DD12)StW24 (DD13)  一般结构用钢 Q/BQB 303 SS 330SS 400SS 490SS 540 JIS G3101 SS 330SS 400SS 490SS 540 用于建筑、桥梁、船舶、车辆等一般结构件。  St 33St 37-2St 37-3St 44-2St 50-2St 52-3 DIN 17100(EN10025) St 33 (S185)St 37-2 (S235JR)St 37-3 (S235JO)St 44-2 (S275JR)St 50-2 (E295)St 52-3 (S355JO)  焊接结构用钢 Q/BQB 303 SM 400ASM400BSM 400CSM 490ASM490BSM 490CSM490YASM490YBSM520BSM 520C JIS G3106 SM 400ASM400BSM 400CSM 490ASM490BSM 490CSM490YASM490YBSM520BSM 520C 用于建筑、桥梁、船舶、车辆、石油罐、工程机械等要求焊接性能优良的结构件。  B520JJ --- --- 混凝土搅拌车筒体用热连轧钢板。  Welten590RE NSC Welten590RE 可焊高强度钢板，用于压力容器、油罐、工程机械、采矿机械、压力水管等。  B590GJAB590GJB --- ---  机械结构用钢 Q/BQB 303 C 22C35S 20CS 35C DIN 17200JIS G4501 C 22C35S 20CS 35C 用于经切削等加工并热处理后使用的机械结构件。  细晶粒结构钢 --- StE255StE355 DIN 17102 StE255StE355 适用于焊接的细晶粒结构钢。  钢管用钢带钢 Q/BQB 303 SPHT1SPHT2SPHT3 JIS G3132 SPHT1SPHT2SPHT3 用于焊接钢管。  汽车结构用钢 Q/BQB 310BZJ 311BZJ 312BZJ 313BZJ 314 SAPH 310SAPH 370SAPH 400SAPH 440 JIS G3113 SAPH 310SAPH 370SAPH 400SAPH 440 用于要求成形性加工性能的汽车构架、车轮等汽车结构件。  QStE 340TMQStE 380TMQStE 420TMQStE 460TMQStE 500TM SEW 092(EN10149-2) QStE 340TM (---)QStE 380TM (---)QStE 420TM (S420MC)QStE 460TM (S460MC)QStE 500TM (S500MC) 冷变形用热轧粒钢，用于要求良好冷成型性能并有较高或高强度要求的汽车大梁等结构件。  B330CLB380CLB420CL --- --- 有良好冷成型性能，用于汽车滚型车轮轮网及轮幅。  B440QZRB480QZR --- --- 制造汽车传动轴管用。  B 320L B 550LB 510L B 420LB 510DL --- --- 汽车大梁、横梁用。  锅炉及压力容器用钢 Q/BQB 320 HII19Mn6 DIN 17155 (EN10028-2) HII (P265GH)19Mn6 (P355GH) 除保证常温性能外，还保证较高温度下的力学性能，适用于蒸汽锅炉设备，较高工作温度的压力容器及类似结构件。  Q/BQB 320 SB410 JIS G3103 SB410  Q/BQB 321 B440HPB490HP JIS G3116 SG295SG325 焊接气瓶用钢板。  船体结构用钢 Q/BQB 330 ABD LR,BVGL,DNV 及ABS 船规 ABD 可按各国船级社规范供货。  耐大气腐蚀钢 Q/BQB 340 WTSt37-2WTSt52-3 SEW087 (EN10155) WTSt37-2 (S235J2W)WTSt52-3 (S355J 2G 1W) 用于制造集装箱、铁道车辆、石油井架、工程机械等要求耐大气腐蚀的结构件截流和燃料。  NAW 400NAW 490 NSC NAW 400NAW 490  B460NQRB490NQR --- ---  耐硫酸腐蚀钢 S-ten2 NSC S-ten2 用于制造含介质的容器等。  耐海水腐蚀钢 Mariloy G 41AMariloy S 50A Mariloy G 41AMariloy S 50A 用于采油平台、船舶、海港建筑等结构构件。  高耐候性结构钢 BZJ342 B480GNQR --- --- 用于制造车辆、集装、建筑及其它结构件。  厚度方向性能热连轧钢板 Q/BQB 350 Z15Z25Z35 --- --- 钢板厚度方向性能有良好的抗层状撕裂性能，用于海上采油平台及其它要求厚度性能的结构件。  表面硬化钢 Q/BQB 360 C 10C15 DIN 17210 C 10C15 高纯净低碳钢，供进行表面渗碳或渗氮后进行淬火硬化制造表层高硬度、耐磨、芯部具高韧性的结构件。  S09CKS15CK JIS G4051 S09CKS15CK  高韧性管线钢 BZJ 371 X60RLX70RL API 5L X60X70 供螺旋焊生产石油输送管用高韧性管线钢热轧宽带钢  直缝焊接套管用钢 BZJ 372 J55 API 5CT J55 供制造直缝焊石油套管用  花纹钢板 BZJ 390 BCP 270BCP 340BCP 400 --- --- 扁豆型花纹钢板  自行车用热连轧宽带钢 BZJ 304 SPHT1Z,SPHT2ZSPHT3Z,SPHDZSM50BZ,SM53BZ --- --- 用于制造自行车上、下、后接头，前叉肩、前花盘、链条滚车把横管，中轴等零件  管线用热连轧卷 GB 14164 S205,S240S315S290,S360,S385S415,S450,S480 API 5L Grade A,BX42,X46,X52X56,X60,X65X70 石油、天然气输送管用  1 、热连轧钢板产品简介：     热连轧钢板、带产品，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成带钢。从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。由于热连轧钢板产品具有强度高，韧性好，易于加工成型及良好的可焊接性等优良性能，因而北广泛应用于船舶、汽车、桥梁、建筑、机械、压力容器等制造行业。随着热轧尺寸精度、板形、表面质量等控制新技术的日益成熟以及新产品的不断问世，热连轧钢板、带产品得到了越来越广泛的应用并在市场上具有越来越强的竞争力。一般说明热连轧钢板产品，钢种规格品种繁多，用途广泛，从一般的工程结构至汽车、桥梁、船舶、锅炉压力容器等制造，都得到大量使用。各种不同用途，对钢板的材质性能、表面质量及尺寸、外形精度等要求也各不相同，因此，必须对热轧钢板产品的品种、材质、特性及其用途有所了解，才能做到经济、合理利用。 2 、力学性能考虑要点 力学性能名词术语（ 1 ）力学性能： 钢板的力学性能式指钢板在受力作用下所显示与弹性或非弹性反应相关或涉及应力——应变关系的性能。抗拉强度、屈服点、伸长率及冲击吸收功是表示热轧钢板力学性能的主要指标。其大小表示钢材抵抗各种作用的能力的大小，是评定钢板材料质量的主要判据，也是钢板制件设计时选材和进行强度计算的主要依据。 （ 2 ）力学性能实验： 测定热轧钢板力学性能的实验主要有拉伸试验及冲击试验等。 （ 3 ）屈服强度： 试样在拉伸过程中，负荷不增加或开始有所降低而试样仍能继续伸长（变形）时的应力。钢材的屈服强度愈低，产生永久变形所需的力愈小，即愈容易成形加工。（ 4 ）抗拉强度： 试样拉伸时，在拉断前所承受的最大应力。当材料所受的外应力大于其抗拉强度时，将会发生破裂，因此，钢板材料的抗拉强度愈大，则表示它愈能承受大的外应力而不断裂。 （ 5 ）伸长率： 试样在拉断后，其标距部分所增加的长度与原标距长度的百分比。伸长率的比数愈大，则表示材料在受力破坏前可以经受永久变形的性能（塑性）愈好；反之则塑性愈差。 （ 6 ）冲击功 （冲击吸收功）：冲击试验时，规定形状和尺寸的试样在冲击力一次作用下折断时所吸收的功，冲击功的大小，表示金属材料对冲击负荷的抵抗能力。冲击功愈高，则材料抗突然脆断的能力愈强。 3 、热连轧钢板产品的选用 1 ）力学性能与可成形性及使用性能的关系    要使钢板获得所需的形状，必须使其永久变形，所采取的工艺可以是局部或整体弯曲、深冲、张拉或这些成型方法的组合。（ 1 ）薄钢板的屈服强度表示出成形后的可成形性和强度，对普通碳素钢板的成形，屈服点值过高，常常有可能发生过大的回弹、成形时容易破断，磨具磨损快以及由于塑性不良而出现缺陷。然而材料的屈服点小于 140Mpa 时，又可能经受不住成形过程中施加的应力，对用于较复杂或复杂成形加工或冲压加工的钢板，通常要求具有比较低的屈服强度值，而且屈服比值愈小，由钢板的成形性能愈好。（ 2 ）中厚板的冷态可成形性与材料的屈服强度和伸长率有直接关系。屈服强度值愈低，产生永久变形所需的应力愈小；伸长率值愈高，高的延展性可以允许承受大的变形量而不致断裂。 （ 3 ）对用于建筑结构、桥梁及机械结构件的钢板，为防止构件断裂，要求钢板材料具有特点的抗拉强度，而为防止构件变形，又要求钢板材料具有一定的屈服强度，因此对这类用途的钢材都要求规定抗拉强度、屈服强度的最小值或范围值。 （ 4 ）对用于承受冲击负荷变形，例如船舶、桥梁、石油、天然气管线用钢板，为防止其使用中发生脆性断裂，又要求其具有一定足够高的冲击韧性 - 冲击功值。 2 ）钢板品种类别的选用 .    热连轧钢板产品包括带（卷）及由其剪切而成的钢板。而钢带（卷）又可分为直发卷及精整卷（分卷，平整分卷及纵切带卷）。    由于直发卷未经重卷，未切除钢带头尾尺寸变化部分并且未经矫直和平整，因此直发卷带有舌头和鱼尾，并且容易发生头尾厚度、宽度不均，边部浪形，折边、塔形以及开卷后出现折皱（腰折）等缺陷，因此对钢板的表面质量，板形要求比较高的用途而言，不宜选用热轧直发卷，而应选用经过精整线重卷、平整的平整卷。 5、“热轧带钢 ” １．产品：普通碳素结构钢钢带 标准：（ GB/T3524-1992 、 GB/T8164-1993 、 QJ/HG02.22-1995 规格：厚度： 2.0 -5.0mm 宽度： 100 -230mm 钢种： HG5 、 Q215 、 Q235 ２．产品：优质碳素结构钢钢带 标准：（ GB8749-1998 、 GB/T8164-1993 size="3"> ） 规格：厚度： 2.5 -4.5mm 宽度： 钢种： 10# 、 20# 、 45# 、 50# 、 40Mn 、 45Mn 、 65Mn ３．产品：自行车链条用钢带 标准： QJ/HG02.15-1991 规格：厚度： 2.75 -4.5mm 宽度： 125 -205mm 钢种： ZL20MnSi 用途：焊接管用、工业链条用、自行车变速链条用、建筑机械、工具用、弹簧用（卷帘门弹簧、卡簧等） “ 冷轧带钢 ” １．产品：碳素结构钢冷轧钢带 标准：（ GB716-1991 、 QJ/HG02.22-1995 ） 规格：厚度： 0.5 -2.0mm 宽度：≤ 205mm 钢种： HG5 、 Q215 、 Q235 ２．产品：优质碳素结构钢冷轧钢带 标准： GB3522-1983 规格：厚度： 0.5 -2.0mm 宽度：≤ 205mm 钢种： 10# 、 20# 、 40Mn 、 45# 、 50# ３．产品：自行车链条用冷轧钢带 标准：（ QJ/HG02.15-1991 、 GB3522-1983 ） 规格：厚度： 0.5 -2.0mm 宽度： 125 -205mm 钢种： ZL20MnSi 用途：工业链条用、自行车变速链条用、刀具用、家具用 “ 小型材 ” １．产品：圆钢（小轧股份公司生产） 标准：（ GB699-1988 、 GB700-1988 、 GB3077-1988 、 GB702-1986 、 QJ/HG02.17-1991 ） 规格： 10 -42mm （ 10 、 12 、 14 、 16 、 18 、 20 、 22 、 25 、 28 、 30 、 32 、 34 、 35 、 36 、 38 、 40 、 42mm ） 钢种： Q215 、 Q235 、 45# 、 50# 、 HG3 、 20CrMnTi 、 20Cr 、 20CrMo 、 35CrMo 、 42CrMo 、 60Si2Mn 、 40Cr 用途：机械零件、轴、五金工具、齿轮用钢、标准件用钢等；螺铆、螺栓、轴、销、自行车、摩托车等配 件 ２．产品：螺纹钢筋 标准 :(GB1499-1991 、 BS4449:1988 ） 规格： 10 、 12 、 14 、 16 、 18 、 20 、 22 、 25 、 28 、 32 、 36 、 40mm 钢种： 20MnSi 、 20MnV 、 25MnSi 、 BS20MnSi 。 用途：建筑用材、包括可供高层建筑用材。（钢筋混凝土结构用）

热轧钢管采用的是德国技术的制造设备及先进的涡流探伤设备；美国进口的清除内毛刺和冷缩径工艺设备，确保内壁光洁平滑无损伤及焊缝再处理；国内最先进的自动化天然气高温退火炉，退火温度达1000℃，彻底消除钢管制造过程中产生的内应力；国内最先进的排辊式制管及缩径设备；水压试验工序改为100％静水压常规工序，压力不低于60公斤，确保产品质量过关。设备完善的化学实验室、物理实验室、万能材料试验机、洛氏硬度仪等高端检验检测设备，为产品质量提高可靠保障。 热轧钢管适用范围： 本产品广泛应用于中低压流体输送管道，煤气管道、天然气管道、供水管道、污水处理管道、空调管道、消防管道、建筑工程、化工工程、石油管道工程、供热取暖工程及设备工程等是近两年开发的国家“九五”重点高新技术推广项目和国家“火炬”计划项目，适用于石油天然气工业。给排水工程、化学工业、电力工业农业灌溉、城市建设，也可用于气体输送管道用，并可做结构管使用，打桩、桥梁、码头、道路等通用。 热轧钢管的材质： 本产品材质为10#，20#，35#，45#，X42, X60, X80, Q235，Q295，Q345，也可根据客户需求自选材质。 热轧钢管的标准： 本产品依据API SPEC 5L石油天然气标准、API SPEC 5CT石油套管规范,GB/T8163-1999输送流体用钢管GB/T8162-1999结构用钢管标准。 定尺长度： 定尺长度为8000～12000mm±500mm，也可根据客户需求长度生产。 热轧钢管可供应的规格型号：除下列规格型号外，也可根据客户需求生产非型号钢管。 经过几年来厂家和客户的使用验证了我公司产品质量有可靠保障，是无缝钢管的替代产品，产品畅销全国20多个省、市、自治区，因质优价廉受到广大客户的青睐。

不锈钢热轧钢板是用热轧工艺生产的不锈钢钢板。厚度不大于3mm的为薄板，厚度大于3mm的为厚板用于化工、石油、机械、船舶等行业制造耐蚀零件、容器和设备。其分类和牌号如下： 　　1．奥氏体型钢 　　(1)1Cr17Mn6Ni15N；(2)1Cr18Mn8Ni5N；(3)1Cr18Ni9；(4)1Cr18Ni9Si3；(5)0Cr18Ni9；(6)00Cr19Ni10；(7)0Cr19Ni9N；(8)0Cr19Ni10NbN；(9)00Cr18Ni10N；(10)1Cr18Ni12；(11) 0Cr23Ni13；(12)0Cr25Ni20；(13) 0Cr17Ni12Mo2；(14) 00Cr17Ni14Mo2；(15) 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N；(16) 00Cr17Ni13Mo2N；(17) 1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti；(18) 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti；(19) 1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti；(20) 0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti；(21) 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2；(22) 00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2；(23) 0Cr19Ni13Mo3；(24) 00Cr19Ni13Mo3；(25) 0Cr18Ni16Mo5；(26) 1Cr18Ni9Ti；(27) 0Cr18Ni10Ti；(28) 0Cr18Ni11Nb；(29) 0Cr18Ni13Si4 　　2．奥氏体——铁素体型钢 　　(30)0Cr26Ni5Mo2；(31)00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2； 　　3．铁素体型钢 　　(32)0Cr13Al；(33) 00Cr12；(34)1Cr15；(35)1Cr17；(36)1Cr17Mo；(37)00Cr17Mo； (38)00Cr18Mo2；(39)00Cr30Mo2；(40)00Cr27Mo 　　4．马氏体型钢 　　(41)1Cr12；(42)0Cr13；(43)；1Cr13；(44)2Cr13；(45)3Cr13；(46)4Cr13；(47)3Cr16；(48)7Cr17 　　5．沉淀硬化型钢 　　(49)0Cr17Ni7Al热轧板带钢工艺润滑的研究　　一 热轧工艺润滑的主要作用　　1.1 降低摩擦系数，降低轧制力　　由于磨擦系数的减小，使轧制力降低，一般为可降低轧制力10%~25%，这样降低了轧制功率，节约了能耗，。　　1.2 减少轧辊消耗，提高作业率　　热轧条件下，工作轧辊面因与冷却水长期接触发生氧化，形成黑皮，这是造成轧辊异常磨损的主要原因。采用特殊的润滑剂能够有效阻止辊面黑皮的形成，延长轧辊使用寿命，减少换辊次数，提高轧机作业率。　　1.3改善轧后表面质量　　轧辊磨损的降低，黑皮的减少直接改善了轧后板面质量。　　1.4改善制品内部组织性能　　工艺润滑可以使轧后带钢的晶料组织得到改善，提高其深冲性能。　　1.5节能降耗　　采用工艺润滑后，热轧吨钢平均节电3度；酸洗酸液减少0.3~1.0kg；金属消耗降低1.0kg；轧辊的消耗能降低30%~50%。　　二 热轧工艺润滑的机理 　　通常热轧润滑剂是以油水混合液的形式被送到轧辊表面的，水是载体，少量的油均匀分散在水中。油水混合液的作用过程是水包油相向油包水相的转变过程。混合液体到达辊面后，以水包油的形式迅速地在辊面展开，当进入变形区与高温轧件接触时，由于温度和压力的作用，水很快蒸发并转变成油包水相，一部分油燃烧成以灰分为主的燃烧物；一部分油则以油膜的形式均匀地覆盖在轧辊与轧件的接触弧面上，两者在变形区内大约0.01s的时间内都能起到润滑的作用。　　三 热轧工艺润滑剂的选用　　3.1 热轧工艺润滑剂的性能　　3.1.1良好且稳定的润滑性能　　3.1.2良好的润湿性和黏着性，能均匀地分散在轧辊表面并牢固地黏着。　　3.1.3高温下良好的抗氧化性和耐分解性，保证在与轧件接触前不产生燃烧和分解。　　3.1.4良好的抗乳化性和离水展着性。　　3.1.5无毒无味，同时分解中产生的气体也无毒无味，燃烧产物无毒，不污染环境。　　3.2热轧工艺润滑剂的组成及种类　　热轧油有水基和油基两种形式，目前大部分厂家采用油基热轧油。　　一般热轧油由基础油和油性剂两部分组成，基础油有矿物油、聚烯烃、酯类油；油性剂有动、植物油、脂肪酸、高级脂肪酸、合成脂、固体润滑剂等。　　四 热轧工艺润滑对力能参数的影响　　生产中采用上述热轧油后，使得轧制压力显著降低15%~30%；轧辊消耗减少可达50%；节能减少近10%。　　采用不同类型的热轧油进行热轧普碳钢工艺润滑效果实验，测量轧制压力并与无工艺润滑的轧制条件的轧制力作比较，结果见下表　　表： 不同类型热轧油的润滑效果　　热轧油类型 轧制压力下降%　　Q-HB-1905 32.5 　　HR-40 21.2 　　Q-HB-11 20.8 　　脂肪油 40　　由表可看出，脂肪油表现出较好的降低轧制力的能力，但脂肪油也存在致命缺陷，如轧后钢板表面的清洁性较差；另外脂肪油在高温条件下油烟较重，恶化工作环境。另外不同种类的添加剂降低轧制压力也明显不同，影响效果如图所示 五 工艺润滑对轧辊磨损的影响　　采用工艺润滑可大大降低轧辊的磨损，热轧时轧辊应有足够冷却与润滑。通过现场对比试验，轧制带钢产量与轧辊磨损的关系在不同的轧制条件下有很大的差异，如图所示 随轧制量增加，轧辊磨损加剧，由于磨损的不均匀性，将严重影响到轧后的板面质量，采用润滑后，轧辊磨损的速度要缓慢得多。　　采用工艺润滑后，轧辊磨损大大减少，沿辊身长度上的磨损也变得较为均匀，这样对热轧带钢的板形非常有利。下图为F1～F4 400连轧机组轧辊的磨损情况： 　　实践表明，采用微量的润滑剂完全可以达到降低轧辊磨损的目的，轧辊的润滑效果及磨损程度并不是与润滑剂用量及浓度成正比，相反，润滑剂的用量过大，会造成打滑、轧件咬入困难，同时造成污染。　　六 存在的问题 　　热轧带钢采用工艺润滑后，使轧件的咬入条件发生变化,不利于轧件的顺利咬入,可以通过间歇供油的方式来解决。由于采用润滑后摩擦系数的下降，对板宽、板厚将产生很大影响，且不易控制，可在条件成熟时采用AGC厚度自动控制系统，对厚度精度进行有效控制，且能获得更加良好的板形。此外由于轧制油的燃烧，使工人恶劣的工作条件比以前有所加剧，车间油烟较大，需专设排烟系统。

热轧是在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制。可以破坏钢锭的铸造组织，细化钢材的晶粒，并消除显微组织的缺陷，从而使钢材组织密实，力学性能得到改善。这种改善主要体现在沿轧制方向上，从而使钢材在一定程度上不再是各向同性体；浇注时形成的气泡、裂纹和疏松，也可在高温和压力作用下被焊合。热轧钢管生产工艺流程 热轧无缝钢管的生产工艺流程包括坯料轧前准备、管坯加热、穿孔、轧制、定减径和钢 管冷却、精整等几个基本工序。 当今热轧无缝钢管生产的一般主要变形工序有三个：穿孔、轧管和定减径；其各自的工 艺目的和要求为： 热轧钢管生产穿孔 将实心的管坯变为空心的毛管；我们可以理解为定型，既将轧件断面定为圆环状；其设 备被称为穿孔机。对穿孔工艺的要求是：首先要保证穿出的毛管壁厚均匀，椭圆度小，几何 尺寸精度高；其次是毛管的内外表面要较光滑，不得有结疤、折叠、裂纹等缺陷；第三是要 有相应的穿孔速度和轧制周期， 以适应整个机组的生产节奏， 使毛管的终轧温度能满足轧管 机的要求。 2.1.2 热轧钢管生产轧管 将厚壁的毛管变为薄壁（接近成品壁厚）的荒管；我们可以视其为定壁，即根据后续的 工序减径量和经验公式确定本工序荒管的壁厚值； 该设备被称为轧管机。 对轧管工艺的要求 是： 第一是将厚壁毛管变成薄壁荒管 （减壁延伸） 时首先要保证荒管具有较高的壁厚均匀度； 其次荒管具有良好的内外表面质量。 2.1.3 热轧钢管生产定减径（包括张减） 大圆变小圆，简称定径；相应的设备为定（减）径机。对定减径工艺的要求是：首先在 一定的总减径率和较小的单机架减径率条件下来达到定径目的， 第二可实现使用一种规格管 坯生产多种规格成品管的任务，第三还可进一步改善钢管的外表面质量。 20 世纪 80 年代末,曾出现过试图取消轧管工序,仅使用穿孔加定减的方法生产无缝钢管, 简称 CPS,即斜轧穿孔和张减的英文缩写),并在南非的 Tosa 厂进行了工业试验,用来生产外径: ３３.４～１７９.８mm，壁厚 3.4～25mm 的钢管，其中定径最小外径为 101.6mm；张减最 大外径我 101.6mm。经过实践检验，该工艺在产生壁厚大于 10mm 的钢管时质量尚可，但 在生产壁厚小于 8mm 的钢管时通过定径、张减不能完全消除穿孔毛管的螺旋线，影响了钢 管的外观质量。在随后的改造中不得不在穿孔机于定减径机之间增设了一台 MINI-MPM(4 机架)来确保产品质量。 2.2 各热轧机组生产工艺过程特点 我们通常将毛管的壁厚加工称之为轧管。轧管是钢管成型过程中最重要的一个工序环 节。 这个环节的主要任务是按照成品钢管的要求将厚壁的毛管减薄至与成品钢管相适应的程 度，即它必须考虑到后继定、减径工序时壁厚的变化，这个环节还要提高毛管的内外表面质 量和壁厚的均匀度。 通过轧管减壁延伸工序后的管子一般称为荒管。 轧管减壁方法的基本特 点是在毛管内按上刚性芯棒，由外部工具（轧辊或模孔）对毛管壁厚进行压缩减壁。依据变 形原理和设备特点的不同，它有许多种生产方法，如表 1 所示。一般习惯根据轧管机的形式 来 命 名 热 轧 机 组 。 轧 管 机 分 单 机 架和 多 机 架 ，单 机 架 有 自动 轧 管 机 、阿 塞 尔 轧 机 、

热轧特点是：　　(1)热轧能显著降低能耗，降低成本。热轧时金属塑性高，变形抗力低，大大减少了金属变形的能量消耗。　　(2)热轧能改善金属及合金的加工工艺性能，即将铸造状态的粗大晶粒破碎，显著裂纹愈合，减少或消除铸造缺陷，将铸态组织转变为变形组织，提高合金的加工性能。　　(3)热轧通常采用大铸锭，大压下量轧制，不仅提高了生产效率，而且为提高轧制速度、实现轧制过程的连续化和自动化创造了条件。　　(4)热轧不能非常精确地控制产品所需的力学性能，热轧制品的组织和性能不能够均匀。其强度指标低于冷作硬化制品，而高于完全退火制品；塑性指标高于冷作硬化制品，而低于完全退火制品。　　(5)热轧产品厚度尺寸较难控制，控制精度相对较差；热轧制品的表面较冷轧制品粗糙Ra值一般在0.5～1.5μm。因此，热轧产品一般多作为冷轧加工的坯料。

热轧、镀锌是钢材的两种加工工艺方法，他们的原理完全不同。热轧（hot rolling）是相对于冷轧而言的，冷轧是在再结晶温度以下进行的轧制，而热轧就是在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制。热轧的优点：采用热轧可以提高生产效率、轧制速度，实现轧制过程的连续化和自动化；热轧能降低耗能和降低成本；热轧的 金属 塑性高，变形抗力低；能改善 金属 加工性能，消除铸造缺陷。热轧的缺点：非 金属 物被压会出现分层现象，使受压性能恶化；刚才的长宽尺寸不能控制，产品的精度不够；热轧的不均匀冷却会造成残余应力，变形、稳定性、抗疲劳性能会发生变化。镀锌是在装有镀件、玻璃球、锌粉、水和促进剂的旋转滚桶内，作为冲击介质的玻璃球随着滚桶转动，与镀件表面发生摩擦和锤击产生机械物理能量，在化学促进剂的作用下，将镀涂的锌粉“冷焊”到镀件表面上，形成光滑、均匀和细致的具有一定厚度的镀层。镀锌分为热镀锌和电镀锌两种。热镀锌也叫热浸镀锌和热浸锌，是一种有效的 金属 防腐方式，主要用于各 行业 的 金属 结构设施上。是将除锈后的钢件浸入500℃左右融化的锌液中，使钢构件表面附着锌层，从而起到防腐的目的。电镀锌，是利用电解设备将管件经过除油、酸洗、后放入成分为锌盐的溶液中，并连接电解设备的负极，在管件的对面放置锌版，连接在电解设备的正极接通电源，利用电流从正极向负极的定向移动就会在管件上沉积一层锌，冷镀管件是先加工后镀锌。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0

冷轧薄钢板，简称冷轧钢板、冷轧薄板、冷轧板、冷板等。它还包括不锈钢板、弹簧钢板、硬钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、镀铝板等。冷轧薄钢带，简称冷轧钢带、冷轧带钢、钢带、带钢、薄钢带、冷轧卷等。还包括不锈钢带、镀锌钢带、镀锡钢带等。 冷轧钢板标准 冷轧薄钢板、钢带（以下简称冷轧薄板）主要用于零件的冲压加工，而冷轧薄板的力学性能十分重要，它直接关系到板材的冲压性能。冷轧薄板是以不同的热处理状态分级的，不同硬度的材料，用于不同的加工方法，国家标准GB/T 13237-1991《优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带》将冷轧薄板大致分为三级，P级用于普通冲压，S级用于深度冲压，Z级用于最深度冲压。中国冶金标准YB/T 5059-1993《低碳钢冷轧钢带》将薄钢板按硬度分为五级，即：TR（特级）、R（软）、BR（半软）、DY（低硬）和Y（冷硬）。其实通过一定的冷轧变形程度和冷轧后热处理的恰当配合，可以在广泛的范围内满足用户关于材料力学性能方面的要求。冷轧薄板根据用户加工上的要求可以分成更多的级别。例如：日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》的分类除分为一般用（spcc）、冲压用(spcd)和深冲压用（spce）三类外，还细分为退火、标准调质、1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬、全硬等级别。 在冷轧薄板力学性能的检测方面，一些标准只规定了拉伸试验，另一些标准除拉伸试验外还规定了硬度试验。 中国标准GB/T 13237-1991就只规定了拉伸试验，技术要求冷轧钢板标准如表一所示：牌号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率不小于拉延级别Z－S和PZSP08F275～365275～38034323008,08Al,10F275～390275～41032302810295～410295～43030392815F315～430315～45029282715335～450335～47027262520355～490335～50026252425——390～540——242330——440～590——222135——490～635——201940——510～650————1845——530～680————1650——540～715————14 日本标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》（该标准中包含了冷轧薄钢板和钢带）规定了拉伸试验，也规定了硬度试验，该标准的力学性能要求如下：表二：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的拉伸试验质牌号抗拉强度/MPa 不小于 伸长率/%不小于试样按以下公称厚度/mm>=0.250.250.400.601.01.6>=2.5SPCC SPCD SPCE(270) 270 270(32) 34 36(34) 36 3836 38 40　 37 39 41 　　 (38) 40 42 　39 41 435号试样轧制方向 表三：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的硬度值。调质区分符号 硬度最大HRBHV退火A57105标准调质S65115 注：厚度小于0.6mm的钢板和钢带，原则上不进行拉伸试验。 表四：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬材料的拉伸试验值。调质区分 符号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率/%最小试样1/8硬8294～410255号试样轧制方向1/4硬4370～490101/2硬2440～590——硬1>=550——     表五：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬状态的硬度值。调质区分符号HRBHV1/8硬 1/4硬8450～7165～8095～130 115～1501/2硬 硬2174～89 ≥85135～185 ≥170注：HRB和HV，仅选用其中之一。英国标准BS 1449/1.9-1991《厚板、薄板和钢带第一部分：碳素钢和碳锰钢厚板、薄板和钢带具有成形性能的冷轧窄钢带技术条件》对冷轧板分级为CS1（铝镇静稳定化超深冲）、CS2（超深冲）、CS3（深冲）、CS4（折边）、CS15（商品级）。这项标准的力学性能要求如表六所示： 表六：钢材交货时的力学性能轧制状态和级别退火（A）或平整冷轧（SP）状态硬度HV1)2)最大屈服强度Re1)/MPa最小抗拉强度Rm1)/MPa最小伸长率A1)/%最小弯心直径1)（180°弯曲）原始标距LO50mm80mmCS1A9514027038（36）0aSP10514027036（34）0aCS2A9514027036（34）0a SP10014027036（34）0aCS3A100（140）（280）（34）（32）0aSP110（140）（280）（34）（32）0aCS4A105（140）（280）——0aSP115（140）（280）——0a 注：1）窄钢带交货应符合，或者硬度和弯曲试验，或者拉伸和弯曲试验，但硬度和拉伸试验不应同时进行。     2）对于SP（平整冷轧）状态，与镀层精整（PL）或镜面光洁度（MF），或以“无拉伸痕”交货的钢材组合，最大硬度可以提高5个HV或抗拉强度可以提高20MPa。     3）牌号CS2、CS3和CS4的硬度值仅适用于沸腾钢。 如上所述冷轧薄板的力学性能可以通过拉伸试验来检测，也可以通过硬度试验来检测。由于硬度试验设备简单、易于掌握，试验效率高，并且金属硬度与强度之间有一定的对应关系，所以硬度检测是确定材料力学性能的更方便的方法。冷轧薄板的硬度检测可以用于冷轧板生产过程的质量控制，更适于生产冲压产品的厂家对原材料进行力学性能的复检。 日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996规定的硬度试验是洛氏硬度HRB和维氏硬度HV。维氏硬度试验可用于冷轧薄板，但洛氏硬度HRB却不适用于测试薄板材料。因为当板材厚度小于2mm时，测试HRB硬度可能会因为发生“测砧效应”而使测量的硬度值失准。对于薄板材料，可以测试表面洛氏硬度HRN或HRT，然后换算成HRB或HV硬度。冷轧钢板标准生产了一种便携式表面洛氏硬度计，它非常适合测试薄板和钢带材料，它可以在生产现场、销售现场或材料仓库快速进行冷轧薄板材料的洛氏硬度检测，完成一次测量仅需要10秒钟时间，检测的板材厚度范围为0.05-50mm。这种仪器可以用在冷轧薄板带的生产线上，对产品的热处理效果进行在线的质量控制。这种仪器更适用于冲压产品的生产厂家。可以用它对购入的板材硬度进行复检，可以携带它去钢材市场选购材料，也可以利用它对自己厂生产的冲压产品进行硬度检测。 这种仪器如果配上一个支承座，还可以放到办公桌上使用。可以对成批的成品或半成品工件做逐件检测。它的测试精度与台式洛氏硬度计相同。 目前冷轧薄带材料正在向超薄方向发展，据报道，上海宝钢已扎制出厚度为0.08mm的冷轧薄板带材。采用本所生产的PHR-1S型表面洛氏硬度计，配一个金刚点砧座，就可测试薄至0.05mm冷轧薄板带材料的硬度。 这种应用完全可以取代维氏硬度计，使冷轧薄板材料的力学性能检测实现快速、简便、经济。

炼钢炉炼成的钢水经过铸造后得到的产品就是钢坯。钢坯从制造工艺上主要可分为两种：模铸坯和连铸坯，目前模铸工艺已基本淘汰。    生产钢管所用的坯料，叫做管坯。通常，采用优质（或合金）的实心圆钢作管坯。某些管生产方式也有采用钢锭、连铸坯、锻坯、轧制方坯及离心浇铸的空心坯等做制管的坯料。一般情况下，管坯是指圆管坯。圆管坯的规格大小以实心圆钢的直径来表示。1 钢坯管坯加热工艺 对 130/185 工件计算切屑厚度 每次重磨后锯片寿命 锯片重磨次数 锯片更换用时 主驱动 AC 电机 芯轴旋转无级变速 AC 电机进给能力 无级变速进给 快速返回恒定值 中心润滑系统 刷扫装置 液压 3 条锯切系统 西门子控制系统 表示质量 Ra 平直度最大 毛刺高度 切屑长度公差 尺寸： 宽 长 0.1～0.15mm 10～20m2 8～10 3～5min 55kw 34～90rpm (180) 6.9kw 100～2000mm/min 8000mm/min 0.1kw 0.12kw 2×75kw S7 25µm 0.5/100 1.2mm ±1mm 大约 2850mm 大约 1200mm 大约 1920mm 大约 14000kg mm 高 每条坯总重 一个切断周期为 70 秒(包括夹紧、管坯切断、锯片返回、打开夹紧装置和管坯出料以及 切头、切尾的时间，但不包括管坯运输时间)。 3 台锯的最大生产能力为 50 万吨/年。管坯锯有一特殊的倒向装置(液压伺服装置)有利 于减振和提高锯的使用寿命(只在进给时起作用)。 锯床有两个夹紧装置分布于入出口(输入区 有辊道支撑保证弯坯的夹紧)锯切后入口端。夹紧打开保证锯片返回时不与坯子接触。 —进给锯齿轮 —锯齿轮减振， 由三个固定齿轮的减振组成， 作为可移动的减振避免了锯片相对于轴向 的摆动。 —刷扫装置 —在锯片的底部安装有一个驱动刷扫装置，清扫齿上的铁屑，不会影响锯片的寿命。 —锯片喷射润滑。 为了提高锯片的使用寿命， 高负载润滑剂的容器由空气雾化少量浇注 在锯片上，没有残留。 —锯片冷却装置。一个特殊的喷嘴，冷的空气-5oC 喷在锯片上。 锯切后的定尺坯经出口辊道和称重装置后拨至装料机前缓冲链(注：3#锯前有一尚需切 头的单倍尺坯上料台架，称重后有一回炉坯上料台架)，缓冲移送链将管坯运至装料机下辊 道前， 坯子由翻料钩从链上翻至辊道上称重合格的管坯由装料机装入环形炉， 称重不合格的 管坯由辊道运输至剔除台架前剔除。 2 环形炉简述 环形炉在热轧生产线中的作用是将管坯锯锯切之后的合格定尺管坯由常温 （20℃） 加热 到 1280±5℃以供穿孔机组进行穿孔工序。环形炉是目前世界上用于加热圆管坯的最理想的 工业炉炉型。 此炉型的特点是炉底呈环形， 在炉底驱动装置的作用下承载管坯由入料端旋转 至出料端， 再由出料机从出料炉门将加热好的管坯取出。 在管坯随炉底运动过程中通过炉墙、 炉顶等处的烧嘴加热达到合格的出料温度，并满足温度均匀性要求。 为了达到理想的加热质量， 从热工控制上将炉子从圆周方向上分成若干控制区， 依次形 成预热段、加热段、均热段，各段亦可再分若干控制区以提高控制精度，例如我厂环形炉就 分成 7 个控制区，预热段一个控制区，加热段四个控制区，均热段一个控制区，最后一个出 料区。各控制区按不同的温度进行控制，实现对管坯的合理加热，达到要求的加热质量。各 区的基本加热设备是烧嘴，烧嘴将助燃空气、燃料按合理的比例（空燃比）混合燃烧形成火 焰加热管坯。 其中燃料由管道系统供送， 助燃空气是由鼓风机 （助燃风机） 经由换热器加热， 再由空气管道分配至各区烧嘴参与燃烧。 而温度的调节由自动化控制系统通过调节管道上的 阀门开度实现燃料及配风的流量来实现。而燃料燃烧产生的烟气通过烟囱排入大气。炉底、 炉墙、烟道、烟囱等是由耐火材料砌筑而成的，以达到保温节能的效果。 与其它的炉型相比，环形炉具有以下优点： ★环形炉最适合加热圆管坯， 并能适应各种不同直径和长度的复杂坯料组成， 易于按管坯规 格的变化调整加热制度。 ★管坯在炉底上间隔放置，坯料能三面受热，加热时间短，温度均匀，加热质量好。 ★管坯在加热过程中随炉底一起转动， 与炉底之间没有相对运动和摩擦， 氧化铁皮不易脱落。 炉子除装出料门外无其它开口，严密性好，冷空气吸入少，因而氧化烧损较少。 ★炉内管坯可以出空，也可以留出不装料的空炉底段，便于更换管坯规格，操作调度灵活。 ★装料、出料和炉内运转都能自动运行，操作的机械化和自动化程度高。 环形炉的缺点是：炉子是圆形的，占用车间面积较大，平面布置上比较困难；管坯在炉 底上呈辐射状间隔布料，炉底面积的利用较差，单位炉底面积的产量较低。 目前，国际上 DALMING 厂环形炉中径为φ46m。ALGOMA 厂环形炉中径为φ36m， 国内宝钢环形炉中径为φ35m，成都无缝厂环形炉中径为φ20m，包头无缝厂环形炉中径为 φ35m，我厂一套环形炉中径φ48m，这些都是环形炉在无缝钢管厂使用的一些例证。 我厂管坯加热采用环形炉，中径 33.25m，年加热管坯量约为 50 万吨，造价近 4000 万人民 币。 3.2.1.1 1 布置 环形炉在生产线中的布置和作用 环形炉为高架布置，座落在+5m 平台上。炉体在 A-B 跨和 B-C 跨内，占据着两个跨。 从纵向看在 3 柱和 6 柱之间。 连铸管坯经冷锯切割成定尺管坯后， 管坯经由运输设备送至炉 子装料机夹钳下方， 装料机夹钳夹起管坯装入炉内。 加热好的管坯用出料机从炉内取出送至 穿孔工艺工序。 2 作用 轧管厂设置一座管坯加热炉，供连铸圆坯轧制前加热。 1) 生产任务 管坯规格：   钢坯管坯加热工艺 31 直径（mm）；200 210 150 长度（mm）：1122～4200 最大单重（kg）： 1040 注：管坯材质为低合金钢、合金钢。 2) 工艺要求 管坯加热温度：1260～1280℃ 允许温差：±5℃ 3.2.1.2 环形炉基本尺寸 炉底中心平均直径：33250mm 炉膛内部宽度:4800mm 炉底宽度：4350mm 炉膛高度：1800mm 装出料炉门夹角：14.47。 有效炉底面积：600.85m2 3、钢坯管坯加热工艺之三 炉子结构及辅助设备 结构概述： 环形炉由转动的炉底和固定的炉墙、炉顶组成。 图 3-1 环形炉运转示意图 管坯由装料机 A 送入环形炉并放置在炉底上，随炉底一起转动，在转动过程中，被安 装在炉子侧墙和炉顶的烧嘴加热，转动一圈后，由出料机 B 将被加热好的管坯取出。 环形炉炉内烟气按照与炉底转动相反的方向流动， 加热管坯后废气经由装料端内环侧墙上的 排烟口排除炉外。 1 具体的特点如下： 炉子的钢结构： 炉体外壳由轧制型钢焊接的柱梁和炉皮钢板组成。炉顶钢结构承载吊挂炉顶的耐火材 料。 2 环缝与水封：为了保证炉底运转良好,炉底和侧墙的内外环之间留有一定的缝隙,即环缝.考虑到炉子 工作时受热膨胀，炉子外环缝要比内环缝的缝隙稍大一些。 炉底和炉墙之间的环缝采用水封，水封系统由水封槽、活动刀和固定刀组成。活动刀安装在 炉墙上不动。在活动刀底部装有刮板，这样炉底在转动时，通过刮板，把水封槽内的氧化铁 皮和其它一些杂质刮到水封槽的漏斗处，最后通过漏斗清渣。 4、钢坯管坯加热工艺之四 隔墙： 在装料门和出料门之间的炉膛内设有一道隔墙 A， 其目的是减少低温管坯区对高温管坯 区及高温出炉管坯的吸热。及高温烟气直接进入低温区形成烟气短路。 在装料门后烟气出口前又设有一道隔墙 B，因为烟气出口处为负压，即有抽力。为了防止炉 膛从装料门吸入大量的冷空气，造成热耗和烧损的增加，就设置了这道隔墙 B。出料段与均 热段间设有一道隔墙 C,起到了隔离均热段与出料段,提高加热均匀性， 进一步防止烟气短路。 炉门及其它 炉子四周设有必要的检修门和观察门。 操作平台， 走道和梯子可以通达所有的烧嘴和阀 门处。 3.2.2.2 1 炉子机械 装出料机 钢坯管坯加热工艺 33 1) 结构 装出料机都是由一个固定的钢架和安装在钢架上的操作小车组成， 操作小车又由带有夹 钳的机械臂的提升装置组成。操作小车的运动用电机驱动，夹钳用液压缸开闭，所有暴露在 炉膛高温下的机械部件都采用水冷，装有绞盘，在紧急情况下把机械臂从炉内退出。 为了使夹钳夹管坯平稳，最大行程为 7600mm，且出料机夹钳可以左右摆动。扒渣机设在装 料机之间负责扒除炉底氧化铁皮积渣。 2) 动作描述 装出料机可以同步工作，也可以分别工作，所有动作都是由液压传动来完成的。装出料 机的动作可以近似看为一个矩形， 机械臂提升 前进 下降 夹钳打开 （夹紧夹钳） 3) 提升 后退 技术参数： 起重能力：1040kg 运行速度：>1m/s 运送行程：7600mm 动作频率：180 次/小时 2 炉底装置 1) 结构 环形炉的中枢部分是在炉底结构。 转动炉底是由一个型钢制成的双层钢架， 上下两层钢 架之间不是紧固连接的。上层钢架承载炉底耐火材料，下层钢架的横断面呈梯形，可把传动 设备、支撑辊、定心辊布置在炉底两侧，有利于设备的更换和维修。 2) 转动机械 环形炉通过均匀分布在炉底圆周上的两台液压马达销轮和柱销装置驱动， 柱销安装在炉 底下层钢架的外环侧。 炉底可以反向转动， 通过液压靠紧装置可以保持传动销轮和柱销之间 始终能良好的咬合。 表 3-1 每步转动距离 mm 炉内根数 每步周期(最小)S 布料排数 3 1) 定心辊和支撑辊 定心辊 为了使炉底以一个固定中心转动，采用了水平定心辊来实现定心，即沿圆周设有 12 组 321.4 313 20 单排或交错 带弹簧压紧装置的弹簧式定心辊。 定心是从内环方向向外顶住炉底下层钢架来实现。 定心力 的大小通过调节弹簧的压力来实现。 2) 4 支撑辊 整个炉底由 96 个锻钢滚轮支撑。 炉门开闭机械 装料门、出料门和清渣门用加筋的钢结构制成，内衬以浇注料,传动采用液压缸,炉门的开闭与装、出料机操作连锁。 2 炉子的供热与燃烧系统 概述 环形炉烧天然气,按照加热制度分为七个控制段供热,从装料门开始,第一段为预热段,中间四段为加热段,第六段为均热段， 第七段为出料段,预热段、 加热段侧墙上均装有德国 Krom 公司的高速型侧烧嘴,均热段和出料段炉顶装有德国 Krom 公司的平焰顶烧嘴。 2 燃烧系统的组成及设备性能 燃烧系统由一台助燃风机、空气管道、一台烟气稀释风机、一台空气换热器、一套燃气 分配系统和烧嘴形成。构成燃烧系统的这些设备，保证了燃料、助燃空气通过烧嘴达到正常 燃烧的目的。下面分别介绍： 1) 助燃空气鼓风机(1 台) 鼓风机的作用 是提供足够的助燃空气。 直联离心式 风量 60000m3/h 风压 转速 2) 功率 烟气稀释风机(1 台) 12000pa 1450r/min 355kw(10kv 50HZ)作用：烟气出炉温度很高时（850℃）,则起动稀释风机，向烟气内鼓入冷空气，这样烟 气温度就下降，保证烟气到达换热器处的温度最高值低于允许温度（930℃），保护换热器 不至于被烧毁.这种操作是自动进行的，随烟气温度的升降自动开闭稀释风机。 性能： 型式 直联离心式 风量 风压 转速 功率 3 空气预热器 1) 作用 烟气出炉温度很高近 1000℃，具有很高的热能，把这部分能量传给空气，这样便可回 收一定的热能，达到节能，提高热效率的目的。 2) 结构 换热器是由许多无缝钢管组成的。钢管内部走空气，换热器置于烟道内，这样，钢管内 12000m3/h 1960pa 1450r/min 15kw的空气就被加热了。 由于烟气的走向和空气的走向是相反方向的， 所以叫做逆流管状换热器。

热轧扁钢尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差Dimensions, shape, weight and tolerances for hot-rolled flatsGB 704-88代替 GB704-83本标准适用于厚度为3～60mm，宽度为10～150mm，截面为矩形的一般用途热轧扁钢。1 尺寸及允许偏差1.1 热轧扁钢的截面图及标注符号（略）。1.2 热轧扁钢的截面尺寸及理论重量应符合表1的规定。   根据需方要求，并经供需双方协议，可供应表1所列规格之间的其他尺寸的扁钢，其允许偏差按相邻较大尺寸扁钢的规定。1.3 扁钢的截面尺寸允许偏差应符合表2的规定。表1宽度mm厚度，mm 3456789101112141618202225283032364045505660 理论重量，kg/m100.240.310.390.470.550.63                   120.280.380.470.570.660.75                   140.330.440.550.660.770.88                   160.380.500.630.750.881.001.151.26                 180.420.570.710.850.991.131.271.41                 200.470.630.780.941.101.261.411.571.731.88               220.520.690.861.041.211.381.551.731.902.07               250.590.780.981.181.371.571.771.962.162.362.753.14             280.660.881.101.321.541.761.982.202.422.643.083.53             300.710.941.181.411.651.882.122.362.592.833.303.774.244.71           320.751.001.261.511.762.012.262.552.763.013.524.024.525.02           350.821.101.371.651.922.202.472.753.023.303.854.404.955.506.046.877.69        400.941.261.571.882.202.512.833.143.453.774.405.025.656.286.917.858.79        451.061.411.772.122.472.833.183.533.894.244.955.656.367.077.778.839.8910.6011.3012.72     501.181.571.962.362.753.143.533.934.324.715.506.287.067.858.649.8110.9911.7812.5614.13     55 1.732.162.593.023.453.894.324.755.186.046.917.778.649.5010.7912.0912.9513.8215.54     60 1.882.362.833.303.774.244.715.185.656.597.548.489.4210.3611.7813.1914.1315.0716.9618.8421.20   65 2.042.553.063.574.084.595.105.616.127.148.169.1810.2011.2312.7614.2915.3116.3318.3720.1022.96   70 2.202.753.303.854.404.955.506.046.597.698.799.8910.9912.0913.7415.3916.4917.5819.7821.9824.73   75 2.362.943.534.124.715.305.896.487.078.249.4210.6011.7812.9514.7216.4817.6618.8421.2023.5526.49   80 2.513.143.774.405.025.656.286.917.548.7910.0511.3012.5613.8215.7017.5818.8420.1022.6125.1228.26   85  3.344.004.675.346.016.677.348.019.3410.6812.0113.3114.6816.6818.6820.0221.3524.0226.6930.0333.3637.3740.0490  3.534.244.955.656.367.077.778.489.8911.3012.7214.1315.5417.6619.7821.2022.6125.4328.2631.7935.3239.5642.3995  3.734.475.225.976.717.468.208.9510.4111.9313.4214.9216.4118.6420.8822.3723.8626.8529.8333.5637.2941.7644.74100  3.924.715.506.287.067.858.649.4210.9912.5614.1315.7017.2719.6221.9823.5525.1228.2631.4035.3239.2543.9647.10105  4.124.955.776.597.428.249.079.8911.5413.1914.8416.4818.1320.6123.0824.7326.3829.6732.9737.0941.2146.1649.46110  4.325.186.046.917.778.649.5010.3612.0913.8215.5417.2719.0021.5924.1825.9027.6331.0934.5438.8643.1848.3651.81120  4.715.656.597.548.489.4210.3611.3013.1915.0716.9618.8420.7223.5526.3828.2630.1433.9137.6842.3947.1052.7556.52125   5.896.877.858.839.8110.7911.7813.7415.7017.6619.6221.5824.5327.4829.4431.4035.3239.2544.1649.0654.9558.88130   6.127.148.169.1810.2011.2312.2514.2916.3318.3720.4122.4525.5128.5730.6232.6636.7440.8245.9251.0257.1561.23140    7.698.799.8910.9912.0913.1915.3917.5819.7821.9824.1827.4830.7732.9735.1739.5643.9649.4654.9561.5465.94150    8.249.4210.6011.7812.9514.1316.4818.8421.2023.5525.9029.4432.9735.3237.6842.3947.1052.9958.8865.9470.65注：表中的理论重量按密度7.85g/cm3计算。表2宽度厚度尺寸允许偏差尺寸允许偏差普通级较高级 普通级较高级10～50+0.5 -1.0+0.3 -0.93~16+0.3 -0.5+0.2 -0.4            >50～75+0.6 -1.3+0.4 -1.2>75～100+0.9 -1.8+0.7 -1.7>16～60+1.5％ -3.0％+1.0％ -2.5％>100~150+1.0% -2.0%+0.8% -1.8%2.1  通常长度2.1.1 普通钢第一组（理论重量≤19kg/m）扁钢—3～9米第二组（理论重量>19kg/m）扁钢 —3～7米2.1.2 优质钢全部规格尺寸扁钢————————2～6米根据供需双方协议并在合同中注明，可供应超长长度的扁钢。2.2  定尺长度或倍尺长度及允许偏差2.2.1 定尺长度或倍尺长度应在合同中注明。2.2.2 定尺长度或倍尺长度的扁钢，其长度允许偏差应符合下列规定：长度≤4m————————+30、0mm长度>4～6m———————+50、0mm长度>6m————————+70、0mm3    外形3.1  弯曲度     扁钢的弯曲度应符合规定。3.2  扭转     扁钢不得有明显的扭转。3.3  切料     扁钢的端头应剪切正直，切斜不得大于以下规定：     宽度≤100mm的扁钢，不得大于6mm；     宽度>100mm的扁钢，不得大于8mm3.4  截面形状不正4    重量4.1  通常长度扁钢按实际重量交货。经供需双方协议并在合同中注明可按理论重量交货。4.2  定尺长度和倍尺长芭扁钢按理论重量交货。经供需双方协议并在合同中注明可按实际重量交货。5    交货状态     扁钢以直条交货。6    标记示例（略）。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板。冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，冷轧钢板的密度不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。冷轧钢板的密度：热轧钢板含碳量可比冷轧钢板略高些。在成份相持不大的情况下密度是一样的。但如果成份相差悬殊，如不锈钢不论冷轧、热轧密度都在7.9g/cm3左右。具体还要看成份，热轧只是延展性更好，钢材同样受到压力作用

钢坯是炼钢炉炼成的钢水经过铸造后得到的产品。 　　钢坯从制造工艺上主要可分为两种：模铸坯和连铸坯，目前模铸工艺已基本淘汰。 　　从外形上主要分为两种： 钢坯按形状及用途分类　　板坯：截面宽、高的比值较大，主要用来轧制板材。  　　方坯：截面宽、高相等，或差别不大，主要用来轧制型钢、线材。 产品规格（mm） 钢坯按形状及用途分类材质 定尺（M） 执行标准  　1、方坯  150×150×7800 HRB335 6-12 GB700-2006 150×150×6000 HRB335  150×150×9700 HRB335  150×150×9000 Q235  135×135×9800 Q235  135×135×9000 Q235  135×135×9000 16Mn  135×135×9000 16Mn  135×135×9800 16Mn  150×150×6000 B7  135×135×9000 B7  135×135×9000 12LW  150×150×8600 55Q  135×135×9000 24Mn2k  　2、矩型坯 65×225×9000 Q235 6-12 GB1519-88  180×275×9000 Q235  180×275×6000 Q235  180×275×6000 16Mn  　3、板坯 150×1200×6000 Q235 5-9 GB699-88  150×1200×5300  150×1120×5000  150×1120×5900  180×1200×6000  200×1200×4600  200×1200×6000  150×1000×4100  150×1100×4700  150×1250×6000 Q215  150×1120×5000 Q215  150×1200×6000 16Mn  150×1100×5700 16Mn  150×1100×6000 16Mn  150×1200×6000 12LW  产品 　　　钢坯规格 　　　断面尺寸mm　定尺m 方坯 　　　120×120、135×135、150×150　3～12 板坯 　　　厚度：150、180、200　　　宽度： 1000～1200　4.5～6

一般他们的规格标准写成（厚度*宽度*C，C表示长度，由于一般卷起来所以用C表示，如果是矩形钢就会有长度）例如我们所看到的瑞丰带钢2.5*315*C，武钢热卷11.5*1500*C，其中315和1500表示宽度为315mm和1500mm，由此我们认定带钢和热卷的区别在于带钢宽度在1000mm以下，所以能通过规格一眼区分瑞丰的带钢和武钢的热卷，至于为什么有人用带钢有人用热卷，那要看他们厂的轧机能扎什么宽度，由此需求也有所不同。至于楼下提到的Q235是指此钢材能在接受235兆帕的压强之下不变形，用来表示钢材的材质，同理Q195也自然是在195兆帕的压强下不变形。 热轧带钢 2.1 带钢热连轧机的紧凑化布置 　　带钢热连轧机主要有全连续式、半连续式、3/4连续式三种布置形式，它们的区别集中在粗轧区。全连续式带钢热连轧机的主要特点是轧机均为不可逆轧机，带钢在粗轧区轧制时，每架轧机只按板坯的前进方向轧制一道，并且不形成连轧；半连续式带钢热连轧机的主要持点是至少有一架可逆式轧制，带钢在粗轧区内采用可逆式轧制，进行多道次压下，在粗轧机组不形成连轧；3/4连续式带钢热连轧机的主要特点是带钢在粗轧区部分轧机采用可逆式轧制，而在最后的两架粗轧机内形成连轧。　　全连续式带钢热连轧机自动化程度高、产量高，但设备多、投资大，轧制流程长，因此轧件热量损失过多，不利于保温、抢温轧制。特别是在生产过程中，由于每架轧机只轧一道次，使得粗轧机大部分时间处于闲置状态，因此设备利用率过低。为此，广泛采用半连续及3/4连续式带钢热连轧机，节约设备投资，提高粗轧机组的利用率，并缩短轧线长度，减少轧件的热量损失。近年来，由于粗轧机控制水平的提高和轧机结构的改进，轧机牌坊强度增大，轧制速度也相对提高，粗轧机单机架生产能力增大，轧机产量已不受粗轧机产量的制约，因此，半连续式粗轧机发展较快。但由于可逆式轧机操作维修复杂，能耗大，所以对于年产300万t以上规模的带钢厂，3/4连续式带钢热连轧机成为主流。2.2 AWC立辊短行程控制　　板坯在粗轧机组中要经过立辊和水平辊交替轧制，通过立辊的侧压实现宽度控制，但是与轧件中部相比，头尾因没有外端的限制作用，在立轧道次将出现头尾失宽。若不对头尾的失宽现象进行有效的控制，则会对宽度精度和成材率产生不利影响。　　有AWC（宽度自动控制）功能的重型立辊轧机是为了适应连铸和有利热轧带钢板坯热装的发展而产生的现代轧机。这类立辊轧机结构先进，主传动电机功率大，侧压能力大，和在轧制过程中对带坯进行调宽、控宽及头尾形状控制，不仅可以减少连铸板坯的宽度规格，而且有利于实现热轧带钢板坯的热装，提高带坯宽度精度和减少切损。　　按控制方式不同，AWC分为：轧制力反馈控制（RF—AWC）、前馈控制（FF—AWC）和短行程控制（SS—AWC）。　　轧制力反馈控制（RF—AWC）是根据侧压时沿板坯长度方向材料硬度不同，会使立辊轧机产生不同的弹跳量，导致轧制力变化的原理，将测得的轧制力变化，由液压AWC装置快速变更辊缝，从而改变轧制压力，使板坯宽度保持为常数，以便水平轧制后的板坯在长度方向上的宽度均匀。　　前馈控制（FF—AWC）是针对板坯在加热炉内加热受水冷滑道影响而产生温度低于其他部位的水印，立辊侧压后进行水平轧制时，水印处的材料宽度大于其他部分的材料宽展，导致长度方向上产生宽度差，侧压时对水印进行跟踪，预设定液压AWC，在水印处加大侧压量，消除水印处产生的多余的宽展量，使水平轧制后的板坯达到设定的宽度值。　　短行程控制（SS—AWC）是解决板坯侧压量较大时，金属易向中部或两个角部流动，造成板坯头尾失宽的问题。此外，板坯侧压边部凸起，呈两端小、中间大，水平轧制后又加大头尾失宽，通过液压AWC装置对板坯的头尾进行短行程控制，调节其侧压量，使板坯头尾经水平轧制后趋于矩形，从而使整个板坯在长度方向上的宽度均匀，少头尾切损，提高产品收得率。2.3 中间坯保温技术和边部感应加热技术　　粗轧机出口带坯长度可达80～90m，进精轧机轧制过程中，为了减少输送辊道上的温度降，以节约能耗，近年来很多工厂还采用在输送辊道上安置绝热保温罩或补偿加热炉（器）。保温罩内表面附一层吸热温升快、热反射率高的特殊合金层，有效地提高了进入精轧的中间坯温度，从而可降低加热炉出坯温度，提高成材率，节约燃耗。还可提高板带末端温度、减少带钢头尾温差，使板带温度更加均匀，可轧出更宽更薄重量更大及精度性能质量更高的板卷。　　带坯在轧制过程中，边部由于散热较快，其温降大于中部温降，温差大约为100℃。边部温差大，在带钢横截面上晶粒组织不均匀，性能差异大，同时，还将造成轧制中边部裂纹和对轧辊严重的不均匀磨损。因此，在精轧机组前对带坯边部进行加热，将温度补偿到与中部温度一致。一般采用电磁感应加热器，可使带坯边部温度提高30～50℃，使带钢横向温度更加均匀，从而减少带钢边部裂纹，以适应轧制薄规格产品和硅钢、不锈钢、高碳钢等特殊品种的钢。

热轧扁钢规格、重量表[冶标(GB)704-65]宽度(mm)  厚                               度4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 30     重                               量     (kg/m) 热轧扁钢规格12 0.38 0.47 0.57 0.66 0.75 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　14 0.44 0.55 0.66 0.77 0.88 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　16 0.50 0.63 0.75 0.88 1.00 1.15 1.26 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　18 0.57 0.71 0.85 0.99 1.13 1.27 1.41 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　20 0.63 0.79 0.94 1.10 1.26 1.41 1.57 1.73 1.88 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　22 0.69 0.86 1.04 1.21 1.38 1.55 1.73 1.90 2.07 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　25 0.79 0.98 1.18 1.37 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.16 2.36 2.75 3.14 　 　 　 　 　 　28 0.88 1.10 1.32 1.54 1.76 1.98 2.20 2.42 2.64 3.08 3.53 　 　 　 　 　 　30 0.94 1.18 1.41 1.65 1.88 2.12 2.36 2.59 2.83 3.36 3.77 4.24 4.71 　 　 　 　32 1.01 1.25 1.50 1.76 2.01 2.26 2.54 2.76 3.01 3.51 4.02 4.52 5.02 　 　 　 　（35） 1.10 1.37 1.65 1.92 2.202.753.30 3.95　 　 　 　36 1.13 1.41 1.69 1.97 2.26 2.51 2.82 3.11 3.39 3.95 4.52 5.09 5.65 　 　 　 　40 1.26 1.57 1.88 2.20 2.51 2.83 3.14 3.45 3.77 4.40 5.02 5.65 6.28 6.91 7.85 8.79 　45 1.41 1.77 2.12 2.47 2.83 3.18 3.53 3.89 2.24 4.95 5.65 6.36 7.07 7.77 8.83 9.89 10.6050 1.57 1.96 2.36 2.75 3.14 3.53 3.93 4.32 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 8.64 9.81 10.99 11.78（55） 1.73 2.16 2.59 3.02 3.454.325.19 6.0556 1.76 2.20 2.64 3.08 3.52 3.95 4.39 4.83 5.27 6.15 7.30 7.91 8.79 9.67 10.99 12.31 13.1960 1.88 2.36 2.83 3.30 3.77 4.24 4.71 5.18 5.65 6.59 7.54 8.48 9.42 10.36 11.78 13.19 14.1363 1.98 2.47 2.97 3.46 3.95 4.45 4.94 5.44 5.93 6.92 7.91 8.90 9.69 10.88 12.36 13.85 14.3465 2.04 2.55 3.06 3.57 4.08 4.59 5.10 5.61 6.12 7.14 8.16 9.19 10.21 11.23 12.76 14.29 15.3170 2.20 2.75 3.30 3.85 4.40 4.95 5.50 6.04 6.59 7.69 8.79 8.89 10.99 12.09 13.74 15.39 16.4975 2.36 2.94 3.53 4.12 4.71 5.30 5.89 6.48 7.07 8.24 9.42 10.60 11.78 12.95 14.72 16.49 17.6680 2.51 3.14 3.77 4.40 5.02 5.65 6.28 6.91 7.54 8.79 10.05 11.30 12.56 13.82 15.70 17.58 18.8485 2.67 3.34 4.00 4.67 5.34 6.01 6.67 7.34 8.01 9.34 10.68 12.01 13.35 14.68 16.68 18.68 20.0290 2.83 3.53 4.24 4.95 5.56 6.36 7.07 7.77 8.48 9.89 11.30 12.72 14.13 15.54 17.65 19.78 21.2095 2.98 3.73 4.47 5.22 5.97 6.71 7.46 8.20 8.95 10.44 11.93 13.42 14.92 16.41 18.84 20.88 22.37100 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 7.85 8.64 9.42 10.99 12.56 14.13 15.70 17.27 19.63 21.98 23.55105 3.30 4.12 4.95 5.77 6.59 7.42 8.24 9.07 9.89 11.54 13.19 14.84 16.49 18.18 20.61 23.08 24.73110 3.45 4.32 5.18 6.04 6.91 7.77 8.64 9.50 10.36 12.09 13.82 15.54 17.27 19.00 21.59 24.18 25.91120 3.77 4.71 5.65 6.59 7.54 8.48 9.42 10.36 11.30 13.19 15.07 16.96 18.84 20.72 23.55 26.38 28.26125 3.93 4.91 5.89 6.67 7.85 8.83 9.81 10.76 11.78 13.74 15.70 17.66 19.63 21.50 24.53 27.48 29.44130 4.08 5.10 6.12 7.14 8.16 9.18 10.21 11.23 12.25 14.29 16.33 18.87 20.41 22.45 25.51 28.57 30.62140 4.40 5.50 6.59 7.69 8.79 9.89 10.99 12.09 13.19 15.39 17.58 19.78 21.98 24.18 27.48 30.77 32.97150 4.71 5.89 7.07 8.24 9.42 10.60 11.78 12.95 14.13 16.49 18.84 21.20 23.55 25.91 29.44 32.97 35.33160 5.02 6.28 7.54 8.79 10.05 11.30 12.56 13.82 15.07 17.58 20.10 22.61 25.12 27.63 31.40 35.17 37.63170 5.34 6.67 8.01 9.34 10.68 12.01 13.35 14.68 16.01 18.68 21.35 24.02 26.09 29.36 33.36 37.37 40.04180 5.65 7.07 8.48 9.89 11.30 12.72 14.13 15.54 16.96 19.78 22.61 25.43 28.26 31.09 35.33 39.56 42.39190 5.97 7.46 8.95 10.44 11.93 13.42 14.92 16.41 17.90 20.88 23.86 26.85 29.83 32.81 37.29 41.76 44.75200 6.28 7.85 9.42 10.99 12.56 14.13 15.70 17.27 18.84 21.98 25.12 28.26 31.40 34.54 39.25 43.96 47.10注     扁钢按其表列重量不同分为三组：          第一组    每m小于19kg，通常长（非定尺）3~9m。          第二组    每m小于19~60kg，通常长（非定尺）3~7m。          第三组    每m大于60kg，通常长（非定尺）3~5m。          括号内型号为非标准产品，通常长度2~6m。

采用SAE1006,生产设施配套热轧板表面处理酸洗线、光亮罩式退火炉、四棍可逆冷轧，并配有板面精密平整机组，消除应力平面拉矫机，高精密分条机组。 齐全可轧制厚度为0.08mm～1.5mm厚薄公差控制在±0.02mm以内，宽度由180mm～630mm冷轧卷板。 具有延伸率高、表面光滑达到镜面效果、厚薄度标准、板形平直、耐生锈等特点，适用于各种五金冲压、拉伸性能良好。如LED支架、转定子、灯饰、风扇、摩托车油箱、钢管、家用电器及外壳等各类五金产品。 热卷规格为:2.75*1500*C、3.0*1500*C、3.25*1500*C、3.5*1500*C、3.75*1500*C、4.25*1500*C、4.5*1500*C、4.75*1500*C、5.25*1500*C、5.5*1500*C、5.75*1500*C、6.5*1500*C、7.25*1500C、7.5*1500*C、7.75*1500*C、9.25*1500*C、9.5*1500*C、9.75*1500*C、11.25*1500*C、11.5*1500*C、11.75*1500*C... 热轧板规格板材：（1）中厚板 ：钢板是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。按厚度为为薄钢板(厚度 4毫米)在实际工作中 ，常将厚度 20-60毫米的钢板称为厚板，厚度>60毫米的钢板称为特厚板，统称为中厚钢板。宽度比较小，长度很长的钢板，称为钢带，列为一个独立的品种。钢板有很大的覆盖和包容能力，可用作屋面板、苫盖材料以及制造容器、储油罐、包装箱、火车车箱、汽车外壳、工业炉的壳体等：可按使用要求进行剪裁与组合，制成各种结构件和机械零件，还可制成焊接型钢，进一步扩大钢板的使用范围；可以进行弯曲和冲压成型，制成锅炉、容器、冲制汽车外壳、民用器皿、器具、还可用作焊接钢管、冷弯型钢的坯料。钢板成张或成卷供应。成张钢板的规格以厚度*宽度*长度的毫米数表示。熟悉板、带材的规格，在宽度和长度上充分利用，对提高材料利用率，减少不适当的边角余料、降低工时及产品成本，有十分重要的意义。 普中板、低合金板、容器板 锅炉板 桥梁板、船板。注：这几种板材均出自中厚板轧机，只是由于炼钢所加入材料的不同而区分开来，其外形、厚度、规格基本设置基本相同，一般厚度为6-120mm，其中6 mm、8 mm、10 mm、12mm中厚板价格依次降低，6mm中厚板价格在其中属最贵档次；14-30mm为常用规格，价格处于同一水平；32-49mm属于厚板系列，价格处于同一水平，比常用规格板价格略贵；50-120mm属于超厚板系列，50-90mm板价格处于同一水平，90mm以上规格板价格随着厚度的增加将提高。中厚板代表规格为20mm。 （2）板卷：a、热轧板卷：热轧，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成钢带。从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。简单点儿来说，一块钢坯在加热后（就是电视里那种烧的红红的发烫的钢块）精过几道轧制，再切边，矫正成为钢板，这种叫热轧。 热轧板卷（以平板形式或者卷板形式存在）一般厚度在2.0-13.5mm之间，其中2.0-3.0mm热卷价格从薄到厚逐渐降低；大部分钢厂3.1mm-13.5mm价格基本相当，部分厂家、市场3.1-4.0mm以及9.5mm-13.5mm热板卷价格可能高于4.0mm-9.5mm板的价格，热板卷代表规格为5.5mm厚产品，正常情况下平板的价格略高于卷板的价格。 b、冷轧板卷：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制，内径为610mm。冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。

碳素钢、低合金钢结构管   热轧无缝钢管产品名称   热轧无缝钢管交货状态   热轧无缝钢管用途 热轧无缝钢管生产单位热轧炭素钢、底合金钢结构管 热轧 适应于一般结构、机械结构件 天津无缝钢管厂、衡管、冶钢、鞍钢、上一、合钢、通钢、本钢、西宁钢厂、长特、成无、安钢、包钢、热轧管件用管 热轧 用于管件和其他用途 包钢热轧结构管 热轧 制造各种较高要求的管道、容器、设备及其他结构件 宝钢热轧一般结构炭素钢管 热轧 用于各种结构件及其他结构件 成都无缝热轧机械结构用炭素钢管 热轧 用于机械、汽车、家具及其他机械零件 成都无缝2、 热轧合金钢结构管热轧合金钢结构管 热轧或热处理 适用于一般结构、机械结构件 冶钢、衡管、鞍钢、上一、本钢西宁钢厂、成无、天津钢管公司热挤压合金结构管 热挤压或热处理 一般结构和机械结构用管 长特热扩合金钢结构管 热轧 用于结构件 成无热轧结构管 热轧 用于一般结构、机械结构件 天津钢管公司热轧结构用合金钢管 热轧 用于机械、汽车及其他零件 成无3、热轧流体管热轧流体管 热轧 适用于输送一般流体 天津钢管公司、冶钢、衡管、鞍钢、上一、合钢、通钢、西宁钢厂、成无、安钢、包钢、、热轧配管用炭素钢管 热轧 用于压力较底的蒸汽、水、油、煤气等配管 成无热轧管 热轧 用于非镀锌和热镀锌钢管 成无4、热轧低中压锅炉管热轧低中压锅炉管 热轧 制造各种结构低中压锅炉过热蒸汽管、沸水管及机车锅炉用过热蒸汽管、大烟管、小烟管和拱砖管 衡管、冶钢、上一、鞍钢、通钢、西宁钢厂、成无、天津无缝、包钢、热轧低中压锅炉管 热轧或热处理 制造各类锅炉（电站、工业、生活等用锅炉 宝钢热轧压力配管用碳钢管 热轧 用于温度低于350度所使用的压力配管 成无5、热轧高压锅炉管热轧高压锅炉管 热轧或热处理 高压及其以上压力水管锅炉受热面用管 冶钢、上一、鞍钢、成无、天津钢管、包钢、热轧高压锅炉管 热处理 制造蒸汽电站锅炉、蒸汽管道或压力容器 宝钢、天津钢管热轧高温用碳钢管 热处理 高温用碳钢管 成无热轧锅炉热交换器用碳钢管 热处理 用于钢管内外进行热传导为目的的管道 成无6、热轧石油油管热轧石油油管 车螺纹带接箍 油井抽油用钢管 宝钢、鞍钢热轧石油套管 热轧、调质、热处理、车螺纹带接箍、水淬＋回火、油淬＋回火、在线常化 油井固井用钢管 宝钢、成无、天津钢管、包钢热轧石油钻杆成品（对焊工具接头后） 正火或调质 油井钻井用钢管 宝钢、热轧石油管线管 热轧 制造石油和天然气输送用管线 宝钢热轧石油管线管 热轧或热处理 用于石油输送管 成无热轧石油管线管 热轧或热处理、在线常化、常化＋回火、淬火＋回火 用于输送石油、天然气和矿浆 天津钢管7、热轧船管热轧船管 热轧 适用于制造船舶用I级、II级耐压管系、锅炉及过热器 鞍钢、上一热轧船管 热轧 船舶用低中压锅炉管、过热器管、耐压管 成无热轧（扩）船管 热轧 用于耐压及低中压锅炉 成无8、热轧地质管热轧地质管 热轧或热处理 用于地质钻探岩心管和套管 天津钢管、上一、鞍钢、西宁钢厂、宝钢、成无9、热轧汽车半轴套管热轧汽车半轴套管 热轧或热处理 制造汽车半轴套管及驱动桥桥壳轴管 鞍钢、上一、冶钢、衡管、西宁钢厂、10、热轧化肥设备用管热轧化肥设备用管 热轧或热处理 适用于制造化工设备和管道 鞍钢、冶钢、西宁钢厂、成无、11、热轧石油裂化管热轧石油裂化管 热轧或热处理 适用于炼炉管、热交换器管和管道用管 冶钢、鞍钢、西宁钢厂、成无、天津钢管、12、热轧轴承管热轧轴承管 热轧 用于制造普通滚动轴承套管 冶钢13、热轧顶杆用管热轧顶杆用管 热轧或热处理 制造拔管机顶杆 鞍钢14、热轧芯棒用管热轧芯棒用管 热轧 制作各种芯棒 衡管15、热轧液压支架用管热轧液压支架用管 热轧、热处理 制造液压支架、立柱或其他液压件 衡管、上一、天津钢管、成无、包钢热轧液压支架用管 调质处理 用于煤矿支护、液压件、机械结构等 天津钢管16、热轧液压和结构用管热轧液压和结构用管 热轧和热处理 用于液压件和机械加工件 成无17、热轧抗海水腐蚀管热轧抗海水腐蚀管 热轧或热扩 适用于各种海上输送管道、结构件和电站用管等 成无18、热轧石油套管结晶机用管热轧石油套管结晶机用管 控制终轧温度 主要用于45度结晶器 成无19、热轧汽缸套用钢管热轧汽缸套用钢管 退火 用于柴油机汽缸套及其他结构件 成无20、热轧抽油杆用管热轧抽油杆用管 热轧或热处理 用于油田抽油设备 天津钢管21、热轧高压气瓶用管热轧高压气瓶用管 热轧或热处理 用于制造高压气瓶 包钢、成无22、热轧不锈钢管热轧不锈钢管 热轧、热处理 用于化工、石油、轻工、食品、机械仪表等工业耐热容器、输送管道及机械结构件 成无、西宁钢厂、热挤压不锈钢管 热挤压、固溶或酸洗 用于化工、石油、轻工、食品、机械仪表等工业耐热容器、输送管道及机械结构件 长特热轧无缝钢管

家电用热轧硅钢薄板（GBH46002-90）  　　家电用热轧硅钢薄板的牌号以J（家）D（电）R（热轧）表示，即JDR。JDR后数字为铁损值*100，横线后数字为钢板厚度(mm)*100。家电用热轧硅钢片对电磁性能要求可稍低一点，铁损值（P15/50）最低值为5.40W/kg。一般不经配洗交货。  　　用于各种电风扇、洗衣机、吸尘器、抽油烟机等家用电器的微分电机等。

碳素钢、低合金钢结构管   热轧（扩）无缝钢管产品名称   热轧（扩）无缝钢管交货状态   热轧（扩）无缝钢管主要用途  热轧（扩）无缝钢管主要生产单位热轧炭素钢、底合金钢结构管 热轧 适应于一般结构、机械结构件 天津无缝钢管厂、衡管、冶钢、鞍钢、上一、合钢、通钢、本钢、西宁钢厂、长特、成无、安钢、包钢、热轧管件用管 热轧 用于管件和其他用途 包钢热轧结构管 热轧 制造各种较高要求的管道、容器、设备及其他结构件 宝钢热轧一般结构炭素钢管 热轧 用于各种结构件及其他结构件 成都无缝热轧机械结构用炭素钢管 热轧 用于机械、汽车、家具及其他机械零件 成都无缝2、 热轧合金钢结构管热轧合金钢结构管 热轧或热处理 适用于一般结构、机械结构件 冶钢、衡管、鞍钢、上一、本钢西宁钢厂、成无、天津钢管公司热挤压合金结构管 热挤压或热处理 一般结构和机械结构用管 长特热扩合金钢结构管 热轧 用于结构件 成无热轧结构管 热轧 用于一般结构、机械结构件 天津钢管公司热轧结构用合金钢管 热轧 用于机械、汽车及其他零件 成无3、热轧流体管热轧流体管 热轧 适用于输送一般流体 天津钢管公司、冶钢、衡管、鞍钢、上一、合钢、通钢、西宁钢厂、成无、安钢、包钢、、热轧配管用炭素钢管 热轧 用于压力较底的蒸汽、水、油、煤气等配管 成无热轧管 热轧 用于非镀锌和热镀锌钢管 成无4、热轧低中压锅炉管热轧低中压锅炉管 热轧 制造各种结构低中压锅炉过热蒸汽管、沸水管及机车锅炉用过热蒸汽管、大烟管、小烟管和拱砖管 衡管、冶钢、上一、鞍钢、通钢、西宁钢厂、成无、天津无缝、包钢、热轧低中压锅炉管 热轧或热处理 制造各类锅炉（电站、工业、生活等用锅炉 宝钢热轧压力配管用碳钢管 热轧 用于温度低于350度所使用的压力配管 成无5、热轧高压锅炉管热轧高压锅炉管 热轧或热处理 高压及其以上压力水管锅炉受热面用管 冶钢、上一、鞍钢、成无、天津钢管、包钢、热轧高压锅炉管 热处理 制造蒸汽电站锅炉、蒸汽管道或压力容器 宝钢、天津钢管热轧高温用碳钢管 热处理 高温用碳钢管 成无热轧锅炉热交换器用碳钢管 热处理 用于钢管内外进行热传导为目的的管道 成无6、热轧石油油管热轧石油油管 车螺纹带接箍 油井抽油用钢管 宝钢、鞍钢热轧石油套管 热轧、调质、热处理、车螺纹带接箍、水淬＋回火、油淬＋回火、在线常化 油井固井用钢管 宝钢、成无、天津钢管、包钢热轧石油钻杆成品（对焊工具接头后） 正火或调质 油井钻井用钢管 宝钢、热轧石油管线管 热轧 制造石油和天然气输送用管线 宝钢热轧石油管线管 热轧或热处理 用于石油输送管 成无热轧石油管线管 热轧或热处理、在线常化、常化＋回火、淬火＋回火 用于输送石油、天然气和矿浆 天津钢管7、热轧船管热轧船管 热轧 适用于制造船舶用I级、II级耐压管系、锅炉及过热器 鞍钢、上一热轧船管 热轧 船舶用低中压锅炉管、过热器管、耐压管 成无热轧（扩）船管 热轧 用于耐压及低中压锅炉 成无8、热轧地质管热轧地质管 热轧或热处理 用于地质钻探岩心管和套管 天津钢管、上一、鞍钢、西宁钢厂、宝钢、成无9、热轧汽车半轴套管热轧汽车半轴套管 热轧或热处理 制造汽车半轴套管及驱动桥桥壳轴管 鞍钢、上一、冶钢、衡管、西宁钢厂、10、热轧化肥设备用管热轧化肥设备用管 热轧或热处理 适用于制造化工设备和管道 鞍钢、冶钢、西宁钢厂、成无、11、热轧石油裂化管热轧石油裂化管 热轧或热处理 适用于炼炉管、热交换器管和管道用管 冶钢、鞍钢、西宁钢厂、成无、天津钢管、12、热轧轴承管热轧轴承管 热轧 用于制造普通滚动轴承套管 冶钢13、热轧顶杆用管热轧顶杆用管 热轧或热处理 制造拔管机顶杆 鞍钢14、热轧芯棒用管热轧芯棒用管 热轧 制作各种芯棒 衡管15、热轧液压支架用管热轧液压支架用管 热轧、热处理 制造液压支架、立柱或其他液压件 衡管、上一、天津钢管、成无、包钢热轧液压支架用管 调质处理 用于煤矿支护、液压件、机械结构等 天津钢管16、热轧液压和结构用管热轧液压和结构用管 热轧和热处理 用于液压件和机械加工件 成无17、热轧抗海水腐蚀管热轧抗海水腐蚀管 热轧或热扩 适用于各种海上输送管道、结构件和电站用管等 成无18、热轧石油套管结晶机用管热轧石油套管结晶机用管 控制终轧温度 主要用于45度结晶器 成无19、热轧汽缸套用钢管热轧汽缸套用钢管 退火 用于柴油机汽缸套及其他结构件 成无20、热轧抽油杆用管热轧抽油杆用管 热轧或热处理 用于油田抽油设备 天津钢管21、热轧高压气瓶用管热轧高压气瓶用管 热轧或热处理 用于制造高压气瓶 包钢、成无22、热轧不锈钢管热轧不锈钢管 热轧、热处理 用于化工、石油、轻工、食品、机械仪表等工业耐热容器、输送管道及机械结构件 成无、西宁钢厂、热挤压不锈钢管 热挤压、固溶或酸洗 用于化工、石油、轻工、食品、机械仪表等工业耐热容器、输送管道及机械结构件 长特

一、前言：铅黄铜板做为特殊的Cu-Zn-Pb三元组合黄铜加工材，由于其较一般普通黄铜易切削、易机械加工、且耐腐蚀性，耐磨性能较高，因此，用途较为广泛。主要应用于：钟表制造、鞋业制造，机械零件制造及汽车零配件制造等行业。但由于铅黄铜的特殊组元，其热加工性能较差，经常遇到的问题是热轧过程中，板坯表面时常会出现开裂现象。严重地影响了铅黄铜板的生产，本文根据我们多年的生产实践，对铅黄铜热轧开裂原因做一分析，供同行参考。二、经常使用的铅黄铜板的牌号及成份2.1、生产中，经常遇到的铅黄铜板有以下几个牌号：1、Hpb59-1(GB) 2、C37700(AsTM)3、C3771(JIS)2.2、铅黄铜主要生产牌号的化学成份三、热轧铅黄铜工艺(板式法生产)3.1 锭坯尺寸：60(厚)×360(宽)×900(长)3.2 热轧成品尺寸：6(厚)×600(宽)×5400(长)3.3 锭坯加热及轧制设备：3.3.1 锭坯加热设备：步进式柴油加热炉。1.5m(高)×3m(宽)×25m(长)3.3.2热轧设备：Ф450×860二辊非可逆式热轧机3.4热轧工艺四、生产中常见的铅黄铜轧制裂纹类型4.1 生产中常见的热轧板坯裂纹的类型实际生产中，铅黄铜热轧裂纹主要有以下两种：1、板坯边部裂纹。2、板坯碎裂。4.2热轧板坯裂纹图示：五、铅黄铜阀体开裂原因分析HPb59-1铅黄铜热锻产品在后期加工过程中出现大量开裂现象,采用金相及电子探针分析方法对HPb59-1铅黄铜阀体开裂原因进行分析。结果发现:铅黄铜阀体材质铅含量较高,显微组织分布不均匀,晶粒粗大;断口表面除含有大量富Pb的腐蚀产物外,还存在明显的高Pb和S元素的富集区.表明,热锻造过程中操作不当,退火不充分及腐蚀介质的存在,从而造成阀体的应力腐蚀开裂.。

高压锅炉管化肥专用管石油裂化管 材质:20G、16Mn 标准：GB5310-95、GB6179-85 GB9448-88  22*2.5-4 51*3-6 108*4-20 159*5-30 299*10-50    热轧无缝钢管标准25*2.5-4 57*3-8 114*5-20 168*8-30 325*8-45 28*3-5 60*4-10 121*5-20 180*7-30 351*10-36 32*3-5 63.5*4-12 127*6-20 194*8-30 377*10-38 38*3-6 76*4-16 22*2.5-4 203*10-32 402*10-45 42*3-6 83*5-4 22*2.5-4 219*7-45 426*10-30 45*3 89*4.5-20 22*2.5-4 245*8-45 480*12-30 48*3-6 102*4-20 22*2.5-4 273*8-50 530*12-30 热轧钢管、热轧无缝管、热轧无缝钢管 中低压锅炉管 流体管地质管材质:20#、DZ40、DZ50 标准：GB3087-1999、GB8163-1999 YB235-70 8*1-2 38*3-7 95*6-20 159*5-40 351*10-50 10*1-2 42*3-8 102*4-20 168*8-40 377*10-50 12*1-2.5 45*3-8 108*4-20 180*7-40 402*10-50 14*1.5-4 51*3-10 114*4-20 194*8-40 426*10-50 16*2-4 57*3-10 121*5-20 203*10-45 480*12-45 16*2-5 60*3-12 127*6-25 219*7-50 530*12-40 22*2-5 63.5*3-14 133*5-25 245*8-52 450*12-40 25*2-6 76*4-14 140*6-25 273*6-50 610*12-30 28*2.5-6 83*5-16 146*8-20 299*10-50 430*12-30 32*2.5-6 89*4-20 152*8-30 325*8-50 720*12-30 热轧钢管、热轧无缝管、热轧无缝钢管 液压支柱管结构用无缝管材质:27SiMn10#20#35#45##20-40Cr标准：GB8162-87 20/22*2.5-5 48/51*3-10 89/95*4-5 168/180*6-40 402/426*10-50 25/28*2-6 54/67*3-12 102/108*4-30 194/203*8-50 450/480*10-50 30/32*3-6 60/63*4-14 114/121*3-6 219/273*6-50 510/530*10-50 34/36*3-7 68/70*4-20 127/133*5-30 273/299*7-60 560/600*12-60 38/40*3-7 73/76*4-20 140/160*5-35 325/351*8-60 630/720*20-40 热轧钢管、热轧无缝管、热轧无缝钢管

高频焊管一般是通过，冷轧制、高频焊接、成型等工艺完成。是有缝管的一种。 无缝钢管分为热轧无缝管和冷拉无缝管，热轧管是通过坯锻、穿孔、轧制、整形等工艺。一般大口径、厚壁无缝管均采用这种形式；冷拉管是用管坯进行冷拉成型，材料强度相对较低，外表及内控表面光滑。小口径、薄壁无缝管大都是这种。无缝钢管是一种具有中空截面、周边没有接缝的长条钢材。钢管具有中空截面，大量用作输送流体的管道 高频焊管是用一定宽度钢带冷压成方管状，再用高频焊焊上，一般是冷扎制作，热扎板表面粗糙，有氧化物，厚度公差不准。 无缝管是将钢坯加热，中间用硬杆穿过去，外面用碾压辊挤压出来的，适合于高压、高温输送流体 .高频焊管一般是通过，冷轧制、高频焊接、成型等工艺完成。是有缝管的一种。大口径热轧无缝管无缝钢管分为热轧无缝管和冷拉无缝管，热轧管是通过坯锻、穿孔、轧制、整形等工艺。一般大口径、厚壁无缝管均采用这种形式；冷拉管是用管坯进行冷拉成型，材料强度相对较低，外表及内控表面光滑。小口径、薄壁无缝管大都是这种。

铸造技术及要求 在半连续加工过程中，应避免铸造过程中的二次吸气。脱氧铜在浇铸过程中，如不进行维护，仍可吸收0.01%的氧。因而，应选用埋管式浇铸，液面选用优质烟灰或经脱水处理的发生炉煤气进行铸造维护，操作中留意看稳液面。浇铸前有必要对引锭托座进行烘烤。一般选用短结晶器，铸造速度和水压依据锭坯规格确认，以确保锭坯表面无冷隔、裂纹为宜。铸造温度应控制在1140～1160℃。热轧前应对铜铸锭表面易发生的冷隔、裂纹等进行修补和铣面，确保铸锭表面润滑、平坦，内部无搀杂、气孔等缺点。当紫铜铸锭表面缺点少时，一般不宜进行铣面。　　加热及热轧 无氧铜TU1和含磷量小于0.001%的T2铜铸锭的高温功能。无氧铜TU1和紫铜T2铸锭均在200～300℃的中温区内出现脆性。研讨证明，这是由杂质氢或磷引起的。因为氢和磷都是表面活性元素，易吸附在铜的晶界上引起中温脆性。　　因为铜在高温下的氧化速度随温度的升高而明显加速，在高温过程中，氧会经过渗透到铜的表面层内。无氧铜在空气中的渗透到铜的表面层内。无氧铜在空气中的渗氧深度与退火温度、时刻的联系。为了进步加工功率，削减氧化丢失，确保带坯的正常轧制，在设备情况答应的情况下，变压器用铸锭一般选用“高温、快速、均匀、中性或微复原性气氛”条件进行加热。铸锭一般选用步进式加热炉、出炉料温应控制在850～920℃应确保铸锭温度均匀、烧透，避免过热及过烧。热轧开坯温度高于820℃，终轧温度不低于600℃。

名称 　 标准号 　　　　　　备       注电工用热轧硅钢薄钢板 GB5212—85 　检验电磁性能 GB/T3655—2000 《用爱泼斯坦方圈测量电工钢片（带）雌性能的方法》检验反复弯曲 GB/T235—1999 《金属材料 厚度等于或小于3mm薄板和薄带 反复弯曲试验方法》标准检验迭装次数 GB2522—88 《电工钢片（带）层间电阻，涂层附着性，叠装系数测试方法》包装，标志，质量证明书 GB/T247—1997 《钢板和钢带验收，包装，标志及质量证明书的一般规定》.

武钢榜首炼钢厂(以下简称一炼钢)2005年冷镦钢产量近5万t，典型钢种有SWRM6、SWRM8、SWRM10等。浇铸该类钢种时，铸坯表面振痕深度达0.5～0.7mm，一起在振痕谷底处常伴有肉眼可见微裂纹。这些表面缺点严重影响了铸坯的质量，影响了冷镦钢的后续加工功能。现在对冷镦钢连铸时铸坯表面振痕问题的研讨很少，尤其是碳含量较低的SWRM6、SWRM8等钢种。因而有必要结合一炼钢的实践出产工艺条件，找呈现在冷镦钢连铸时构成铸坯表面振痕缺点的首要原因，进步铸坯的表面质量。 1方坯表面振痕描摹及构成机理　　一炼钢出产的SWRM8方坯表面振痕状况。坯样取自2号连铸机，浇注条件是：过热度3O℃，拉速1.6m／min，二冷选用强冷准则。可以看出，SwRM8方坯表面首要有以下缺点。(1)振痕。凹形深振痕，均匀深达0.5mm，且振痕曲折。(2)洼陷。接近角部区域呈现纵向洼陷，最深处达3.5～4.0mm，且洼陷部位有粘渣现象。经过对不同连铸条件下的铸坯表面振痕进行金相分析，最常见的振痕形状首要有两类：洼陷状振痕和带钩状振痕。　　为了改进铸坯表面质量，减小振痕深度，人们对维护渣存在状况下的连铸坯振痕构成的原因进行了深人详尽的研讨，在弯月面处，因为钢液的过热度及钢液对流的影响，弯月面处0.3s期间内构成的凝结坯壳或许表现为刚体，也或许表现为液体的性质，即具有流变性。因为结晶器的振荡，弯月面区域的维护渣中发生压力。在负滑移期间，结晶器向下振荡的速度大于拉坯速度时，弯月面会被维护渣道中构成的正压力面向钢液中，在正滑脱期间，当初始凝结坯壳强度不大，维护渣中构成的负压力和动摇钢液的惯性力将坯壳面向结晶器内壁，导致初始凝结坯壳曲折或堆叠，构成不带钩状的振痕。当初始凝结坯壳的厚度较大，强度高的时分，初始凝结坯壳不能面向结晶器内壁，因而钢液会掩盖在弯月面上，构成一种带钩状的振痕。2振痕缺点构成原因分析　　针对一炼钢出产的SWRM8方坯振痕状况，振荡参数不合理(振幅大、频率低)，负滑脱时振痕间长，维护渣理化功能不适宜等振痕曲折滑不良，摩擦阻力大使振痕沿拉坯方向曲折。2.1振痕构成的影响要素　　振痕距离和振痕深度是衡量振痕的重要参数。因而，考虑连铸坯振痕的影响要素时，应别离考虑这两个参数。一起，很多研讨标明，无论是低碳钢仍是中碳钢，当振痕距离增大时，振痕的深度随之增大。合理的操控振痕距离对操控振痕深度有重要作用。2.2振荡参数对振痕的影响　　连铸过程中铸坯的振痕都与结晶器的振荡参数密切相关，其振荡模式首要为正弦振荡。振痕构成机理及试验研讨均标明振痕是在负滑脱期间发生的，负滑脱时刻越长，振痕的深度就越大，因而操控负滑脱时刻的长短，可以有用地操控振痕的形状。3结晶器振荡参数的优化3.1现行振荡参数特色(1)跟着拉速的不断进步，负滑脱率在不断的下降；(2)拉速的不断进步，对负滑脱时刻的影响不大；(3)拉速的进步，使得结晶器导前显着增加。3.2结晶器振荡参数的断定　　在实践振荡过程中，断定适宜的结晶器振荡基本参数振幅和频率厂是取得高质量的铸坯的要害，断定上述参数的首要准则是以取得合理的工艺参数为条件，可以依据工艺要求调理振幅、频率得到。断定工艺参数的总准则是应尽量减小铸坯表面振痕深度及改进结晶器和坯壳之间的光滑，这便要求可以取得较小的负滑脱时刻，较大的正滑脱时刻，尽量小的正滑脱速度差，足够大的负滑脱量NSA以及恰当的负滑脱速度比率NS和负滑脱时刻比率NSR。3.3振荡参数优化计划及作用　　依据以上对结晶器振荡工艺参数与基本参数联系的分析，结合振痕构成机理可知：要削减振痕深度，就要减小负滑脱时刻，可经过减小振程或许进步振频，或许两个参数都恰当改动的方法来完成。4结语　　依据一炼钢的状况，提出了3种振荡参数优化计划，经过核算比较分析，再结合结晶器振荡参数断定准则，得最佳计划。计划在整个拉速范同内均满意条件，负滑脱时刻保持在0.10s左右，在作业拉速规模(1.2～1.8m／min)内，负滑脱率在28～30%之间，结晶器导前1.5～2.5mm，振痕距离8～11mm。除结晶器导前稍微偏小外，其他工艺参数均在最佳取值规模内，且负滑脱时刻较现行振荡参数状况下缩短约0.02S，能有用减小振痕深度。选用计划3后，经过5个浇次的取样分析，方坯表面振痕得到显着改进，均匀振痕深度为0.372mm。

9月30日，大力神铝业新建成的铝合金[ 有色商机:铝合金价格 ]热轧板生产线生产出首块合格的铝合金板材，这标志着总投资20亿元的省、市级重大项目--大力神铝加工项目，已从建设、调试期逐渐转入了经营期。 　　今天上午10:18，大力神铝业新建成的铝合金热轧板生产线生产出首块合格的铝合金板材，这标志着总投资20亿元的省、市级重大项目--大力神铝加工项目，已从建设、调试期逐渐转入了经营期。 　　大力神车间内，机器轰鸣，工人们紧张地作业着，一派繁忙的生产场景。崭新的“3300毫米加2800毫米”热轧生产线在调试顺利后，进行了铝合金热轧板的生产，在众人的关注目光中，首块铝合金热轧板成功下线。经确认，公司这条铝板[ 有色商机:铝板 ]热轧生产线达到了设计要求，不仅铝加工能力达到了国内先进水平，而且与同类生产线相比投资省，建设安装期更短。 　　大力神铝业热轧厂厂长钟巍告诉记者，这条生产线设备主要采购于中国二重机械、意大利米洛公司，生产线成功投产不仅有国内专家的参与，而且还有外籍专家的指导。 　　作为省、市级重大项目，总投资20亿元的大力神铝加工项目较终将形成年产15万吨各种规格和系列高性能铝合金板带材及其制品的生产能力。目前，企业在热轧生产线的基础上已加快了精密加工生产线的建设。 　　大力神项目全面投产后将能提高国产高性能铝合金产品的档次和质量，缩短与国外的差距。

合金 热粗轧轧制温度/℃ 热精轧轧制温度/℃开轧温度 终轧温度 开轧温度 终轧温度1×××系 420～500 350～380 350～380 230～2803003 450～500 350～400 350～380 250～3005052 450～510 350～420 350～400 250～3005A03 410～510 350～420 350～400 250～3005A05 450～480 350～420 350～400 250～3005A06 430～470 350～420 350～400 250～3002024 420～440 350～430 350～400 250～3006061 410～500 350～420 350～400 250～3007075 380～410 350～400 350～380 250～300

国外70%左右铝箔是用铸锭热轧坯料生产,而2005年我国铝箔约有82%是用双辊式连续铸轧带坯轧制的,如云南新美铝铝箔有限公司自主开发的铸轧坯料生产0.005mm铝箔技术,在国内首次应用铸轧坯料批量生产出电容器用0.005mm规格铝箔。最近,华北铝业公司采用铸轧工艺生产超宽幅铝箔坯料获得成功,成为国内首家采用铸轧坯料生产1700mm以上规格超宽幅双零铝箔坯料的企业。从我国铝板坯铸轧生产线分布情况看,以铝箔生产为主的企业,坯料生产大多采用铸轧卷,而综合性的铝板带生产企业,坯料大多采用热轧卷。 　　在铸轧生产工艺中,连铸连轧生产线是一种先进的带坯生产工艺,在节约能源与资源、投资成本、生产成本方面优于铸锭热轧法,在产品品质方面接近铸锭热轧法且优于双辊式连续铸轧法。其中哈兹莱特连铸连轧工艺是目前世界上成熟的并商业化生产的连铸连轧法。 　　截至2006年底,全世界约有590条双辊式铸轧生产线,而我国占有约近300条,铸轧产能约为2500kt/a。其中,从国外引进的有14台,产能为152kt/a,是全球拥有铝带坯铸轧机最多的国家,但单台的平均生产能力约比工业发达国家的低35%。预计到2010年,中国可拥有350台以上的连续铸轧机,板带坯生产能力将达到3700kt/a左右。至2006年底,中国已建成的热轧项目有183个,总的铸锭热轧产能约为2800kt/a。 　　铝铸轧机未来市场的发展 　　1.高速铸轧机的新技术、新工艺继续得到开发和应用 　　目前在高速薄带坯铸轧生产线中使用的新技术有:金属液面高度自动控制系统;新的熔体供流系统;改进铸轧辊设计和辊套材料;改进喷淋技术等。 　　我国将进一步研究开发铝合金板带快速铸轧技术,即将铸轧机运行速度提高50%以上,厚度保持在6mm左右,可提高生产率30%～50%,从而在各种中低档铝合金板带材制造方面会具有更加突出的成本优势。我国从20世纪90年代开始研究电磁铸轧技术,也将会随着研究的深入而使铸轧产品得到进一步的推广。 　　2.我国铝铸轧机的未来市场发展 　　更新改造现有的双辊连续铸轧机,提高现有连续铸轧机的装机水平 　　有必要对国内部分的双辊连续铸轧机进行更新和改造,通过数学模型模拟试验和数据处理获得工艺参数最佳化值,把人工智能计算机控制、视频技术、仪表监控、液压技术都应用到铝板带双辊连续铸轧工艺技术中来,实现整个生产过程的自动化和最佳化运行,提高我国整体双辊连续铸轧工艺技术水平。 　　加大铝板带双辊连续铸轧工艺技术的研究开发力度 　　国外一直在研究开发利用双辊连续铸轧工艺技术生产铝合金板带,特别是铝缸、缸盖和拉环毛料。在这方面,我国还有许多工作要做,例如,双辊连续铸轧工艺技术的理论研究、铸轧铝板带的金相组织和表面质量的研究、双辊连续铸轧机的设备及耐火材料的研究和改进等。 　　进一步开发薄带坯快速铸轧技术 　　采用薄带坯高速铸轧工艺生产PS版基铝板带材的毛料。由于薄带坯高速铸轧比常规铸轧具有更大冷却强度,可以得到更细小的晶粒尺寸及枝晶间距,提高合金元素在固溶体中的过饱和度,可以充分抑制常规铸轧带坯表面经常出现的由于重熔而产生的粗大化合物组织和表面偏析等缺陷,从而能提高表面和内部质量。 　　继续立足于研究铝合金电磁铸轧技术 　　电磁铸轧技术的研究立足于发扬常规铸轧节能、投资少的突出优势。用电磁铸轧技术和装备可生产多种合金品种,铸轧带坯质量明显改善,组织性能优于常规铸轧板,特别是深加工性能获得突破性进展,为高性能铝板带材提供性价比高的铝带坯,拓宽了铸轧板的应用范围。 　　发展超薄、超宽、快速连铸连轧机列 　　铝连铸连轧存在的普遍问题是速度和厚度问题。厚度一般都限定在6mm～10mm,速度在1m/min～1.5m/min之间。这样,势必增加后续工序的轧制道次,同时为提高产量就必须增加机组数量。φ1050×1600mm超薄快速铸轧机的研制成功,证明在解决热交换问题的前提下,铸轧厚度可以降至3.5mm～2mm,速度可以提高到3m/min～8m/min,甚至更高,这样铸轧机的生产效率可以成倍递增。 　　引入哈兹莱特连铸连轧技术与工艺 　　哈兹莱特连铸连轧工艺是一项成熟的优秀工艺,值得在中国推广应用。其技术和工艺优势能满足中国铝板带市场的巨大需要量,能满足中国包装业、运输业、建筑业的发展所需要的价廉物美的铝合金板。

每天都在炼钢的你，对超薄带钢的了解，有多少? 每一天，人类都在追求极致，摸着一手生产出的带钢，你身体内的洪荒之力有没有时刻提醒你，要生产出更薄更好带钢产品? 小编精心整理了目前国际上最先进的热轧超薄带钢无头轧制技术资料，你还不赶紧来充电? 废话不多说，干货来了，快接招! 我国薄板坯连铸连轧技术的发展历程 从技术特点和工业化应用来讲，中国薄板坯连铸连轧发展的过程可以划分成4个阶段。 第一个阶段：1984年—1999年，引入期。 在1975—1985年间科技部确定了薄板坯连铸连轧的技术研究工作，开启了中国薄板坯连铸的发展历程。 广州珠江钢厂投入使用国内第一条CSP产线;珠江钢厂、包钢、邯钢引进了德国的西马克技术，在当时钢铁工业快速发展的过程当中，对钢铁大量需求的情况下，薄板坯连铸连轧可以发挥一定作用。 第二阶段：2002—2008年，建设了9个薄板坯连铸连轧项目，包括了26个连铸机，单线产量300万t。 第三阶段：2008年之后，稳定发展期。这一时期，薄板坯连铸连轧的基础配置基本上确定下来，主要装备也基本稳定，其中，中国对高品质特殊钢、硅钢进行了相关的研究，并在一定程度上实现了产业化。 第四阶段：目前关于无头轧制ESP产线和ESP技术的研究和投入使用。 日照钢铁控股集团有限公司，国内第一家引进普锐特冶金技术有限公司ESP无头连铸连轧带钢工艺生产线的公司，首单ESP产品在2015年5月上市并交付用户，其ESP无头轧制生产线，设计钢种包括低碳钢、中碳钢、IF钢、HSLA、DP双相钢，部分产品的规格如下所示：工艺流程 传统的板带热连轧精轧机组生产均以单块中间坯进行轧制，因此，不可避免地要经过进精轧机组时的穿带、加速轧制、减速轧制、抛钢、甩尾等一系列过程，由此发生的尺寸公差和力学性能的不均匀性，很难在原有工艺框架内得到解决。热轧带无头轧制新技术正是解决这些问题的一项重要的技术突破。 目前，热带无头轧制技术有两种： 一是在常规热连轧线上，在粗轧与精轧之间将粗轧后的高温中间带坯在数秒钟之内快速连接起来，在精轧过程中实现无头轧制; 二是无头连铸连轧技术(ESP技术)。ESP技术可以看做是当前薄板坯连铸连轧技术不断发展升级而产生的无头轧制中最具有代表性的前沿技术。 接下来，讲解无头连铸连轧技术(ESP技术)的工艺流程。 1 连铸机浇注前的准备 修砌好并在干燥站干燥完毕的中间罐用吊车运至浇注平台上的中间罐车上，再用平台上的烘烤站将中间罐烘烤到1100℃，浸入式水口烘烤到约1250℃。 接通结晶器冷却水、二冷水、压缩空气、设备冷却水、液压、润滑等系统，使其处于正常状态。 引锭杆送至结晶器内合适位置，并将引锭头在结晶器内塞紧，并填好冷却用废钢屑。2 连铸机浇注操作 经由钢包进入中间罐的钢水，当其液面高度达到一定高度时，打开塞棒，此时钢水通过浸入式水口注入结晶器。 当钢液在结晶器内上升到规定的拉坯位置时，启动操作箱上“浇注”按钮，扇形段驱动辊按预定的起步拉速开始拉坯。与此同时，结晶器振动装置、二冷喷淋水、二冷室排蒸汽风机同时启动。 结晶器内己凝固成坯壳带液芯的铸坯由引锭杆牵引离开结晶器下口，经足辊、弯曲段、弧形段往下移动，此时冷却水和被压缩空气雾化的冷却水直接喷到铸坯上进行冷却。弧形的铸坯进入矫直段被矫直，然后进入水平段。 铸坯出水平段和粗轧机后，经摆动剪剪切，铸坯与引锭杆脱离，引锭杆快速送至引锭杆存放装置处。与引锭杆分离后的连铸坯送至后部的轧钢车间。 3 连续轧制过程 无头轧制模式 铸坯经过大压下轧机轧制成厚度为8mm-20mm的无头中间坯。该无头中间坯通过带保温罩的辊道运送至感应加热炉，感应加热炉以高效、准确、动态在线和灵活的方式将无头中间坯加热至要求的约1200℃。感应加热炉后设置有夹送辊除鳞箱。无头中间坯经过除鳞后进入架精轧机组，轧制成目标厚度的带钢。带钢经过输出辊道和层流冷却后得到理想的微观组织结构。在输出辊道的末端、卷取机之前，高速飞剪将无头带钢进行分卷，然后在地下卷取机上进行卷取。半无头轧制模式 对于厚度超过1mm的热轧带钢，则用摆式剪或者转縠飞剪将把中间坯按生产单个钢卷的尺寸进行切分，由此ESP生产线进入半无头轧制模式。切分后的中间坯将加速前行，以便和下一块中间坯的头部稍拉开一些距离。切分成单卷规格的中间坯经过感应加热炉加热、除鳞并穿带进入精轧机组轧制至成品规格、然后再经层流冷却即可获得微观结构均匀和机加工性能良好的带钢，最后由地下卷取机卷成钢卷。 目前流行的其他无头轧制技术 1.常规热连轧线上的无头轧制技术 现有常规热连轧线上，在粗轧与精轧之间将粗轧后的中间带坯在数秒钟之内快速连接起来，在精轧连轧机组实现无头轧制，经层流冷却线后的飞剪切断，由卷取机卷成热卷。2.JFE与新日铁热带无头轧制技术 日本JFE公司千叶厂于1996年开发成功采用感应焊接作为粗轧后的中间带坯连接方式，该方式要求对带坯接头区进行快速加热，形成热熔区实现对焊连接。该无头轧制生产线投产后，在提高热轧板带生产效率和成材率及板形板厚精度、降低轧辊消耗、扩大薄宽规格品种等方面取得了显著的效果，在国际冶金行业产生重大影响。3.浦项制铁热带无头轧制技术 韩国浦项制铁和三菱—日立公司于2007年初联合开发成功热轧中间带坯的无头轧制技术，即利用切头飞剪完成带坯瞬间的固态连接。对于薄板坯连铸连轧的发展方向 一是发挥薄板坯连铸连轧流程本身的特点，以实现连续化生产。 研究显示，对于单坯轧制，随着厚度的减薄，生产的事故率陡然增加，但无头轧制就不存在这样的问题。特别是极薄规格和宽规格产品，传统流程几乎没有办法生产。 而如果采用薄板坯连铸连轧，连铸出来的坯子本来就是一个完整的坯，所以，薄板坯连铸连轧在连续化生产方面有得天独厚的条件。这就是ESP技术在世界范围得到广泛应用的原因。 因此，今后薄板坯连铸连轧发展的一个方向，应该是连续化生产，也就是无头轧制。当然，实现无头轧制的工艺配置和技术有多种，如何更好地实现还在探讨中。 二是充分发挥薄板坯连铸连轧的特点，开发有竞争力的产品。 薄板坯连铸连轧快速凝固的特点使得产品的偏析更少、铸态组织更均匀，这样的优势对于成分更加复杂的特殊钢产品生产是非常有利的。 目前，中国在高品质特殊钢、高强钢、硅钢、薄规格产品方面已经开发出系列产品，并进入了市场。但是，未来还有很多工作要做，如高牌号硅钢。

据介绍,在世界铝板、带、箔总产量中,用铸锭热轧坯料的冷轧板还不到20%,而80%以上的板、带、箔都用成本较低的双辊式连续铸轧板带坯或哈兹莱特连铸连轧板带坯进行冷轧生产。 　　目前铝铸轧机与热轧机的应用情况 　　国外70%左右铝箔是用铸锭热轧坯料生产,而2005年我国铝箔约有82%是用双辊式连续铸轧带坯轧制的,如云南新美铝铝箔有限公司自主开发的铸轧坯料生产0.005mm铝箔技术,在国内首次应用铸轧坯料批量生产出电容器用0.005mm规格铝箔。较近,华北铝业公司采用铸轧工艺生产超宽幅铝箔坯料获得成功,成为国内采用铸轧坯料生产1700mm以上规格超宽幅双零铝箔坯料的企业。从我国铝板坯铸轧生产线分布情况看,以铝箔生产为主的企业,坯料生产大多采用铸轧卷,而综合性的铝板带生产企业,坯料大多采用热轧卷。 　　在铸轧生产工艺中,连铸连轧生产线是一种先进的带坯生产工艺,在节约能源与资源、投资成本、生产成本方面优于铸锭热轧法,在产品品质方面接近铸锭热轧法且优于双辊式连续铸轧法。其中哈兹莱特连铸连轧工艺是目前世界上成熟的并商业化生产的连铸连轧法。 　　普通铸轧板坯与热轧板坯性能比较参见表1,表2对双辊铸轧和1+X热轧进行了综合性比较。 　　截至2006年底,全世界约有590条双辊式铸轧生产线,而我国占有约近300条,铸轧产能约为2500kt/a。其中,从国外引进的有14台,产能为152kt/a,是全球拥有铝带坯铸轧机较多的国家,但单台的平均生产能力约比工业发达国家的低35%。预计到2010年,中国可拥有350台以上的连续铸轧机,板带坯生产能力将达到3700kt/a左右。至2006年底,中国已建成的热轧项目有183个,总的铸锭热轧产能约为2800kt/a。铝铸轧机未来市场的发展 　　1.高速铸轧机的新技术、新工艺继续得到开发和应用 　　目前在高速薄带坯铸轧生产线中使用的新技术有:金属液面高度自动控制系统;新的熔体供流系统;改进铸轧辊设计和辊套材料;改进喷淋技术等。 　　我国将进一步研究开发铝合金板带快速铸轧技术,即将铸轧机运行速度提高50%以上,厚度保持在6mm左右,可提高生产率30%~50%,从而在各种中低档铝合金板带材制造方面会具有更加突出的成本优势。我国从20世纪90年代开始研究电磁铸轧技术,也将会随着研究的深入而使铸轧产品得到进一步的推广。 　　2.我国铝铸轧机的未来市场发展 　　更新改造现有的双辊连续铸轧机,提高现有连续铸轧机的装机水平 　　有必要对国内部分的双辊连续铸轧机进行更新和改造,通过数学模型模拟试验和数据处理获得工艺参数较佳化值,把人工智能计算机控制、视频技术、仪表监控、液压技术都应用到铝板带双辊连续铸轧工艺技术中来,实现整个生产过程的自动化和较佳化运行,提高我国整体双辊连续铸轧工艺技术水平。 　　加大铝板带双辊连续铸轧工艺技术的研究开发力度 　　国外一直在研究开发利用双辊连续铸轧工艺技术生产铝合金板带,特别是铝缸、缸盖和拉环毛料。在这方面,我国还有许多工作要做,例如,双辊连续铸轧工艺技术的理论研究、铸轧铝板带的金相组织和表面质量的研究、双辊连续铸轧机的设备及耐火材料的研究和改进等。 　　进一步开发薄带坯快速铸轧技术 　　采用薄带坯高速铸轧工艺生产PS版基铝板带材的毛料。由于薄带坯高速铸轧比常规铸轧具有更大冷却强度,可以得到更细小的晶粒尺寸及枝晶间距,提高合金元素在固溶体中的过饱和度,可以充分抑制常规铸轧带坯表面经常出现的由于重熔而产生的粗大化合物组织和表面偏析等缺陷,从而能提高表面和内部质量。 　　继续立足于研究铝合金电磁铸轧技术 　　电磁铸轧技术的研究立足于发扬常规铸轧节能、投资少的突出优势。用电磁铸轧技术和装备可生产多种合金品种,铸轧带坯质量明显改善,组织性能优于常规铸轧板,特别是深加工性能获得突破性进展,为高性能铝板带材提供性价比高的铝带坯,拓宽了铸轧板的应用范围。 　　发展超薄、超宽、快速连铸连轧机列 　　铝连铸连轧存在的普遍问题是速度和厚度问题。厚度一般都限定在6mm~10mm,速度在1m/min~1.5m/min之间。这样,势必增加后续工序的轧制道次,同时为提高产量就必须增加机组数量。Φ1050×1600mm超薄快速铸轧机的研制成功,证明在解决热交换问题的前提下,铸轧厚度可以降至3.5mm~2mm,速度可以提高到3m/min~8m/min,甚至更高,这样铸轧机的生产效率可以成倍递增。 　　引入哈兹莱特连铸连轧技术与工艺 　　哈兹莱特连铸连轧工艺是一项成熟的工艺,值得在中国推广应用。其技术和工艺优势能满足中国铝板带市场的巨大需要量,能满足中国包装业、运输业、建筑业的发展所需要的价廉物美的铝合金板。

铝板带轧制包括以出产中厚板及铝卷为主的铝板带热轧和以出产铝板带、箔轧为主的冷轧。所用的铝轧制工艺光滑剂首要有热轧铝板用乳化液、冷轧铝板用轧制油、铝箔用轧制油、冷轧铝板用油水分施技能等。铝热轧用乳化液由热轧油及水分配而成，乳化液的浓度通常在2~10%的规模，其间水相大约占乳化液90~98%的份额，因而，铝热轧乳化液中的水对铝热轧的出产及板带质量起到非常重要的效果。本文将对铝热轧乳化液配液用水及相关影响要素进行扼要论说一、水及相关水的分类水（H?O）是由氢、氧两种元素组成的无机物，在常温常压下为无色无味的通明液体。水可分为：硬水（天然水）、软水和去离子水等。硬水是含有钙离子（Ca2＋）和镁离子（Mg2＋）及其它能溶于水的离子的水。软水是仅去除了硬水中钙、镁离子的水。去离子水则是指经过离子交流设备将水中的阴、阳离子悉数去除的水。依据水的硬度能够将水分类为：硬度/(mmol·dm-3) >4.5 3.0~4.5 1.5~3.0 0.5~1.5 <0.5称号 极硬水 硬水 中硬水 软水 极软水一般可选用硬度、电导率来衡量水的纯度。水的硬度就是水中钙、镁离子的总浓度，而电导率为水中离子导电才干的巨细。天然水：除了含有Ca2＋，Mg2＋离子外，还包括有其它一些离子，这些离子对水质有各自不同的影响。软水（钠离子交流水）：水经过钠离子软化除掉水中的Ca2＋，Mg2＋。该水的特色：所得水的硬度减低，但pH不变；水中阴、阳离子的总量根本不变，Na＋的含量会显着添加，电导率根本不变；因为再生剂为NaCl，所以钠离子软化水中，氯离子（Cl-）含量要高于原水中的氯离子含量。去离子水：因为去除了一切溶在水中的离子，所以水的硬度和电导率均有大幅的下降，利于出产运用。电导率反映了水中阳离子和阴离子的量，离子含量越高，水的电导率越大，水的纯度越低。例如：某天然水的硬度和电导率必定，那么所制软化水的硬度会大大下降，电导率却根本不变，所制去离子水的硬度和电导率均会大大的下降，一般状况下，去离子水的硬度根本挨近0，而电导率也会在3uS/cm以下。二、铝热轧乳化液配液水的挑选和影响要素1、选用天然水配液，天然水中钙、镁离子对乳化液的损害最大。钙、镁离子能够与乳液中的乳化剂及某些有效成分构成不溶物，从而对乳液的安稳性和有效成分的成效发挥方面带来大的影响，它们不只影响到乳化液的安稳运用，一起或许影响到轧制出产的正常进行。除钙、镁离子外，水中其它离子对乳液也会有不良影响，如Na+含量过高会添加水腐蚀倾向，下降乳液中有效成分的化学吸附性等。用高硬度的水制造乳化液，其间的硫酸盐或氧化物存在，也会下降乳化液的安稳性。如下为几种首要离子或许带来的影响。水中所溶有离子对水质的首要影响：1、Ca2＋，Mg2＋（钙、镁离子）：与碱性物质反响构成不溶物，如交流器内结垢；能与乳化液中的相关有效成分反响。2、Cl- （氯离子）：腐蚀性离子，对金属发生点蚀；使水中含盐量添加。3、SO42-：（硫酸根离子）：添加水的含盐量；与Ca2＋结组成硫酸钙水垢。4、HCO3-：（碳酸氢根离子）：分化会发生碱性腐蚀；蒸汽中发生CO2腐蚀。5、Na＋（钠离子）：添加水的含盐量；添加水的腐蚀倾向。2、选用软化水配液，因为钙、镁离子的损害较大，为此，人们选用钠离子交流树脂，将一价的钠来替代二价的钙、镁，这样从必定程度上下降了钙，镁离子所带来的损害。用钠替代钙，镁后，水的硬度下降了许多，不过乳液中金属离子的含量并没有削减，所以电导率并不会显着改变。假如所选用的天然水具有较高的硬度，那么在制备钠离子交流水时将有很多的Na＋离子以及必定含量的Cl-离子会进入到乳液中，成为乳化液中首要的离子。当乳化液中的Na＋离子及Cl-离子含量较低时，它们对乳化液的运用以及出产带来的影响常常较小。不过跟着轧制的进行，乳化液的水不断蒸腾，乳液中的离子却不会蒸腾，这些离子不断堆集，它们的损害开端不断加大。如跟着水中钠离子含量的增高，导电性增大，腐蚀速度加快，因为这时水的电阻削减，腐蚀电流易经过，从而使电化学效果加快。此外，钠离子离子半径小，穿透才干强，极性强，跟着它的含量的不断集合，很多的钠离子会在必定程度上损坏有效成分分子在轧辊上的化学吸附，从而对乳化液的光滑效果受到影响，而很多钠离子所构成的钠皂会恶化乳液分离性，影响光滑性，一起随同泡沫呈现，进一步恶化光滑性，所以当Na＋离子含量过高时，或许呈现表面粘铝等缺点，此外，钠离子含量过高，也或许加液运用量。这种状况，在某客户处曾呈现，因为所运用软化水（钠离子交流水）的电导率过高，很多钠离子敏捷堆集，当乳液的电导率抵达1500uS/cm后，轧制的表面质量开端呈现问题。该用户更换了去离子水后，他们的出产和乳液的运用都得到了显着的改进。如上所说，氯离子的存在简单对金属发生点蚀，也会加快腐蚀反响的进行；3、选用去离子水配液作为铝热轧乳化液配液用水而言，去离子水是最佳的挑选。配液用水选用去离子水能够从根本上消除来自水质或许对乳液带来的影响，水中离子或许带来的损害将不复存在。Ca2＋，Mg2＋的直接损害，及Na＋，Cl-等离子的累积所发生的损害将会下降到最低。那么，在日常乳化液运用中，板材轧制进入到乳液中的金属离子，就能够经过日常的保护来消除或减轻，这样，乳化液就能够更好地、长时间地为轧制的安稳进行和取得杰出表面质量而效劳。三、铝热轧乳化液配液用水目标和相关配液要求1、配液用水一般检测项目和目标要求：项目 检测成果硬度(ppm) 0电导率(uS/cm) <10~20pH 6-7氯离子含量（ppm） 0除了对配液用水的目标有必定要求外，铝热轧乳化液配液时也需对配液水的温度及配液方法等做必定要求。2、配液水温度配液水的温度最好大于40度，水的表面张力很大（73），在其界面上不潮湿油，很难将油乳化到水里，而热水的表面张力相对较小，可所以油的粘度变小，热运动有利于有分子运动和涣散，加之，乳化剂的合理运用，以及必要的循环等机械剪切力，能让油珠较好地涣散到水相中，构成较好的水包油型的乳化液，并在铝热轧出产中得到好的运用。3、配液方法就铝热轧而言，所用乳化液多呈亚安稳状况，对颗粒度散布或乳化液的安稳性有较严厉的要求，因而，对配液时的加油方法、体系循环等也有必定需求。制造铝热轧乳化液，需将轧制油加入到水中制造，若轧制油的乳化性很好，能够直接将乳化液加入到水中，拌和，可很快构成乳化状况的乳化液。但大多轧制油制造时，需要在循环泵前加液，凭借循环泵的机械剪切力，才干构成油珠散布合理的，合适热轧出产的水包油型乳化液。四、定论铝热轧用乳化液中的水相占有很大的份额，挑选的配液水对乳化液的安稳性及板带的出产和质量有着至关重要的效果。作为铝热轧乳化液配液用水而言，去离子水是最佳的挑选。配液水目标检测和操控和配液水温度及配液方法的挑选对取得杰出的出产和铝板质量也非常有利。