紫铜钢丝，主要用于轮胎边缘作为增强用骨架材料，广泛应用于轮胎生产中。要了解紫铜钢丝，首先来知道下什么是钢丝：钢丝是钢材的板、管、型、丝四大品种之一，是用热轧盘条经冷拉制成的再加工产品。按断面形状分类，主要有圆、方、矩、三角、椭圆、扁、梯形、Z字形等；按尺寸分类，有特细<0.1毫米、较细0.1~0.5毫米、细0.5~1.5毫米、中等1.5~3.0毫米、粗3.0~6.0毫米、较粗6.0~8.0毫米，特粗>8.0毫米；按强度分类，有低强度<390兆帕、较低强度390~785兆帕、普通强度785~1225兆帕、较高强度1225~1960兆帕、高强度1960~3135兆帕、特高强度>3135兆帕；按用途分类有：普通质量钢丝包括焊条、制钉、制网、包装和印刷业用钢丝，冷顶锻用钢丝供冷镦铆钉、螺钉等，电工用钢包括生产架空通讯线、钢芯铝绞线等用专用钢丝，纺织工业用钢丝包括粗梳子、综013、针布和针用钢丝，制绳钢丝专供生产钢丝绳和辐条，弹簧钢丝包括弹簧和弹簧垫圈用、琴用及轮胎、帘布和运输胶带用钢丝，结构钢丝指钟表工业、滚珠、自动机易切削用钢丝，不锈钢丝包括上述各用途的不锈钢丝及外科植入物钢丝，电阻合金丝供加热器元件、电阻元件用，工具钢丝包括钢筋钢丝和制鞋钢丝。钢丝生产的主要工序包括原料选择、清除氧化铁皮、烘干、涂层处理、热处理、拉丝、镀层处理等。清除氧化铁皮，指去除盘条或中间线坯表面的氧化铁皮，目的是防止拉拔时氧化铁皮损伤模具和钢丝表面，为后继的涂或镀层处理准备良好的表面条件以及减小拉拔时的摩擦降低拉拔力。清除氧化铁皮的方法有化学法和机械法两大类，见盘条化学除鳞和盘条机械除鳞。再来看看紫铜：紫铜就是铜单质，因其颜色为紫红色而得名。各种性质见铜。紫铜就是工业纯铜，其熔点为1083℃，无同素异构转变，相对密度为8.9，为镁的五倍。比普通钢还重约15%。其具有玫瑰红色，表面形成氧化膜后呈紫色，故一般称为紫铜。它是含有一定氧的铜，因而又称含氧铜。紫铜的用途比纯铁广泛得多，每年有50%的铜被电解提纯为纯铜，用于电气工业。这里所说的紫铜，确实要非常纯，含铜达99.95%以上才行。极少量的杂质，特别是磷、砷、铝等，会大大降低铜的导电率。铜中含氧(炼铜时容易混入少量氧)对导电率影响很大，用于电气工业的铜一般都必须是无氧铜。另外，铅、锑、铋等杂质会使铜的结晶不能结合在一起，造成热脆，也会影响纯铜的加工。这种纯度很高的纯铜，一般用电解法精制：把不纯铜(即粗铜)作阳极，纯铜作阴极，以硫酸铜溶液为电解液。当电流通过后，阳极上不纯的铜逐渐熔解，纯铜便逐渐沉淀在阴极上。这样精制而得的铜;纯度可达99.99%。想要了解更多关于紫铜钢丝的信息，请继续浏览上海 有色 网。 

钢丝镀锌是提高钢丝耐锈蚀性能、装饰美观的一种工艺手法。目前，最常用的钢丝镀锌方法是热镀锌。钢丝是钢材的板、管、型、丝四大品种之一，是用热轧盘条经冷拉制成的再加工产品。钢丝生产的主要工序包括原料选择、清除氧化铁皮、烘干、涂层处理、热处理、拉丝、镀层处理等。其中，清除氧化铁皮的目的是防止拉拔时氧化铁皮损伤模具和钢丝表面，为后继的涂或镀层处理准备良好的表面条件以及减小拉拔时的摩擦降低拉拔力。钢丝镀锌的镀层处理是在非光面的要求镀层的钢丝表面镀覆一层 金属 或合金，目的是使钢丝防腐以提高其使用寿命。一般，在要求钢丝表面镀层光亮、致密且具有较高的强度时，采用先镀后拔，而在对钢丝表面要求不十分高、成品的强度和韧性无特殊要求，但对镀层重量有一定要求时则采用先拔后镀。镀锌是在装有镀件、玻璃球、锌粉、水和促进剂的旋转滚桶内，作为冲击介质的玻璃球随着滚桶转动，与镀件表面发生摩擦和锤击产生机械物理能量，在化学促进剂的作用下，将镀涂的锌粉“冷焊”到镀件表面上，形成光滑、均匀和细致的具有一定厚度的镀层。钢丝镀锌后，网面平整，结构坚固，整体性强，具有良好的韧性和弹性，镀锌层厚，抗腐蚀性强。镀锌钢丝主要用于种植大棚，养殖场，棉花打包，弹簧及钢丝绳的制造。

镀黄铜钢丝利用电解工艺，将黄铜沉积在钢丝镀件表面，形成具有 金属 镀层的钢丝。镀黄铜钢丝材质：45#钢、65#钢、70#钢等。    镀黄铜钢丝种类：黑钢丝、镀锌钢丝、镀铜钢丝等。规格：0.15mm-6.5mm    镀黄铜钢丝的应用：主要用于通信器材、医疗器械、钢丝轮、钢丝刷、编织网、钢索、滤网、高压管、建筑 行业 作穿线丝及弹簧等。     镀黄铜(输送带)钢丝：执行标准：GB/T 12753-2002　输送带用钢丝绳是用镀黄铜钢丝合制而成。主要用于输送带骨架增强。具有抗拉性强、抗冲击防撕裂与橡胶粘合性好的优点。主要参数有公称直径、最小破断拉力、抗拉强度等。    镀黄铜钢丝表面氧化锌含量的检测方法，主要由准备试剂、绘制样准曲线、样品制备、检测溶液、计算含量五个步骤组成，其特征是：    1)准备试剂：需要准备①高纯氩气、②标准锌溶液(1g/l)、③分析纯度的硝酸溶液、④10％分析纯度的氯化铵、⑤分析纯度的丙酮溶液、⑥分析纯度的无水乙醇溶液；    2)绘制校准曲线：吸取一定量标准锌溶液(1g/l)，用去离子水稀释为100mg/l锌的标准工作液；分别吸取上述标准工作液0、0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0mL于5只250mL容量瓶中，各加200ml的10％的氯化铵溶液和12.5mL硝酸，稀释至250ml，摇匀；将上述溶液放入电感耦合等离子体光谱仪进行测定，锌浓度在0～2.4mg/L范围内强度呈良好的线性关系，回归方程的相关系数r＝0.9999；    3)样品制备：取一段电镀黄铜钢丝样品，用无水乙醇溶液擦净表面油污，截取成若干小段，用丙酮溶液清洗后放入105℃烘箱中烘干，备用；    4)检测溶液：称取10±0.001g电镀黄铜钢丝样品，用200ml的10％的分析纯度氯化铵溶液浸泡一个小时，然后将浸泡液转移至250ml的容量瓶中，用蒸馏水洗涤钢丝，冲洗液转移到相同的容量瓶中，加入12.5mL硝酸，稀释至250ml，摇匀，电感耦合等离子体光谱仪对待测试溶液进行检测；    更多关于镀黄铜钢丝的资讯，请登录上海 有色 网查询。  

镀锌钢丝(galvanized steel wire)是把45#、65#、70#等优质碳素结构钢拉拔，然后再经镀锌（电镀锌或热镀锌）而成。 　　物理性能：镀锌钢丝表面平滑、光洁、没有裂纹地、节、起刺、伤痕和锈蚀，镀锌层均匀、附着力强、耐腐蚀力持久，韧性和弹性极好。抗拉强度应在900Mpa-2200Mpa之间(丝径Φ0.2mm-Φ4.4mm)。扭转次数(Φ0.5mm)在20次以上，反复弯曲应在13次以上。 　　用 途：主要用于种植大棚，养殖场，棉花打包，弹簧及钢丝绳的制造。镀锌钢丝与镀锌丝的区别镀锌丝采用优质低碳钢盘条加工而成，是采用优质低碳钢,经过拉拔成型、酸洗除锈、高温退火,热镀锌.冷却等工艺流程加工而成。镀锌丝特性：镀锌铁丝具有良好的韧性和弹性，最高上锌量可以达到300克/平米。具有镀锌层厚，抗腐蚀性强等特性。镀锌丝应用： 产品广泛用于建筑、手工艺品、编制丝网、高速公路防护栏、产品包装及日常民用等各个领域。镀锌钢丝网分为热镀锌钢丝网和冷镀锌钢丝网两种。镀锌钢丝网系选用优质低碳钢丝，通过精密的自动化机械技术电焊加工制成，网面平整，结构坚固，整体性强，即使镀锌钢丝网的局部裁截或局部承受压力也不致发生松动现象，钢丝网成型后进行镀锌（热镀）耐腐蚀性好，具有一般钢丝网不具备的优点,可用做外墙保温系列。镀锌钢丝网可用作家禽笼、盛蛋筐、通道围栏、排水槽、门廊防护栏、防鼠网、机械防护罩、家畜及植物围栏、栅架等,广泛应用于工业、农业、建筑、运输、采矿等 行业 。

65锰钢丝价格，因近期南方地区一些钢厂纷纷调整硅锰采购价，且收货量较低，导致厂家硅锰出厂价下调，市场65锰钢丝价格报盘价走低。目前各钢厂采购价均低于7000元/吨，大厂采购价在6800元/吨，受此影响，目前一些厂家出厂价在6700-6750元/吨。目前港口锰矿价格波动不大，但钢厂因钢材价格下滑，近期继续打压硅锰采购价；但厂家库存量较大，因而除了给钢厂供货，难力挺前期销售价。　　当前65锰钢丝价格市场价回落到7000元/吨左右，跌幅在100-200元/吨，下游询盘较少。一些硅锰厂家停产，但大厂正陆续给钢厂供货，因而在钢厂压价的前提下，各地市场硅锰继续低报低走。业内人士认为，目前硅锰出口价较低，一些厂家出口贸易量下降，而内销压力不减，以致近期低价抛货，回笼资金。受钢市持续低位徘徊的影响，后期硅锰市场需求难很快好转，预计后期将继续低位小幅震荡。国内65锰钢丝价格行情就开始出现小幅度走低，价格也是有所下跌，大部分生产厂家出货意向有所增强，行情下跌的趋势已经很明显了，目前大部分业内人士都有这样一个观点，认为今年上半年剩余时间内国内电解锰行情整体的走势可能会在11800-12400元/吨之间波动。国产锰矿经过长期低迷态势运行后，锰矿商士气低落，对后市信心不足，大家期盼暖春的到来。    广西地区一65锰钢丝价格商称：“目前我们矿山早已停工，厂里库存已经消耗完，但我们现在不打算开工，待行情回升后在动工。”    进口锰矿对国产65锰钢丝冲击也不小，大部分矿商称：“合金商采用进口矿增多，国产矿滞销，如果合金市场需求力度没有拉上去，估计国产锰矿将维持目前低迷态势运行。”    目前国65锰钢丝价格市场观望气氛浓厚，虽然近期锰矿行情低迷，但大部分矿商仍在期盼行情的回暖。 

1.16代表钢丝绳直径.为16mm粗的钢丝绳 2.ZAB表示镀锌绳,镀锌级别为AB级镀锌钢丝. 3.6X37表示是钢丝绳结构,6股钢丝,每股为37根钢丝. 4.MF应该是NF吧,在钢丝绳中没有MF表示的,NF表示天然纤维芯. 5.1870表示钢丝绳的抗拉强度为1870级. 6.这是点接触纤维芯镀锌绳. 7.可以起到防锈,美观的作用 8.镀锌抗拉强度1870级大直径的绳子在国内很少钢丝绳的规格 钢丝绳按拧绕的层次可分为单绕绳、双绕绳和三绕绳。①单绕绳：由若干细钢丝围绕一根金属芯拧制而成，挠性差，反复弯曲时易磨损折断，主要用作不运动的拉紧索。②双绕绳：由钢丝拧成股后再由股围绕绳芯拧成绳。常用的绳芯为麻芯，高温作业宜用石棉芯或软钢丝拧成的金属芯。制绳前绳芯浸涂润滑油，可减少钢丝间互相摩擦所引起的损伤。双绕绳挠性较好，制造简便，应用最广。③三绕绳：以双绕绳作股再围绕双绕绳芯拧成绳，挠性好；但制造较复杂，且钢丝太细，容易磨损，故很少应用。钢丝绳的绕制方向有顺绕和交绕两种。钢丝拧成股的绕向与股拧成绳的绕向相同者称顺绕。顺绕钢丝绳的钢丝间接触较好，挠性也较好，使用寿命长，但有扭转松散的趋向，不宜用作自由端悬吊重物的提升绳，可作为有刚性导轨对重物导行时的提升绳或牵引绳。钢丝拧成股的绕向与股拧成绳的绕向相反者称交绕。交绕的钢丝绳不易扭转松散，在起重作业中广泛使用。　　a 右交互捻ZS：绳右捻，股左捻 股捻的方向与股内钢丝捻的方向相反称交互捻　　b 左交互捻SZ：绳左捻，股右捻　　c 右同向捻ZZ：绳右捻，股右捻　　d 左同向捻：绳左捻，股左捻　　e 右混合捻：绳右捻，部分股左捻，部分股右捻　　f 左混合捻：绳左捻，部分股右捻，部分股左捻

热镀锌钢丝，是指采用热浸锌工艺方法镀锌的钢丝。是较常用的一种镀锌钢丝产品。镀锌钢丝(galvanized steel wire)是把45#、65#、70#等优质碳素结构钢拉拔，然后再经镀锌（电镀锌或热镀锌）而成。 　　物理性能：镀锌钢丝表面平滑、光洁、没有裂纹地、节、起刺、伤痕和锈蚀，镀锌层均匀、附着力强、耐腐蚀力持久，韧性和弹性极好。抗拉强度应在900Mpa-2200Mpa之间(丝径Φ0.2mm-Φ4.4mm)。扭转次数(Φ0.5mm)在20次以上，反复弯曲应在13次以上。 　　用 途：主要用于种植大棚，养殖场，棉花打包，弹簧及钢丝绳的制造。镀锌钢丝与镀锌丝的区别镀锌丝采用优质低碳钢盘条加工而成，是采用优质低碳钢,经过拉拔成型、酸洗除锈、高温退火,热镀锌.冷却等工艺流程加工而成。镀锌丝特性：镀锌铁丝具有良好的韧性和弹性，最高上锌量可以达到300克/平米。具有镀锌层厚，抗腐蚀性强等特性。镀锌丝应用： 产品广泛用于建筑、手工艺品、编制丝网、高速公路防护栏、产品包装及日常民用等各个领域。我们可以用热镀锌钢丝编制成热镀锌钢丝网，可用作家禽笼、盛蛋筐、通道围栏、排水槽、门廊防护栏、防鼠网、机械防护罩、家畜及植物围栏、栅架等,广泛应用于工业、农业、建筑、运输、采矿等 行业 。

GB700--88 的牌号表示方法以及对各牌号所规定的技术要求与GB700—79都不同，新旧标准牌号对照如下供参考。GB 700－88 GB 700－79Q195 不分等级，化学成份和力学性能(抗拉强度、伸长率和冷弯)均须保证，但轧制薄板和盘条之类产品，力学性能的保证项目，根据产品特点和使用要求，可在有关标准中另行规定 1 号钢 Q195的化学成份与本标准1 号钢的乙类钢B1 同，力学性能(抗拉强度、伸长率和冷弯)与甲类钢A1同(A1 的冷弯试验是附加保)。1 号钢没有特类钢Q215 A级B级(做常温冲击试验，V 型缺口) A2QQ235 A级(不做冲击试验)B级(做常温冲击试验，V 型缺口)C级(作为重要焊接结构用)D级(作为重要焊接结构用) A3(附加保证常温冲击试验，U型缺口)C3(附加保证常温或-20℃冲击试验，U型缺口)Q235 A级B级(做常温冲击试验V型缺口) A4C4 (附加保证冲击试验，U 型缺口)Q275 不分等级，化学成分和力学性能均须保证 C5

镀锌钢丝网，镀锌产品的一种，是指在钢丝网表面镀锌，从而达到防腐锈的目的。可以用镀锌钢丝编制而成。 钢丝网，steel wire mesh钢丝网是建筑防裂、墙体保温必备的建材。 　　钢丝网是水泥砂浆基面的骨架，可以选用钢丝粗为16－18号网格为20－25毫米的钢丝网或镀锌铁丝网。常用 金属 网有两种：钢板网（拉网）和钢丝网（编织网） 　　钢板网是1.2mm厚钢板冲切开口，拉伸而成。强度大，结实耐用，可独立钉钢板网直接抹灰。 　　钢丝网是用细钢丝或者镀锌铁丝编织成网，有不同网眼密度、尺寸，单位是“目”。必须背后衬托（水泥板、墙体等）使用。镀锌钢丝网优点：防腐性能优异，耐久性能好；抗拉强度高，整体性好。钢丝网常用规格 

镀锌钢丝绳，是将数根镀锌钢丝捻成股，再以绳芯为中心，由一定数量股捻绕成螺旋状的绳，我们称之为“镀锌钢丝绳”。 可用于高级建筑、车船捆绑、牵引、捆扎等领域、用于航运、海洋石油勘探、飞机操纵以及海洋捕捞、拖网、定置网、卷网等渔业方面。 　　镀锌钢丝绳的绳芯以往常用剑麻及黄麻制造，但因这些材料在工作时容易吸附酸、碱、海水等腐蚀物，造成内层钢丝早期锈蚀断丝，已改用聚丙烯作绳芯。 　　镀锌钢丝绳的捻制与普通圆股钢丝绳相同，但根据钢丝绳使用的工作条件，对原料钢丝的锌层厚度有不同的要求：直径0.2～5.0mm的特号和I号镀锌钢丝绳钢丝，镀层厚度可分为3组：薄镀层组上锌量为15～135g／m2，用于轻度腐蚀条件；中镀层组上锌量为60～200g／m2，用于中等腐蚀条件；厚镀锌组上锌量为75～260g／m2，用于严重腐蚀条件。为确保钢丝绳的质量，钢丝镀锌层表面应平滑、完整、均匀和牢固。当镀锌钢丝呈螺旋状缠绕在直径为钢丝直径5倍或10倍的芯杆上时，锌层不应脱落或开裂。对镀锌层的耐腐蚀能力，也应做相应的检验。钢丝的镀锌有多线连续热镀和电镀两种方法。 　　电镀锌(见钢丝电镀锌)是通过外加电源，用电沉积的方式获得镀层，获得的镀层是由细密的纯锌晶粒所组成。热镀锌(见钢丝热镀锌)是靠物理的热扩散作用形成镀层，首先形成铁一锌化合物，相继在铁一锌化合物表面生成纯锌层。从理论上讲，电镀锌可获得任意厚度的锌层。目前实用的电镀锌上锌量可达1200g／m2。，一般电镀锌层上锌量也可达750g／m2。而热镀锌上锌量最高值也不过593g／m2。。热镀锌会降低钢丝的力学性能，要求强度高及耐腐蚀性高的镀锌钢丝绳，多采用电镀锌钢丝捻制。 

热镀锌钢丝网，即指用热镀锌钢丝编制呈网状的镀锌产品。热镀锌钢丝，是指采用热浸锌工艺技术镀锌的钢丝产品，相对于电镀锌钢丝，镀锌层更厚、更常用。镀锌钢丝网分为热镀锌钢丝网和冷镀锌钢丝网两种。镀锌钢丝网系选用优质低碳钢丝，通过精密的自动化机械技术电焊加工制成，网面平整，结构坚固，整体性强，即使镀锌钢丝网的局部裁截或局部承受压力也不致发生松动现象，钢丝网成型后进行镀锌（热镀）耐腐蚀性好，具有一般钢丝网不具备的优点,可用做外墙保温系列。镀锌钢丝网可用作家禽笼、盛蛋筐、通道围栏、排水槽、门廊防护栏、防鼠网、机械防护罩、家畜及植物围栏、栅架等,广泛应用于工业、农业、建筑、运输、采矿等 行业 。热镀锌顾名思义，就是在加温的情况进行镀。将锌熔化成液态后，将母材浸入其中，这样锌就会与母材形成互渗，结合得非常紧密，中间不易残留其它杂质或缺陷，类似于两种材料在镀层部位熔化到一起了，而且镀层厚度大，可以达到100微米，所以耐腐蚀能力高，盐雾试验96h没问题的，相当于通常环境下10年；而冷镀锌是在常温下进行电镀，过程就不说了，虽然也可以控制镀层厚度，但相对来讲镀层结合强度及厚度都较低，所以耐腐蚀能力差些。 　　热镀锌钢丝网主要用于一般建筑外墙、浇混凝土、高层住宅等，在保温系统中起着重要的结构作用，在施工时钢丝网所形成抗裂砂浆防护层可与保温材料形成的保温层一起形成外墙保温系统，有效地保护住宅的围护结构，使外界的温度变化、雨水侵蚀对建筑物的破坏大大降低，从而解决了屋面渗水、墙体开裂等顽症，延长了建筑物的寿命，也降低了维修费用。在整体性、保温性、耐久性和抗震性能方面有相当高的优越性,节能效果良好。

材料 316 304 201 镀锌... 直径 0.3-0.4-0.5-0.6-0.7-0.8-0.9-1-1.2-1.5-2-2.5-3-4-5-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20-22-24-26（mm）结构 双捻(多股) 排列方式 1*3 1*7 1*19 3*7 6*11 6*12 6*19 6*37 7*7 7*19 7*37...捻向 左交互(LHRL) 抗拉强度 1470（MPa）不锈钢钢丝绳规格分为：316不锈钢钢丝绳 304不锈钢钢丝绳 301不锈钢钢丝绳  201不锈钢钢丝绳  316L不锈钢钢丝绳 304L不锈钢钢丝绳

新华社电 美国5月30日宣布布告称，将对我国输美标准钢管征收关税。　　布告说，针对我国首要钢管出产商的“不公平定价行为”，决议对其出产的标准钢管征收最高615.92%的反补贴税以及最高85.55%的反推销税。 　　据悉，所涉钢管首要用于暖卫体系、空调及主动喷水救活体系，包含天津双街钢管集团、江苏玉龙钢管公司、潍坊东方钢管公司、金洲集团等在内的我国制造商和出口商将遭到影响。 　　不过，只要美国国际贸易委员会裁决美国国内出产商遭到进口危害后，上述关税决议才干收效。估计相关裁决将在7月14日左右发布。 　　2007年6月，美国对原产于我国的标准钢管进行反补贴立案查询。我国钢铁工业协会副秘书长戚向东曾表明，我国对钢铁产品的出口退税已一降再降，而且对这些产品没有进行国家补贴，所以以为我国产品存在推销是不正确的。

铝线拉丝油,是拉丝油的一个品种。拉丝油，用于拉丝、拉拔工艺的高效润滑，具体适用于以下领域： 　　1、各种丝材、线材的拉丝拉线工艺； 　　2、电子元器件引出线的铜包钢丝、镀青铜胎圈钢丝、镀铜钢丝的拉拔工艺 　　3、光面钢丝的拉拔。 　　拉丝油为棕红色液体，由精制油配以国际上高档合成油，添加高PB值水性极压剂、乳化剂、防锈缓蚀剂、防氧防霉剂等多种助剂，经精湛工艺配制而成。 　　优异的润滑性能、抗磨性能，提高加工精度、表面光洁度，拉丝模耗量低，有效保护丝材或线材，最大程度的减少划伤等现象的发生；润滑性能、冷却性能、防锈性能、清洗性能——四能一体。能有效的排除 金属 屑、油污、油泥、等切屑，减少胶质堵塞管道的程度；有突出的短期防锈、工序间防锈作用。散热冷却，不燃，安全可靠。属高效节能型产品； 　　优异的乳化效果，乳化安定性好，调制成的乳化液，无析油，具有良好的润湿性和润滑性，能使被加工机件获得好的表面质量； 　　有较好的快速消泡作用，属于抑泡型产品； 　　不含亚硝酸盐等有害物质，无不良的刺激性气味，属环境友好型产品； 　　本品可代替国外同类产品。使用成本低，加工效率高。不易腐败、稳定性好，使用周期长； 　　水溶性好，高透明度，易于观察工件动态状况； 　　经济安全、使用寿命长、不易腐败变质、无油泥废油污染。铝是热的良导体，它的导热能力比铁大3倍，工业上可用铝制造各种热交换器、散热材料和炊具等。想要了解更多铝线拉丝油的相关资讯，请浏览上海 有色 网（ www.smm.cn ）铝频道。

用紫铜制作的紫铜工艺品有很多，其中有一个叫做景泰蓝。景泰蓝作为津门十景之一，天津古文化街一直坚持“中国味，天津味，文化味，古味”经营特色，以经营文化用品为主。古文化街内有近百家店堂。 以经营景泰蓝为主的中华老字号“乔香阁工艺品”落户古文化街。景泰蓝，又名“铜胎掐丝珐琅”，景泰蓝是一种瓷铜结合的独特工艺品。制作景泰蓝先要用紫铜制胎，接着工艺师在上面作画，再用铜丝在铜胎上根据所画的图案粘出相应的花纹，然后用色彩不同的珐琅釉料镶嵌在图案中，最后再经反复烧结，磨光镀金而成。景泰蓝的制作既运用了青铜和瓷器工艺、又溶入了传统手工绘画和雕刻技艺，堪称中国传统工艺的集大成者。这种铜的珐琅器创始于明代景泰年间，因初创时只有蓝色，故名景泰蓝。现代景泰蓝已变成了一种工艺品名称，而不是颜色了。大体上说，明代的景泰蓝胎的铜质较好，多为紫铜胎，体略显厚重，故造型仿古的多，主要仿青铜所用的彩釉均为天然矿物质料，色彩深沉而逼真，红像宝石红，绿像松石绿。此时的丝掐得较粗，镀金部分金水厚。彩釉上大多有砂眼。款有“大明景泰年制”或“景泰年制”，底款，边款均有。 清代的景泰蓝工艺比明代有提高，胎薄，掐丝细，彩釉也比明代要鲜艳，并且无砂眼，花纹图案繁复多样，但不及明代的文饰生动，镀金部分金水较薄，但金色很漂亮。 民国时期景泰蓝总体水平不及前代，胎体薄，色彩鲜艳有浮感，做工较粗。这时只有“老天利”，“德兴成”，制作的景泰蓝工细，质量好。造型多仿古铜器，或仿乾隆时的精品，款，已都是刻款了。现在景泰蓝的陈设品多，不做实用品。 现在的景泰蓝工艺大有提高，造型多样，纹饰品种繁多，已成为我们与国际友人和亲朋好友互相往来的最佳礼品了。但当代人对景泰蓝工艺画的认识还停留在书本，真正欣赏过景泰蓝作品的为数不多。景泰蓝制法：1、设计胎图、丝工图纸、蓝图（点蓝的色稿）：首先有设计师设计胎图、丝工图纸、蓝图（点蓝的色稿），转成拷贝纸稿以备下一道工序应用。 2、型制作（制胎）：将紫铜片按照图纸要求剪出各种不同形状，并用铁锤敲打成各种形状的铜胎，然后将其各部位衔接上好焊药，经高温焊接后便成为器皿铜胎造型。 3、掐丝：用镊子将压扁了的细紫铜丝掐、掰成各种精美的图案花纹，再蘸上白芨粘附在铜胎上，然后筛上银焊药粉，经900度的高温焙烧，将铜丝花纹牢牢地焊接在铜胎上。 4、点蓝：经过掐丝工序后的胎体，再经烧焊、酸洗、平活、正丝等工序后，方可进入点蓝工序。点蓝是艺师把事先备好的珐琅釉料，依照图案所标示的颜色，用由铜丝锤制成的小铲形工具，一铲铲地将珐琅釉料填充入焊好的铜丝纹饰框架中。 5、烧蓝：是将整个胎体填满色釉后，再拿到炉温大约800摄氏度的高炉中烘烧，色釉由砂粒状固体熔化为液体，待冷却后成为固着在胎体上的绚丽的色釉，此时色釉低于铜丝高度，所以得再填一次色釉，再经烧结，一般要连续四五次，直至将纹样内填到与掐丝纹相平。 6、磨光：是用粗砂石、黄石、木炭分三次将凹凸不平的蓝釉磨平，凡不平之处都需经补釉烧熔后反复打磨，最后用木炭、刮刀将没有蓝釉的铜线、底线、口线刮平磨亮。 7、镀金：将磨平、磨亮的景泰蓝经酸洗、去污、沙亮后，放入镀金液糟中，然后通上电流，几分钟后黄金液便牢牢附首在景泰蓝 金属 部位上了。再经水洗冲净干燥处理后，一件斑斓夺目的景泰蓝便脱颖而出了。镀好金的景泰蓝再配上一座雕刻得玲珑剔透的硬木底托，更显出景泰蓝雍容华贵、端庄秀美的姿色。想要了解更多关于紫铜工艺品的信息，请继续浏览上海 有色 网。 

一、线材的生产工艺　　线材是指直径为5-22mm的热轧圆钢或相当此断面的异形钢，因以盘卷形式交货，故又通称为盘条。常见的线材产品规格直径为5-13mm。　　根据轧机的不同可分为高速线材（高线）和普通线材（普线）两种。　　高线采用高速线材轧机上轧制，生产节奏快、盘较大（包中盘元通常是整根、最大盘重可达2500kg）、包装通常比较紧匝、漂亮。　　高线是指用“高速无扭轧机”轧制的盘条。轧制速度在80-160米/秒，每根重量（盘）在1.8-2.5吨，尺寸公差精度高（可达到0.02mm），在轧制过程中可通过调整工艺参数（特别是在冷却线上）来保证产品的不同要求。 　　普线是指用“普通轧机（一般是横列式复二重轧机）”轧制的盘条。轧制速度20-60米/秒，每根重量（盘）在0.4-0.6吨（市场上见到的一般是三根六头为一大盘），在轧制过程中仅可通过冷却线上风冷或空冷来保证产品性能。 普线是用普通轧机轧制、一般盘重较小，一包通常由几段盘元包装而成、包装较松、较凌乱。普通线材扎机已被列为落后产能，将被逐步淘汰。　　线材的特点是断面小、长度大，对尺寸精度和表面质量要求较高。主要的轧制工序有：1）坯料 线材的坯料以连铸小方坯为主，其边长一般为120~150mm，长度一般在6~12米左右。在实际生产中，采用目测、电磁感应探伤和超声波探伤等方式检验连铸小方坯的质量；2） 加热 一般采用步进式加热炉加热。加热的要求是氧化脱碳少、钢坯不发生扭曲、不产生过热过烧等。现代化的高速线材轧机坯料大且长，这就要求加热温度均匀、温度波动范围小。3） 轧制 线材的断面比较单一，因此轧机专业化程度较高。由于坯料到成品，总延伸较大，因此轧机架数较多，一般为21~28架，分为粗、中、精轧机组。目前高速线材轧机成品出口速度已达100m/s以上。4） 精整 由于现代线材轧制速度较高，轧制中温降较小甚至是升温轧制，因此线材精轧后的温度很高，为保证产品质量，要进行散卷控制冷却。根据产品用途有珠光体控制冷却和马氏体控制冷却。其生产工艺流程如下：钢坯运入→成批称重→入库存放→炉前上料→钢坯质量检查→单根称重→加热→粗轧→切头尾→中轧→预精轧（轧间水冷）→切头尾→精轧（轧间水冷）→穿水冷却→吐丝成圈→散卷冷却→集卷→切头尾→压紧打捆→称重挂牌→卸卷→入库二、线材的特性与质量　　1、线材的分类　　随着工业的发展，线材的应用领域越来越广，对线材品种质量的要求越来越严格，也越来越专业化。　　线材的钢种非常广泛，有碳素结构钢、弹簧钢、碳素工具钢、合金结构钢、轴承钢、合金工具钢、不锈钢、电热合金钢等。凡是需要加工成丝的钢种大都经过热轧线材扎机生产成盘条再拉拔成丝。因为钢种、钢号繁多，所以在线材生产中通常将线材分为以下四大类：　　（1）软线。软线指普通低碳钢热轧圆盘条。　　（2）硬线。硬线指优质优质碳素结构钢类的盘条，如制绳钢丝用盘条，轮胎钢丝等专用盘条。　　（3）焊线。系指焊条用盘条。　　（4）合金钢线材。系指各种合金钢和合金含量高的专用盘条。 　　2、低碳钢热轧圆盘条的规格和质量要求　　对线材质量要求更多的是必须满足后部工序的使用性能。一般线材交货的技术条件规定的质量内容有：外形及尺寸精度；表面质量及氧化铁皮；截面质量及金相组织；化学成分及力学性能；盘重；包装及标志等。我国对线材的各项质量规定要求符合GB1499.1--2008《热轧光圆钢筋》的规定。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　牌号和化学成分牌　号 化学成分（质量分数）% 不大于      C Si Mn P SHPB235 0.22 0.3 0.65 0.045 0.05HPB300 0.25 0.55 1.5 0.045 0.05　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 力学和工艺性能牌 号 力学性能 冷弯试验180°屈服点ós/MPa 抗拉强度ób/Mpa 伸长率δ1o(%) d=弯心直径≥ a=试样直径HPB235 235 370 25 d=aHPB300 300 420 25 d=a三、线材的用途　　线材用途十分广泛，除直接用作建筑钢筋外，还可加工成各类专用钢丝，如弹簧用钢丝、焊丝、镀锌丝、通讯线、钢帘线、钢绞线等；还可加工成其他金属制品，如铆钉、螺钉、铁钉等。根据资料统计，一般国家线材产量占钢材总产量的5-15%。我国目前处在经济发展时期，城市建设和解决居民居住条件仍需要大量线材。此外，国内对金属制品需求量增加，国际贸易出口量也不断扩大，我国线材产量占钢材总产量的比例达到15%左右。　　近几年来，作为制品生产的基础原材料，我国深加工用优质线材以10%左右的速度发展，其总量和大部分品种已能满足市场需求。2007年线材深加工产品总量超过2000万吨。线材产品质量明显提高主要表现为：作为制品主要品种的低松弛钢绞线和优质钢丝绳所用线材，无论是从化学成分、物理性能、尺寸及表面精度，还是成材率等指标评价，都可与进口线材相媲美。不仅能满足国内市场需求，而且部分产 品已出口。宝钢、武钢、沙钢、鞍钢等钢厂生产的钢帘线用线材也已在国内钢帘线生产厂使用。绝大部分制品用线材已能满足生产需要。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2007年线材按用途分的产量产品名称 产量（吨）线材 79209674工程及建筑结构用线材 51210226制品原料用高碳钢线材（硬线） 8863927其中：钢帘线用硬线 756290钢纤维用硬线 196481钢绞线用硬线 3887904拉拔用线材（软线） 8713900电焊条用线材 2542704弹簧用线材 706008冷镦铆螺用线材 3672380其它用途线材 3500529　　线材的钢种非常广泛，有碳素结构钢、优质碳素结构钢、弹簧钢、碳素工具钢、合金结构钢、轴承钢、合金工具钢、不锈钢、电热合金钢等。因为线材钢种、钢号繁多，在线材生产中通常将线材分为软线、硬线、焊线和合金钢线材4类，常用的主要钢号及其用途如下。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　线材常用的主要钢号及其用途序　号 钢号 规格（mm） 一般用途1 Q195、Q195F、Q215、Q215F、Q235、Q235F ф5.5、ф6.5 拉丝Q235 ф6.5 建筑2 BL2、BL3 ф6.5-10 一般标准件G10180、G1010、G10220（均为美国钢号） ф5.5、ф6.5 标准件用自攻螺钉3 ML10-ML45、ML25Mn-ML45Mn、ML15MnB、ML15MnVB、ML20MnTiB ф8.0-16.0 冷镦4 H08A、H08E、H15Mn、H08Mn2SiA、H08MnA、H10Mn2、H10MnSi、H08MnMoA、H10Mn2MoA ф5.5、ф6.5 焊丝5 H10Mn ф5.5、ф6.5 钢棉6 60 ф6.5 轮胎用胎圈钢丝7 60、70、H57B、H67A、F58、F58V ф5.5、ф6.5 金属针布钢丝8 H72A、H72B ф5.5、ф6.5 石油钢丝绳用高强度镀锌钢丝9 70、STC ф5.5 子午轮胎线10 70、80、77B、82B ф8.0-14.0 高强度（低松弛）预应力钢丝及钢绞线

镍粉英文：nickel powder；nickel flak powder 　　分子式：Ni 　　性状：呈灰色不规则状粉末，在潮湿空气中易氧化。 　　用途：用于制取非铁基合金，制取耐高温、抗氧化材料，磁性材料，亦可用作化学反应的加氢催化剂。 　　镍粉在金刚石刀具中是作为金属结合剂使用的。应该是超细的高纯镍的粉末，可能有的厂家还用其他金属混合其中，但是具体方法配方应当是其技术秘密，不会透露。镍粉就是作为价格较高的钴粉的替代品使用的。用什么金属粉末能够代替它？这个问题恐怕相关的人员都想知道。金刚石工具镍粉介绍（金属胎体合金粉末）: 金属结合剂是决定金刚石锯片，刀头，磨轮，薄壁钻等产品的质量关键因素之一，在金刚石确定以后，金属结合剂的质量就成了决定因素，钴粉和镍粉都可以作为主粘结剂，但钴粉的价格较高。在金刚石工具中,胎体指包裹,金刚石的金属烧结体,胎体的作用是把持金刚石,使其起到切割的作用,而不会过早地脱落掉.胎体一般由多种金属元素组成，主要采用低熔点金属粉作为粘结剂，比如镍粉等。建筑业用的金刚石薄壁钻头、切割片，石油天然气等矿用金刚石钻头、硬质合金钻头的胎体粘接材料大多采用镍粉；金属材料加工、汽车、摩托车机械打磨加工等用的工具大多采用金刚石磨料磨具，其胎体材料也大都采用镍粉。包括羰基镍粉、电解镍粉和还原镍粉。（羰基镍粉其独特的晶形结构和高纯度的颗粒能成为与其它金属混合的理想材料，它树枝状的表面使其能与大颗粒紧密结合，在粉末烧结前形成稳固而均匀的分布，在随后的烧结过程中能和其它粉末渗滤均匀，最后能形成具有平衡冶金结构的精密部件，其性能大大优于普通镍粉。因此，羰基镍粉广泛应用于镍-镉、镍-氢电池,过滤器、军工、高密度和高熔点材料的粘结剂、粉末冶金添加剂、精密合金、特种钢、不锈钢焊条、石化用催化剂和新型化合物、电子显象管用吸气剂、高频或超高频磁性材料等。）

用紫铜制作的紫铜工艺有很多，其中有一个叫做景泰蓝。景泰蓝作为津门十景之一，天津古文化街一直坚持“中国味，天津味，文化味，古味”经营特色，以经营文化用品为主。古文化街内有近百家店堂。 以经营景泰蓝为主的中华老字号“乔香阁工艺品”落户古文化街。景泰蓝，又名“铜胎掐丝珐琅”，景泰蓝是一种瓷铜结合的独特工艺品。制作景泰蓝先要用紫铜制胎，接着工艺师在上面作画，再用铜丝在铜胎上根据所画的图案粘出相应的花纹，然后用色彩不同的珐琅釉料镶嵌在图案中，最后再经反复烧结，磨光镀金而成。景泰蓝的制作既运用了青铜和瓷器工艺、又溶入了传统手工绘画和雕刻技艺，堪称中国传统工艺的集大成者。这种铜的珐琅器创始于明代景泰年间，因初创时只有蓝色，故名景泰蓝。现代景泰蓝已变成了一种工艺品名称，而不是颜色了。大体上说，明代的景泰蓝胎的铜质较好，多为紫铜胎，体略显厚重，故造型仿古的多，主要仿青铜所用的彩釉均为天然矿物质料，色彩深沉而逼真，红像宝石红，绿像松石绿。此时的丝掐得较粗，镀金部分金水厚。彩釉上大多有砂眼。款有“大明景泰年制”或“景泰年制”，底款，边款均有。 清代的景泰蓝工艺比明代有提高，胎薄，掐丝细，彩釉也比明代要鲜艳，并且无砂眼，花纹图案繁复多样，但不及明代的文饰生动，镀金部分金水较薄，但金色很漂亮。 民国时期景泰蓝总体水平不及前代，胎体薄，色彩鲜艳有浮感，做工较粗。这时只有“老天利”，“德兴成”，制作的景泰蓝工细，质量好。造型多仿古铜器，或仿乾隆时的精品，款，已都是刻款了。现在景泰蓝的陈设品多，不做实用品。 现在的景泰蓝工艺大有提高，造型多样，纹饰品种繁多，已成为我们与国际友人和亲朋好友互相往来的最佳礼品了。但当代人对景泰蓝工艺画的认识还停留在书本，真正欣赏过景泰蓝作品的为数不多。景泰蓝制法：1、设计胎图、丝工图纸、蓝图（点蓝的色稿）：首先有设计师设计胎图、丝工图纸、蓝图（点蓝的色稿），转成拷贝纸稿以备下一道工序应用。 2、型制作（制胎）：将紫铜片按照图纸要求剪出各种不同形状，并用铁锤敲打成各种形状的铜胎，然后将其各部位衔接上好焊药，经高温焊接后便成为器皿铜胎造型。 3、掐丝：用镊子将压扁了的细紫铜丝掐、掰成各种精美的图案花纹，再蘸上白芨粘附在铜胎上，然后筛上银焊药粉，经900度的高温焙烧，将铜丝花纹牢牢地焊接在铜胎上。 4、点蓝：经过掐丝工序后的胎体，再经烧焊、酸洗、平活、正丝等工序后，方可进入点蓝工序。点蓝是艺师把事先备好的珐琅釉料，依照图案所标示的颜色，用由铜丝锤制成的小铲形工具，一铲铲地将珐琅釉料填充入焊好的铜丝纹饰框架中。 5、烧蓝：是将整个胎体填满色釉后，再拿到炉温大约800摄氏度的高炉中烘烧，色釉由砂粒状固体熔化为液体，待冷却后成为固着在胎体上的绚丽的色釉，此时色釉低于铜丝高度，所以得再填一次色釉，再经烧结，一般要连续四五次，直至将纹样内填到与掐丝纹相平。 6、磨光：是用粗砂石、黄石、木炭分三次将凹凸不平的蓝釉磨平，凡不平之处都需经补釉烧熔后反复打磨，最后用木炭、刮刀将没有蓝釉的铜线、底线、口线刮平磨亮。 7、镀金：将磨平、磨亮的景泰蓝经酸洗、去污、沙亮后，放入镀金液糟中，然后通上电流，几分钟后黄金液便牢牢附首在景泰蓝 金属 部位上了。再经水洗冲净干燥处理后，一件斑斓夺目的景泰蓝便脱颖而出了。镀好金的景泰蓝再配上一座雕刻得玲珑剔透的硬木底托，更显出景泰蓝雍容华贵、端庄秀美的姿色。想要了解更多关于紫铜工艺的信息，请继续浏览上海 有色 网。 

镍粉英文：nickel powder；nickel flak powder 　　分子式：Ni 　　性状：呈灰色不规则状粉末，在潮湿空气中易氧化。 　　用途：用于制取非铁基合金，制取耐高温、抗氧化材料，磁性材料，亦可用作化学反应的加氢催化剂。 　　镍粉在金刚石刀具中是作为金属结合剂使用的。应该是超细的高纯镍的粉末，可能有的厂家还用其他金属混合其中，但是具体方法配方应当是其技术秘密，不会透露。镍粉就是作为价格较高的钴粉的替代品使用的。用什么金属粉末能够代替它？这个问题恐怕相关的人员都想知道。金刚石工具镍粉介绍（金属胎体合金粉末）: 金属结合剂是决定金刚石锯片，刀头，磨轮，薄壁钻等产品的质量关键因素之一，在金刚石确定以后，金属结合剂的质量就成了决定因素，钴粉和镍粉都可以作为主粘结剂，但钴粉的价格较高。在金刚石工具中,胎体指包裹,金刚石的金属烧结体,胎体的作用是把持金刚石,使其起到切割的作用,而不会过早地脱落掉.胎体一般由多种金属元素组成，主要采用低熔点金属粉作为粘结剂，比如镍粉等。建筑业用的金刚石薄壁钻头、切割片，石油天然气等矿用金刚石钻头、硬质合金钻头的胎体粘接材料大多采用镍粉；金属材料加工、汽车、摩托车机械打磨加工等用的工具大多采用金刚石磨料磨具，其胎体材料也大都采用镍粉。包括羰基镍粉、电解镍粉和还原镍粉。（羰基镍粉其独特的晶形结构和高纯度的颗粒能成为与其它金属混合的理想材料，它树枝状的表面使其能与大颗粒紧密结合，在粉末烧结前形成稳固而均匀的分布，在随后的烧结过程中能和其它粉末渗滤均匀，最后能形成具有平衡冶金结构的精密部件，其性能大大优于普通镍粉。因此，羰基镍粉广泛应用于镍-镉、镍-氢电池,过滤器、军工、高密度和高熔点材料的粘结剂、粉末冶金添加剂、精密合金、特种钢、不锈钢焊条、石化用催化剂和新型化合物、电子显象管用吸气剂、高频或超高频磁性材料等。） 

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0

镍粉性状 呈灰色不规则状粉末，在湿润空气中易氧化。 用处 用于制取非铁基合金，制取耐高温、抗氧化材料，磁性材料，亦可用作化学反应的加氢催化剂。以金属镍为首要成分的金属颜料，包含镍粉和片状镍粉，前者是用经过蒸馏并提纯的[Ni(CO)4]蒸气分化，经过操控温度，用稀释并有气体助剂(氧和氮)存鄙人构成适合外形的镍粒子，再用二氧化碳气体冲洗掉并操控粒子表面氧含量为0.065%;后者是用高纯粉，在适合润滑剂和液体介质存鄙人，用钢球在球磨机中研磨构成适合厚度的片状。镍粉 应用领域 首要用于涂料和塑料作导电颜料屏蔽电磁干触及射频干与，作各种高光泽装修漆和塑料，替代铝粉在水性系统作防腐蚀漆等，细颗粒球形镍粉可用于导电油墨。 工业应用上，金刚石东西镍粉介绍(金属胎体合金粉末):金属结合剂是决议金刚石锯片，刀头，磨轮，薄壁钻等产品的质量关键因素之一，在金刚石断定今后，金属结合剂的质量就成了决议因素，钴粉和镍粉都可以作为主粘结剂，但钴粉的报价较高。 在金刚石东西中,胎体指包裹,金刚石的金属烧结体,胎体的效果是操纵金刚石,使其起到切开的效果,而不会过早地脱落掉.胎体一般由多种金属元素组成，首要选用低熔点金属粉作为粘结剂，比方镍粉等。 建筑业用的金刚石薄壁钻头、切开片，石油天然气等矿用金刚石钻头、硬质合金钻头的胎体粘接材料大多选用镍粉;金属材料加工、轿车、摩托车机械打磨加工等用的东西大多选用金刚石磨料磨具，其胎体材料也大都选用镍粉。包含粉、电解镍粉和复原镍粉。

1.铝合金车架寿命只有五年   有一段时间，关于金属疲劳的探讨在自行车圈广泛讨论。金属疲劳是指一种在交变应力作用下，金属材料发生破坏的现象。而这种交变应力在超过某一极限强度而且长期反复作用即会导致材料的破坏，这个极限称为材料的疲劳极限。这个过程你可以用另外一种更容易理解的情况来代入：想象你百无聊赖地折纸，如果次数足够多，这张纸到较后总会被你折烂。金属疲劳现象同样会发生在你的金属车架上。但如果你让钢架承受的交变应力控制在疲劳极限之下，只要不摔车、不生锈，它基本上可以永远存在。   铝合金则不然，施加交变应力后它较终还是会损坏，作用力越小，寿命越长。目前，自行车器材厂商可以通过在铝合金中加入其他材料或者设计不同的外型（这就是为什么铝合金管型普遍较为粗壮的原因）来增加强度，其寿命已经大大超越传统意义上的铝合金，更不止5年那么少，不然你真的很难在市面上看到那么多20世纪90年代的古董。   2.碳纤车架我踩着觉得软   Tour杂志曾测试过碳纤维前叉在经过100000次踩踏之后会变得没那么硬。某品牌自行车高级工程师曾告诉CyclingTips：“环氧树脂在某些时刻会形成小裂缝，随着时间的发展，它确实会有所老化，经过足够长的时间，车架会有些许变软，但这是个非常小非常小的系数。我们可以通过测试车架的数据来得到应证，但车手是无法感受到如此微小的变化的。”哪怕你的身体足够敏感，也依然难以体会。   3.轮胎都有胎纹   汽车、摩托车轮胎都会有胎纹以帮助排水，防止打滑。相对狭窄的自行车轮胎在普通速度下骑乘打滑几率较小。不过轮胎即使实际上已经提升了性能，厂商在营销策略上还是会偏向保留凹槽。当然这在实际中也是有意义的，凹槽间的橡胶在受力时会相互挤压，增加轮胎的滚动阻力。因此不一定所有的轮胎都必须有胎纹，不然光头胎这个名词从哪来？不是所有的轮胎都需要排水槽   4.窄胎更快   这个说法目前已经被完全打破了。自行车圈大多数人普遍认为越小越轻的东西会让你骑得更快，但其实这条规则对轮胎不适用。已经有很多测验结果显示宽胎滚阻更小。   但是，这只是条件下的单项数据测量，当考虑到重量和气动效果是情况又会怎样呢？重量，其实对滚阻的影响并没有人们想象的那么大。因此23mm和25mm轮胎间相差的那几克几乎可以忽视。那么空气阻力呢？根据CyclingPowerLab的一项研究，下坡时车手的横截面积大约为0.36平方米，将23mm的轮胎换成25mm的大约会增加0.001436平方米，也就是横截面积增加0.4%，那不言而喻相同条件下空气阻力会随之增大。在这种情况下以每小时18英里需要102W，换上宽胎则是102.5W，的确宽胎会对输出有所折损。   如果你更注重空气阻力，尤其是冲刺阶段或TT，毫无疑问窄胎会更适合。但如果你无意比赛，热衷长途骑行，你会发现宽胎的舒适度更适合你。

镍带在金刚石刀具中是作为金属结合剂使用的。应该是超细的高纯镍带，可能有的厂家还用其他金属混合其中，但是具体方法配方应当是其技术秘密，不会透露。镍带就是作为价格较高的钴粉的替代品使用的。用什么金属粉末能够代替它？这个问题恐怕相关的人员都想知道。金刚石工具镍带介绍（金属胎体合金粉末）: 金属结合剂是决定金刚石锯片，刀头，磨轮，薄壁钻等产品的质量关键因素之一，在金刚石确定以后，金属结合剂的质量就成了决定因素，钴粉和镍带都可以作为主粘结剂，但钴粉的价格较高。在金刚石工具中,胎体指包裹,金刚石的金属烧结体,胎体的作用是把持金刚石,使其起到切割的作用,而不会过早地脱落掉.胎体一般由多种金属元素组成，主要采用低熔点金属粉作为粘结剂，比如镍粉等。建筑业用的金刚石薄壁钻头、切割片，石油天然气等矿用金刚石钻头、硬质合金钻头的胎体粘接材料大多采用镍粉；金属材料加工、汽车、摩托车机械打磨加工等用的工具大多采用金刚石磨料磨具，其胎体材料也大都采用镍粉。包括羰基镍粉、电解镍粉和还原镍粉。电池与保护板连接用镍带，包括有Ｕ字形镍带和一字形镍带，所述的Ｕ字形镍带和一字形镍带是通过绝缘胶带而结合在一起。所述的Ｕ字形镍带有间隙地设置于一字形镍带的上方，在Ｕ字形镍带和一字形镍带的外侧设置有绝缘胶带，其中，Ｕ字形镍带的两个端头和一字形镍带的两个端头均露在绝缘胶带的外部。所述的绝缘胶带在位于Ｕ字形镍带与一字形镍带之间的间隙处形成有对折线。所述的Ｕ字形镍带两个端头与绝缘胶带相交处形成有凹槽。本实用新型的电池与保护板连接用镍带，由于采用上述结构，可以使锂离子软包装电池的正负极镍带在保护板的同一个方向引出，一方面可以避免短路的风险，另外还可以降低成型后的锂离子软包装电池的内阻。 

 锻打铜技术要求锻打铜胎,其技术是先用陶泥塑出其型,分体翻制出各 器,再用铜丝做斑纹 物 琅缠枝莲纹三足炉 部位陶范,以陶范再翻铸成低熔点台金铅 刻于器物的口沿、盖 中博 双龙环抱款均被认 锡凹凸套模。紫红色光泽的金属，密度8.92克/厘米3。熔点1083.4±0.2℃，沸点2567℃。常见化合价+1和+2（3价铜仅在少量不安稳的化合物中呈现）。电离能7.726电子伏特。铜是人类发现最早的金属之一，也是最好的纯金属之一，稍硬、极坚韧、耐磨损。还有很好的延展性。导热和导电功能较好。古人是籽熟铜锤打成相 充满着偷工减料的搪瓷器 华物 时人的喜爱。民族传统和现代科技技术的完美结合，使产品具有了较高的有用、欣赏、保藏价值。真实的搪瓷器考究胎薄平光,当时市面上的高仿搪瓷器如果是锻打铜胎,则能到达胎薄体轻,需求当心对待;如遇是铸胎器,胎体厚重,拿在手中便知真伪,简单断定为伪器。铜和它的一些合金有较好的耐腐蚀才能，在枯燥的空气里很安稳。但在湿润的空气里在其表面能够生成一层绿色的碱式碳酸铜[Cu2（OH）2CO3]，这叫铜绿。可溶于硝酸和热浓硫酸，略溶于。简单被碱腐蚀。络铜是一种广谱保护性菌剂,其主要成分铜络离子,可使病菌细胞原生质变性而导致病菌逝世,又叫消病灵、胶铜、克病增产素、瑞枯霉。对人畜低毒,由于含有多种微量元素,纯红铜特性：高纯度，安排细密，含氧量极低。无气孔、沙眼、疏松，导电功能极佳，电蚀出的模具表面精度高，经热处理技术，电极无方向性，合适精打，细打，功能与日本纯红铜适当。

混凝土强度标准值(N/mm2)　　　　　　　　　　　　注：①冷拔低碳钢丝用作预应力钢筋时，应按表2.2.2-2规定的钢丝强度标准值逐盘进行检验，其强度设计值应按甲级采用，乙级冷拔低碳钢丝可按分批检验，并宜用作焊接骨架、焊接网、架立筋、箍筋和构造钢筋；　　②用作预应力钢筋的甲级冷拔低碳钢丝经机械调直后，抗拉强度设计值应降低50N/ mm2。且抗压强度设计值不应大于相应的抗拉强度设计值；冷拔钢筋符号　　③当碳素钢丝、刻痕钢丝、钢绞线的强度标准值不符合表2.2.2-2的规定时，其强度设计值应进行换算；　　④表中括号内的数值系根据国家标准GB5224—35生产、现尚在延期使用的钢绞线强度标准值和设计值。 3.1.4 结构构件的承载力（包括压屈失稳）计算和倾覆、滑移验算，均应采用荷载设计值；疲劳、变形、抗裂及裂缝宽度验算，均应采用相应的荷载代表值；直接承受动力荷载的结构构件，在计算承载力、疲劳、抗裂时，应考虑动力荷载的动力系数。预制构件尚应按制作、运输及安装时的荷载设计值进行施工阶段的验算。预制构件本身吊装的验算，应将构件自重乘以动力系数，动力系数可取1.5，但根据构件吊装时受力情况，可适当增减。对现浇结构，必要时应进行施工阶段的验算。3.1.5 下列结构在进行承载力计算时，其内力应按弹性体系计算，不应考虑塑性内力重分布：　　一、直接承受动荷载作用的结构；　　二、要求不出现裂缝的结构构件。3.2.2 一切构件的安全等级在各个阶段均不得低于三级。　注：①屋架、托架的安全等级应提高一级；　　　②承受恒载为主的轴心受压柱、小偏心受压柱，其安全等级应提高一级；　　　③预制构件在施工阶段的安全等级，可较其使用阶段的安全等级降低一级。3.3.3 结构构件设计时，应根据使用要求选用不同的裂缝控制等级，裂缝控制等级的划分应符合下列规定：　　一级——严格要求不出现裂缝的构件，按荷载短期效应组合进行计算时，构件受拉边缘混凝土不应产生拉应力；　　二级——一般要求不出现裂缝的构件，按荷载长期效应组合进行计算时，构件受拉边缘混凝土不应产生拉应力，而按荷载短期效应组合进行计算时，构件受拉边缘混凝土允许产生拉应力，但拉应力不应超过axyfx，此处，ax为混凝土拉应力限制系数，y为受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数，fx为混凝土抗拉强度标准值；　　三级——允许出现裂缝的构件，最大裂缝宽度按荷载的短期效应组合并考虑长期效应组合的影响进行计算，其计算值不应超过允许值。3.3.4 钢筋混凝土和预应力混凝土结构构件的裂缝控制等级、混凝土拉应力限制系数ox及最大裂缝宽度允许值，根据结构构件的工作条件和钢筋种类按表3.3.4采用。  强度种类 符号 混凝土强度等级 C7.5 C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 轴心抗压弯曲抗压抗 拉 fckfcmkftk 55.50.75 6.77.50.9 10111.2 13.5151.5 1718.51.75 20222 23.5262.25 2729.52.45 29.532.52.6  32352.75 3437.52.85 3639.52.95   2.1.4 混凝土强度设计值应按表2.1.4采用。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　混凝土强度标准值(N/mm2)　　　　　　　　　　　　 表2.1.4 强度种类 符号 混凝土强度等级 C7.5 C10 C15 C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C55 C60 轴心抗压弯曲抗压抗 拉 fcfcmft 3.74.10.55  55.50.65  7.58.50.9  10111.1  12.513.51.3  1516.51.5  17.5191.65  19.521.51.8  21.523.51.9  23.5262  25.527.52.1  26.5292.2    注：计算现浇钢筋混凝土轴心受压及偏心受压构件时，如截面的长边或直径小于300mm，则表中混凝土的强度设计值应乘以系数0.8。 2.2.2 钢筋的强度标准值应具有不小于95%的保证率。　　钢筋的强度标准值应按表2.2.2-1采用，钢丝、钢绞线的强度标准值应按表2.2.2-2采用。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　钢筋强度标准值(N/mm2)　　　　　　　　　　　　 表2.2.2-1 种 类 fyk或fpyk或fatk或fptk 热轧钢筋 I级（Q235） 235 II级（20Mnsi、20MnNb（b）） 335 III级（20MnsiV、20MnTi、K20Mnsi） 400 IV级（40Si2MnV、45SiMnV、45Si2MnTi） 540 冷拉钢筋 I级（d≤12） 280 II级 d≤25d=28～40 450430 III级 500 IV级 700 冷轧带肋钢筋 LL550（d=4～12） 550 LL650（d=4、5、6） 650 LL800（d=5） 800 热处理钢筋 40Si2Mn（d=6）48Si2Mn（d=8.2） 45Si2Cr（d=10）  1470   　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　钢丝钢绞线强度标准值(N/mm2)　　　　　　　　　　　　 表2.2.2-2 种 类 fatk或fptk 碳素钢丝 φ4、φ5 1770、1670、1570、1470 φ6 1670、1570 φ7、φ8、φ9 1570、1470 刻痕钢丝 φ5、φ7 1570、1470 冷 拔低碳钢丝 甲级：φ4φ5 I组700650 II组650600  乙级：φ3～φ5 550 钢绞线 二 股 d=10.0d=12.0 1720 三 股 d=10.8d=12.9 1720 七 股 d=9.5d=11.1d=12.7d=15.2 1860186018601860、1820、1720 （d=9.0） （1770、1670） （d=12.0） （1670、1570） （d=15.0） （1470、1470）

提起铝合金轮毂想必大家都不会陌生，购车时它会作为外观和配置上一项较为重要的参考指标被消费者加以权衡和对比。其实这种做法我完全赞成，因为铝合金轮毂有着钢制轮毂无法比拟的优势，对日后行车影响较大。我们平常接触较多是轮毂的外观样式及其尺寸大小。众所周知，如果增加轮胎宽度可以给车辆带来更好的制动和操控性能，所以有些消费者也会考虑在原车轮胎达到使用寿命时为其更换更宽的轮胎，这时就需要我们了解轮毂的宽度尺寸和其能够匹配的轮胎。　　　　铝合金轮毂的制造工艺和检测流程远比钢轮毂复杂许多，而且各个汽车品牌的轮毂都由一些专业生产厂家为其代工制造，所以即使原厂轮毂也有自己的品牌厂家。今天我从紧凑型车中选择六款来自不同厂家和国籍的代表车型，看一看它们的铝合金轮毂背后都藏有哪些秘密。探索之前我们先来了解一下铝合金轮毂的相关知识。　　　　●铝合金轮毂的优势　　　　车轮由轮毂和轮胎组成，支撑全车重量。铝合金轮毂的大小、宽度直接影响着轮胎的尺寸，轮胎尺寸又对车辆的性能有着重要的影响。铝合金轮毂相比钢制轮毂有诸多优势。　　　　一、散热好：铝合金的传热系数比钢材大三倍。汽车在行驶过程中轮胎与地面以及制动盘与制动片的摩擦会产生出很高热量，这种情况会导致轮胎和制动片老化以及加速磨损，制动性能会因高温而急剧衰减，轮胎内气压也会升高存在爆胎隐患。铝合金轮毂相比钢制轮毂能够更快地将这些热量传导到空气中，增加了安全系数。　　　　二、重量轻：铝合金轮毂的比重小于钢制轮毂，平均每只比同尺寸钢制轮毂轻两公斤左右，除去备用车轮总共可减重八公斤；更轻的轮毂还可减少起步和加速时的阻力，两者共同作用使车辆更加省油。　　　　三、精度高：铝合金轮毂铸造的精密程度远高于钢制轮毂，失圆度及不平衡重较小；另外铝合金的弹性模数小，抗振性能优于钢制轮毂。这两项能有效减小车辆振动，驾乘更为舒适。　　　　四、更美观：铝合金在高温液体状态下流动性及张力比钢制轮毂好，后期抛光和电镀工艺使其能够制造出更美观多变的外型；表面抗腐蚀处理以及静电粉体涂装也让其历久如新。　　　　●轮毂的相关参数　　　　一个小小的汽车轮毂所包含的参数众多，例如尺寸、形式、边槽级别、承重级别、孔距、偏距等，如果不是改装，我们只需知道轮毂直径和宽度尺寸便可算出与其相匹配的轮胎尺寸。　　　　轮毂的直径及断面宽度包含在一组通常由两组数字和字母组成的编号中。如图所示，16X6J这组字符开头的16指轮毂直径，单位为英寸，这就是我们平时所说的16寸轮毂。第三个数字是指轮毂的断面宽度，单位同为英寸，数值越大，轮胎就越宽。这两个数字是较为常用。中间的X并不是我们平时所理解的长×宽这个概念，而是表示这个轮毂的样式为一件深槽式轮毂，通常用于民用车辆，而大型载货汽车及专轮式机械会使用半深槽或平底式轮毂。较后一个字母J代表轮毂边缘高度等级，这个级别较为常用。除此以外还有D、K、E、L等级别。　　　　●铝合金轮毂的品牌　　　　我们所熟知的轮毂品牌主要来自欧洲和日本。诸如德国BBS、RONAL、意大利OZ等均为私人企业，它们多以手工制造起家；日系的ENKEI、TRD分别是本田及丰田旗下的子公司，日本轮毂企业多为这种形式成立。而国内专业生产铝合金轮毂的集团厂家早已将触角伸向了奔驰、宝马等国际一流品牌，销量也都位列前几名甚至全球靠前，但即使这样，它们的知名度还是远远不及国外企业。究其原因是它们只专注于为各车厂提供OEM产品，几乎很少生产具有自己品牌特色的轮毂，并且也不涉及赛车运动和大力宣传。国内有代表性的几家轮毂厂商如下：　　　　中信戴卡（Dicastal）：戴卡成立于1988年，是国内较大的铝合金轮毂厂商之一，由中信控股，集团旗下拥有六个成员公司。该公司为国内一汽-大众、上海大众、一汽丰田、广州本田、华晨宝马、长安铃木以及美国通用、福特、克莱斯勒、德国奔驰、宝马、奥迪等车厂提供铝合金轮毂。2008、2009两年销量超过日本ENKEI取得世界靠前的位置。　　　　万丰奥威（ZCW）：万丰奥威是万丰奥特控股集团的下属子公司，成立于1998年。该公司拥有三个生产基地，成为美国通用、福特、德国大众、法国PSA、日本马自达以及一些国内合资品牌车厂的OEM供应商。　　　　立中（LZ）：立中车轮集团于2004年在新加坡注册成立，在国内拥有保定、秦皇岛、天津等七家工厂。除大量出口外还与上海大众、一汽丰田、长安马自达、郑州日产以及长城等建立长期供应商关系。　　　　中南铝（ZNA）：南海中南铝是一家外商投资的大型企业，成立于1990年。该公司是全国靠前家可以同时大批量生产汽车及摩托车轮毂的企业。它们为一汽大众、奇瑞汽车、神龙、吉利等提供铝合金轮毂。　　　　●铝合金轮毂背后的秘密　　　　之前提到铝合金轮毂的各项参数和品牌都会印在轮毂背面，平时我们几乎很难看到。把轮毂反过来仔细检查会发现辐条上会印有很多标志和字符，不仅前面提到的尺寸、品牌等内容会出现在这里，另外还能找到生产日期、产地等许多信息。　　　　●更换轮胎的注意事项　　　　轮胎在更换时首先要注意轮胎的尺寸、宽度以及扁平比须与轮毂匹配，这三个数值可通过轮胎壁上一组印有诸如205/55R16的字符中找到。205这个三位数字代表轮胎宽度；中间的两位数字55是轮胎扁平比；末尾两位数字16是指轮胎内径。　　　　15、16、17内径的轮胎只能分别安装在15、16及17寸轮毂上，比较容易理解。而轮胎宽度同样需要根据轮毂宽度来匹配。例如6英寸宽度轮毂安全的轮胎宽度范围为175-215；6.5英寸为185-215；7英寸为195-235等等。这不像轮毂和轮胎直径有固定规律，所以安装前需要咨询专业轮胎厂商。　　　　扁平比也要遵循安全规则。扁平比与是胎壁断面高度与宽度的比值，当轮胎宽度变化时若扁平比没有改变，得到的结果是轮胎外径会随之变化。轮胎外径的安全变化范围不能超过原厂胎外径的正负3%。例如当205/55R16轮胎换为更宽的215/55R16时，外径由631.9mm增长到642.9mm，11mm变化在安全的3%范围内。与此同时当由于转速不变车辆的时速会有所增加，所以时速表上显示的速度值会比实际速度慢2km/h。　　　　●一汽-大众高尔夫2011款1.4TSI的16寸铝合金轮毂　　　　高尔夫以其优异的品质及大众的品牌影响力在紧凑型车市场中表现不俗。第六代高尔夫在外观和内饰上相比老款均有很大变化。TSI+DSG动力总成节油、高效，维护成本也大大降低。相比GTI版本普通高尔夫的定位更趋家用化，2011款1.4TSI的车型售价为13.58至16.68万元。　　　　2011款1.4TSI车型配备16英寸10辐麻花状铝合金轮毂，在外观上与1.6升自然吸气车型有所差别。其品牌为中信戴卡。理论上辐条数量越多轮毂强度越强，但其铸造难度大，成本也偏高。该款轮毂直径16英寸，视觉效果不错；宽度6.5英寸，原厂使用205轮胎，抓地性能优于普通195轮胎，使得制动和操控都有不错表现。这个轮毂的尺寸在这六款车型中属中等水平，市场售价约为600元左右，属比较贵的产品。　　　　原车6.5英寸轮毂搭配的轮胎宽度安全范围为185至215。为提升制动及操控性能可将轮胎升级至215，搭配较为合适的轮胎尺寸为215/55R16。由于轮胎加宽后直径也一同略微增加几毫米，使得新轮胎在时速表上的车速会比实际慢2km/h。　　　　●雪佛兰科鲁兹2011款1.6TSEMT的17寸铝合金轮毂　　　　科鲁兹外形时尚、动感，新增的1.6T涡轮增压车型功率达到135kw，胜过德系1.8T车型。且这台发动机只搭配六速手动变速箱，内饰也比老款更为激进，运动特征十分明显。在动力提升的同时1.6T也同时配备了自然吸气版本没有的17寸铝合金轮毂及225宽胎，令性能表现更均衡。15.99万元的售价在其他主打运动的对手面前很有竞争力。　　　　1.6T车型配备独有的17寸5辐铝合金轮毂，7英寸轮毂宽度搭配注重性能表现的225宽胎。相比激进的尺寸，这款轮毂的造型十分乏味。品牌同高尔夫一样为中信戴卡制造。原厂轮胎宽度在这六款车中名列前茅，与速腾冠军版相同。　　　　7英寸轮毂宽度匹配轮胎的安全范围为195至235，若要追求更高一层的性能，可将轮胎更换成235轮胎，较为匹配的轮胎尺寸为235/50R17。新轮胎直径变化很小，显示速度只比实际速度慢1km/h。　　　　●长安马自达32010经典款1.6升车型的15寸铝合金轮毂　　　　马自达3在2010年推出了名为经典版的小改款车型，外观和内饰同老款区别不大，新设计前后包围让这个上市多年的老车型重新焕发了活力，而它的产地从重庆搬到了南京。1.6升车型售价从11.28至12.88万元。　　　　2010经典款的1.6升车型继续沿用老款15寸轮毂，但款式略有改变。这个尺寸在六款车型中排名靠后，它的视觉冲击力没有16英寸及以上强烈，从搭配的195/65轮胎也可以发现这样的配置偏重舒适。在轮毂背面我没有找到供应商信息，但厂家官方给出的品牌为立中，市场售价400元左右，比较经济。　　　　该款6英寸宽度轮毂允许的轮胎安全范围为175到215，推荐更换215/60R15规格轮胎，使得制动和操控性能有较大幅度提升。由于轮胎加宽后外径比原车增加4mm，所以显示的时速比实际速度慢1km/h。　　　　●东风标致4082010款2.0车型的17寸铝合金轮毂　　　　408源自PSA2号紧凑车型平台，是东风标致为中国打造的一款大空间家用轿车。其轴距、动力总成等与雪铁龙凯旋相同。后备厢与车身设计非常和谐，全新的内饰也符合国人的审美观，顶配车型的安全配置和功能较为丰富。2.0升车型售价在12.99到16.99万元之间。　　　　2.0车型配备的17寸5辐铝合金轮毂造型简洁富有张力，整体视觉效果不错。17寸直径以及7.5英寸宽度其他五款无人能及。轮毂品牌为万丰奥威。原车215轮胎略显保守，7.5英寸这个宽度在保证安全的前提下可装下205至245的轮胎，对于一款家用轿车来说225轮胎能够在性能与油耗之间取得较好的平衡。若追求良好性能更可大胆尝试245/45R17的运动型轮胎，虽然油耗有所增加，但过弯及刹车性能肯定会有大幅提升。600元的市场售价对于这种尺寸的轮毂来说较为合理。　　　　当更换为225/50R17轮胎后，时速表显示比实际速度慢2km/h。很有意思的是标致的轮毂款式是以火山名字来命名：比如这款17寸轮毂叫瑞加尼（火山）；16英寸款叫圣地亚古（火山），这可比其他用字母和数字来命名的方式要有趣很多，能不能算是一种法式浪漫呢？　　　　●东风悦达起亚福瑞迪的16寸铝合金轮毂　　　　起亚福瑞迪采用与伊兰特悦动相同的底盘及动力总成，设计大师彼得希瑞尔赋予了它更为年轻和运动化的造型风格。受品牌知名度的影响，这款表现均衡的小车市场反应不及兄弟伊兰特悦动火爆。10.98至13.98万元的GLS及以上车款均配备16寸铝合金轮毂。　　　　福瑞迪的5辐铝合金轮毂带有些许GTI战斧轮毂的影子，刀片状轮毂辐条同车身的运动风格一致。6英寸宽度厂家为其配备了205轮胎。关于SKWC这个品牌的相关资料非常有限，只得到这个生产厂家英文全称为“ShandongKoreaWheelCorporation（山东大韩轮毂集团）”，是韩国独资的一家轮毂制造企业，它为东风悦达起亚、北京现代和日本铃木等车厂提供产品。　　　　在保证安全的前提下这个轮毂可支持175至215轮胎，更换成较为匹配的215/55R16规格轮胎可提高抓地性能，新轮胎的显示时速比真实速度慢2km/h。　　　　●奇瑞A3全系标配的16寸铝合金轮毂奇瑞A3的外形由宾尼法利纳操刀设计，同样出自名师之手。A3不论从内饰细节到制造工艺相比传统自主品牌轿车有了长足的进步。实用的车内空间以及较高性价比的配置让其成为自主品牌中比较成功的车型之一。售价为7.48至10.28万元。　　　　奇瑞A3全系标配中南铝业生产的6辐16寸铝合金轮毂，造型简单。6.5英寸宽度原厂选用了205轮胎。轮毂市场售价约350元，十分经济。　　　　6.5英寸支持的轮胎安全宽度为185至215，不更换轮毂的情况下可更换为215/55R16轮胎以提升性能。更换后显示速度比真实速度慢2km/h。　　　　●编辑总结　　　　在民用汽车领域，随着制造成本的下降、相对明显的优势以及消费者更高的要求使得铝合金轮毂从中型车到紧凑型车再到小型车自上至下加速取代传统钢制轮毂。以往我们看到低配车型往往只提供钢制轮毂，而今均被铝制轮毂替代。钢制轮毂并非完全没有用武之地，非全尺寸备胎以其占用车内空间较小的优势被广泛采用，与钢轮毂之匹配节省了研发和制造成本。　　　　现如今我们购车时已不仅仅停留在品牌和车辆的外观这些肤浅的层面而是更关心技术和品质等真正的内涵。这个理性的进步不仅让消费者自己获得满意称心的产品；另一方面也促使厂家更注重产品的研发与质量的把控，不再只做表面文章，无形当中促进了整个汽车产业朝着良性健康的方向发展。

每个铝合金轮毂约需1400元，汽车改装是玩车族的运动，炫目的外观，独特的音响，提升的性能都彰显出主人的个性。 　　汽车改装也分初级、中级、高级三个不同的层次。 　　一般车友的改装都在初级的水平，他们只是对某些零配件做一些升级换代以提升性能。水哥（网名）是名赛纳车主，平时爱玩赛车，为了更好地适应赛车场地，不久前他把自己的车做了些小的改装。 　　胎宽、轮毂直径加大提高稳定性　　铝合金轮毂散热好，赛纳胎宽为195毫米，轮毂基本都是钢圈，在直路上行驶没有任何问题，但赛车因行驶速度快，过弯道急，因此对轮胎性能有较高的要求，水哥一共花了7000多元选用了米其林215/45R15的轮胎，同时也配备了相应的R15的铝合金轮毂。改后胎变宽了，同时扁平比也进一步降低，轮胎的抓地力进一步增强，摩擦力的加大使得制动性能也有很大提升。路试时，在有小石子的山路上以120公里/小时的速度行驶，车身基本没有摆动打滑的感觉。 　　技师提示：轮毂在行车稳定方面作用不容小觑。铝合金的轮毂质量较轻可以在一定程度上减轻行车过程中的动量，同时铝合金轮毂一般都是由整个模具加工生产的，无焊点，因而安全性较高，在行车过程中由于摩擦会产生很多热量，与其他金属相比铝有较好的散热性，可以很快地散发行驶过程的热能，保持均匀的转速从而使车身保持平衡。 　　优质减震器减少侧倾 　　高速行驶尤其是过弯道时良好的减震性能尤为重要，在场地赛中，一般的弯道都有60度的斜角，而车辆的时速一般在100公里左右，车身极易发生倾斜而造成意外。好在赛纳的底盘比较稳，在一般的沙石路面行驶，车身整体不会有太大晃动。水哥只做了减震器方面的改装，他在汽配基地花了12000元换成了KW-ZR的减震器。改装后的效果非常明显，以前车辆以120公里的时速过直角弯时，能明显感觉到车身向弯道倾斜，外侧车轮的离地间距达到50—100毫米，改后以同样的速度行驶两轮的间距只在20毫米以内，而且高速行驶过程中的侧滑现象也少了。 　　技师提示：改装不是一件小事，不合理的改装往往容易出现事故，同时改装也不是“异类”，合理改装能有效地提高性能，在改装时要结合实际需要，选择正规的汽配城，不要乱花钱，这样才能更好地享受汽车驾驶之乐。删除

元代陶工在制备瓷胎时于瓷石中加入高岭土有如下的意义： 1.扩大了瓷石的使用面：就景德镇一带的瓷石矿来说，风化程度较大的表层瓷石总是不丰厚的，中、下层瓷石，尤其是下层瓷石占整个瓷石蕴藏量的绝大部分。上层瓷石虽可单独制瓷，但开采量有限，而深处的瓷石烧结温度较低，烧成时极易瘫塌变形， 乃至无法单独成瓷。高岭土引进瓷胎之后，提高了瓷胎的耐火度，使过去无法利用的蕴藏量巨大的中下层瓷石得以使用。 2.减少制品变形：高岭土由于含A1203约35%，掺进瓷石制胎，能提高瓷胎中的铝氧，使制品的烧成范围增宽，减少变形，从而提高了成品率。所以从元代开始，景德镇陶工无论使用上层或下层瓷石制胎均需加入部分高岭土。 3.降低了瓷器的成本：瓷石为石质原料，采掘困难且需经长时间的粉碎才能使用;而高岭土为土质原料，仅需淘洗即可使用。随着土质原料的引进，瓷器的成本必然降低。 4.改善了瓷器的物理性能：在瓷石中掺以高岭土制胎，使瓷胎中的玻璃相减少，莫来石增加，瓷器的热稳定性也随之提高。景德镇瓷器从此开始己由低火度的软质瓷(烧成温度约1150。C土20℃)逐渐变成高火度的硬质瓷。 如果说适宜于制造瓷器的单一的瓷石(上层瓷石)在南宋后期濒临枯竭，曾经使景德镇窑业发生过巨大危机的话，那么到元代由于高岭土的引进，则使这个行业转危为安而再度繁荣了。因此，高岭土的使用是元代景德镇制瓷业生产力高度发展的标志。不过元代陶工掺进瓷石用以制胎的这类所谓“高岭土”，在当时不一定叫高岭，也不一定来源于高岭山。

汽车用铝合金轮毂是以美国标号A356.2铝合金为原材料，其制作工艺分铸造和锻造两种，铝合金轮毂有四大特点：  　　1、提高了行车的舒适性。铝合金轮毂具有吸收振动和反弹力量的金属特性。 一体成型。加上采用数控机床加工尺寸精度高，真圆度高、偏摆跳动小、平衡好。 　　2、正常行驶，节省燃油。由于所换铝合金轮毂的重量(与所更换同尺寸钢轮毂比较)，减少了四轮的转动惯性，使汽车的加速性提高了，并相对减少了制动的能量需求，从而减少了油耗。 　　3、提高了行车的安全性。对于高速行驶的汽车来说，因轮胎与地面摩擦，制动等产生的高温爆胎、制动性能降低等现象屡见不鲜。而铝合金轮毂的散温系数是普通钢铁轮毂的二到三倍，再加上铝合金轮毂的结构特性，很易将轮胎、制动系统产生的热量排散在空气中。即便在长时间行车中连续刹车的情况下，也能使车轮系统保持适当的温度。既能降低刹车系统和车轮的老化，更能降低爆胎几率，从而提高行车的安全性。 　　4、提高了整车的美观。改装一套铝合金轮毂美观、节油，又降低了爆胎几率，在高温夏季是非常适宜的。

一提起铝合金车轮，相信很多人最直观的印象就轻和漂亮，其实除了轻之外，铝合金车轮散热好这一大优势却往往被人所忽视，就小编看来，铝合金车轮散热好这一优势带来的安全与轮胎刹车成本的减少才是铝合金车轮最大的优势。　　其实铝合金车轮厂家在宣传铝圈的优势时最多提的就是“轻”和“散热好”，“轻”从重量上最直观，加上在计重收费，轻量化大热的今天，铝圈最大的优势“轻量化”被提及的最多，“散热好”这一优势反而被忽视。　　一、安全第一铝圈散热好更安全　　铝圈散热性能是钢圈的3倍　　铝的热传导系数为167 W/m.K，钢的热传导系数为50 W/m.K，W是热量；M是材质厚度；K是温度。热传导系数的定义为：每单位长度、每K，可以传送多少W的能量，该数值越大说明导热性能越好。我们可以看到铝的热传导系数是是钢的3倍，说明铝的导热性能比钢的3倍。　　二、铝圈散热好有效避免爆胎　　在夏天高温天气下，长时间行驶或者频繁制动，如果车轮散热效果不佳，会导致车轮温度升高，高热胀冷缩加上空气中的水蒸发极易引起胎压升高，遇到高速转弯，或者恶劣路况，轮胎受力很容易导致爆胎。散热好的铝圈能有效降低爆胎的几率。　　三、铝圈散热好保证制动效能　　有一定驾驶经验的卡友都知道，长时间制动会导致车轮“热衰退”造成制动失灵的可怕状况。铝圈良好的散热性能相当于给每侧制动鼓加了两个散热原件，能很快让制动鼓凉下来，避免长时间刹车造成的刹车鼓过热避免刹车失灵。　　四、铝圈撞击不产生火花安全　　铝圈在遇到激烈碰撞的情况下不会像钢圈那样产生火花，这也是许多危险品运输车选择铝合金车轮的原因之一。　　五、铝圈散热好省轮胎刹车片　　温度过高除了影响车辆安全，还会降低车辆轮胎和刹车片的使用寿命，铝圈良好的散热性能对刹车系统不耐高温的材料及轮胎有较好的保护效果，从而大大降低了轮胎的磨损，延长轮胎使用里程，降低所刹车系统的维修费用。　　就小编询问的一些卡友的情况：没用过铝圈的说的最多的就是铝圈轻、贵；实际铝圈的使用用户说到的都是铝圈散热好，省轮胎。　　六、铝圈特别适合的工况推荐　　根据以上铝圈散热好的分析，配合铝圈轻量化的优势我们不难看出铝圈特别适合的工况推荐：　　1、长途高速标载工况：如对安全要求高的危险品运输、对时效稳定要求高的长途冷链运输等。　　2、频繁使用制动工况：如西南贵州等长下坡多的地区、陕西山西等拉煤经常堵车的工况。卡车之家老牛就是在陕西-河北拉煤，采用铝合金车轮配合发动机制动，淋水都不用装，既轻量化省轮胎还安全，使用效果满意。