冷轧是在室温条件下将钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最小厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，大部份工厂如保定普瑞钢材冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和 市场 需求而决定。冷轧的优缺点：优点：成型速度快、 产量 高，且不损伤涂层，可以做成多种多样的截面形式，以适应使用条件的需要；冷轧可以使钢材产生很大的塑性变形，从而提高了钢材的屈服点。缺点: 1.虽然成型过程中没有经过热态塑性压缩，但截面内仍然存在残余应力，对钢材整体和局部屈曲的特性必然产生影响；2.冷轧型钢样式一般为开口截面，使得截面的自由扭转刚度较低。在受弯时容易出现扭转，受压时容易出现弯扭屈曲，抗扭性能较差；3.冷轧成型钢壁厚较小，在板件衔接的转角处又没有加厚，承受局部性的集中荷载的能力弱。镀锌是在装有镀件、玻璃球、锌粉、水和促进剂的旋转滚桶内，作为冲击介质的玻璃球随着滚桶转动，与镀件表面发生摩擦和锤击产生机械物理能量，在化学促进剂的作用下，将镀涂的锌粉“冷焊”到镀件表面上，形成光滑、均匀和细致的具有一定厚度的镀层。镀锌分为热镀锌和电镀锌两种。热镀锌也叫热浸镀锌和热浸锌，是一种有效的 金属 防腐方式，主要用于各 行业 的 金属 结构设施上。是将除锈后的钢件浸入500℃左右融化的锌液中，使钢构件表面附着锌层，从而起到防腐的目的。电镀锌，是利用电解设备将管件经过除油、酸洗、后放入成分为锌盐的溶液中，并连接电解设备的负极，在管件的对面放置锌版，连接在电解设备的正极接通电源，利用电流从正极向负极的定向移动就会在管件上沉积一层锌，冷镀管件是先加工后镀锌。

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。产品特点因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。简单来说，冷轧，是在热软板扎的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧→酸洗→冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由热轧经过连续冷变形而成的冷轧，机械性能比较差，硬度太高，必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。化学成分（Wt%）牌号CSiMnPSCuSPCC0.02～0.08≤0.100.15～0.30≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q1950.06～0.12≤0.300.25～0.50≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050Q235-B0.12～0.20≤0.300.30～0.70≤0.045≤0.050≤0.050制作工序冷轧通常采用众轧的方式。冷轧生产的工序一般包括原料准备、酸洗、轧制、脱脂、退火(热处理)、精整等。冷轧以热轧产品为原料，冷轧前原料要先除磷，以保证冷轧产品的表面洁净。轧制是使材料变形的主要工序。脱脂的目的在于去除轧制时附在轧材上的润滑油脂，以免退火时污染钢材表面，对不锈钢也为防止增碳。退火包括中间退火和成品热处理，中间退火是通过再结晶消除冷变形时产生的加工硬化，以恢复材料的塑性及降低金属的变形抗力。成品热处理的目的除了通过再结晶消除硬化外。还在于根据产品的技术要求以获得所需要的组织(如各种织构等)和产品性能(如深冲、电磁性能等)。精整包括检查、剪切、矫直(平整)、打印、分类包装等内容。冷轧产品有很高的包装要求，以防止产品在运输过程中表面被刮伤。除上述工序外在生产一些特殊产品时还有各自的特殊工序。如轧制硅钢板时，在冷轧前要进行脱碳退火，轧后要进行涂膜、高温退火、拉伸矫直(见张力矫直)与回火等。用于冷轧带刚的轧机有二辊轧机、四辊轧机和多辊轧机。应用最多的是四辊轧机。轧制更薄的产品则要采用多辊轧机。多辊轧机的种类很多，如六辊轧机、偏八辊轧机，十二辊轧机，二十辊轧机等(见轧机)。随着对板形要求的提高，发展了许多改进板形的技术，如弯辊技术、窜辊技术和交叉轧辊技术等。冷轧带钢轧机按机架排列可分为单机可逆或不可逆式与多机连续式两类。前者适用于多品种、少批量或合金钢产品比例大的情况。它投资低、建厂快，但产量低，金属消耗较大。多机架连续轧制适合于产品品种较单一或者变动不大的情况，它有生产效率高、产量大的优点，但投资较大。与热轧带钢(见热连轧宽带钢生产工艺、热轧窄带钢生产)相比，冷轧带钢(见冷板扎带生产)的轧制工艺有以下特点：(1)采用工艺润滑和冷却，以降低轧制时的变形抗力和冷却轧辊；(2)采用大张力轧制，以降低变形抗力和保持轧制过程的稳定。采用的平均单位张力值为材料屈服强度的10%～60%，一般不超过50%；(3)采用多轧程轧制。由于冷轧使材料产生加工硬化，当总变形量达到60%～80%时，继续变形就变得很困难。为此要进行中间退火，使材料软化后轧制得以继续进行。为了得到要求的薄带钢，这样的中间退火可能要进行多次。两次中间退火之间的轧制称为一个轧程。冷轧带钢的退火在有保护气体的连续式退火炉或罩式退火炉中进行(见冷轧板带退火)。冷轧带钢的最小厚度目前可达到0.05mm，冷轧箔材可达到0.001mm。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板，俗称冷板。　　冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。 　　一般来说，冷轧钢板分为三代产品：沸腾钢为第一代，铝镇静钢为第二代，无间隙原子刚（IF钢）为第三代。   您查询的关键词是：冷轧钢板  。如果打开速度慢，可以尝试快速版；如果想保存快照，可以添加到搜藏。 "冷轧钢板""2,冷轧钢板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.9)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.56",,"2.5","6000x1200 7000x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","22.25""0.45",,"4.01",,"2.75",,"24.48""0.5",,"4.45",,"3.0",,"26.70""0.6",,"5.34",,"3.5",,"31.50""0.7",,"6.23",,"4.0",,"35.60""0.8",,"7.12",,"4.5",,"40.05""0.9",,"8.01",,"5.0",,"44.50""1.0",,"8.90",,"5.5",,"48.95""1.1",,"9.79",,"6.0",,"53.40""1.2",,"10.68",,"6.5",,"57.85""1.35",,"12.02",,"7.0",,"62.30""1.5",,"13.35",,"7.5",,"66.75""1.65",,"14.60",,"8.0",,"71.20""1.8",,"16.02",,"9.0",,"80.10""2.0",,"17.80",,"10.0",,"89.00""2.25",,"20.03""冷轧铜条""2,冷轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.20","200~400","500~800","1.78",,"2.50","200~500","500~2000","22.25""0.25",,,"2.23",,"2.75",,,"24.48""0.30",,,"2.67",,"3.00",,"1000~2000","26.70""0.35",,,"3.12",,"3.50",,,"31.15""0.40","200~500","500~2000","3.56",,"4.00",,,"35.60""0.45",,,"4.01",,"4.50",,,"40.05""0.50",,,"4.45",,"5.00",,,"44.50""0.60",,,"5.34",,"5.50",,,"48.95""0.70",,,"6.23",,"6.00",,,"53.40""0.80",,,"7.12",,"6.50",,,"57.85""0.90",,,"8.01",,"7.00",,,"62.30""1.00",,,"8.90",,"8.00",,,"71.20""1.20",,,"10.68",,"9.00",,,"80.10""1.30",,,"11.57",,"10.00",,,"89.00""1.40",,,"12.46",,"11.00",,,"97.90""1.50",,,"13.35",,"12.00",,,"106.8""1.60",,,"14.69",,"13.00",,,"115.7""1.80",,,"16.02",,"14.00",,,"124.6""2.00",,,"17.80",,"15.00",,,"133.5""注 铜板和条(热轧,冷轧)的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4和TU和TUP,其化学成分应符合YB145-71规定""特殊用冷轧黄铜条""3,特殊用冷轧黄铜条(YB555-65)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.8)""0.20","200~300","500~1000","1.76",,"1.6","200~500","500~2000","14.08""0.25",,,"2.20",,"1.8",,,"15.84""0.30","200~400",,"2.64",,"2.0",,,"17.60""0.35",,,"3.08",,"2.5",,,"22.00""0.40","200~500",,"3.52",,"2.75",,,"24.20""0.45",,,"3.96",,"3.0",,,"26.40""0.50",,"500~2000","4.40",,"3.5",,,"30.80""0.55",,,"4.84",,"4.0",,,"35.20""0.60",,,"5.28",,"4.5",,,"39.60""0.70",,,"6.16",,"5.0",,,"44.00""0.80",,,"7.04",,"5.5",,,"48.40""0.90",,,"7.92",,"6.0",,,"52.80""1.0",,,"8.8",,"6.5",,,"57.20""1.2",,,"10.56",,"7.0",,,"61.60""1.3",,,"11.44",,"8.0",,,"70.40""1.4",,,"12.32",,"9.0",,,"79.20""1.5",,,"13.20",,"10.0",,,"88.00""注 (1)标记举例:用H80制成的,厚度为0.8mm,宽度为300mm,长度为1000mm的1/2硬条标记为:"" 条H80-Y20.8x300x1000YB555-65."" (2)冷轧条分为定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.""多面体的体积和表面积""多面体的体积和表面积""图形",,"尺寸符号",,"重心(G)""立方体",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方体∧棱柱∨",,,,"G0=h/2""三棱柱",,,,"Go=h/2""棱锥",,,,"Go=h/4""棱台""圆柱和空心圆柱∧管∨",,,,"Go=h/2""斜线直圆柱""直圆锥",,,,"Go=h/4""圆台""球",,,,"在球心上""球扇形∧球楔∨",,,,"Go=3/4(r-h/2)""球缺",,,,"Go=3(2r-h)2/4(3r-h)""圆环体∧胎∨",,,,"在环中心上""球带体",,,,"Go=h1+h/2""桶形",,,,"在轴交点上""椭球体",," a,b,c-半轴",,"在轴交点上""交叉圆柱体",,,,"在二轴交点上""梯形体""常用图形求面积,体积公式""常用图形求面积,体积公式""图形",,"尺寸符号","面积(F) 表面积(S)","重心(G)""正方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""长方形",,,,"在对角线交点上""三角形",,,,"GB=1/3BD CD=DA""平行四边形",,,,"对角线交点上""任意四边形""正多边形",,,,"在o点上""菱形",,,,"在对角线交点上""梯形""圆形",,,,"在圆心上""椭圆形",,"a·b-主轴","F= (π/4) a·b","在主轴交点G上""扇形""弓形""圆环",,,,"在圆心O""部分圆环""新月形",,,,"O1G=(π-P)L/2P","L d/10","2d/10 3d/10 4d/10","5d/10 6d/10 7d/10 ","8d/10 9d/10","P 0.40","0.79 1.18 1.56","1.91 2.25 2.55","2.81 3.02""抛物线形""等多边形",,," "," 在内,外接圆心处""冷轧黄钢板""4,冷轧黄钢板(YB460-71)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.5)""0.20","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","1.70",,"2.00","200~500 500~600 600~700 700~800 >800","17.00""0.25",,"2.13",,"2.25",,"19.13""0.30",,"2.55",,"2.50",,"21.25""0.35",,"2.98",,"2.75",,"23.38""0.40",,"3.40",,"3.00",,"25.50""0.45",,"3.82",,"3.50",,"29.75""0.50",,"4.25",,"4.00",,"34.00""0.60",,"5.10",,"4.50",,"38.20""0.70",,"5.95",,"5.00",,"42.50""0.80",,"6.80",,"5.50",,"46.75""0.90",,"7.65",,"6.00",,"51.00""1.00",,"8.50",,"6.50",,"55.25""1.10",,"9.35",,"7.00",,"59.50""1.20",,"10.20",,"7.50",,"63.75""1.35",,"11.48",,"8.00",,"68.00""1.50",,"12.75",,"9.00",,"76.50""1.65",,"14.03",,"10.00",,"85.00""1.80",,"15.30""注 (1)冷轧软板仅供应H59,H62,H68,H80,H90,H96,HMn58-2,HPb59-1牌号.""(2)冷轧1/2硬板仅供应H62,H65,H68,H90,HMn58-2牌号.""(3)冷轧特硬板仅供应H62牌号.""(4)冷轧板材长度分为:定尺,倍尺和不定尺三种.其通常长度为500~2000mm,但长度不得小于宽度.""特殊用冷轧黄钢板""5,特殊用冷轧黄钢板(YB555-65)""厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)",,"厚度(mm)","宽度和长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)(比重:8.8)""0.4","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","3.52",,"2.25","600x1200 700x1430 800x1500 1000x2000","19.60""0.45",,"3.96",,"2.50",,"22.00""0.50",,"4.40",,"2.75",,"24.20""0.55",,"4.84",,"3.0",,"26.40""0.60",,"5.28",,"3.5",,"30.80""0.70",,"6.16",,"4.0",,"35.20""0.80",,"7.04",,"4.5",,"39.60""0.90",,"7.92",,"5.0",,"44.00""1.0",,"8.80",,"5.5",,"48.40""1.1",,"9.68",,"6.0",,"52.80""1.2",,"10.56",,"6.5",,"57.20""1.35",,"11.88",,"7.0",,"61.60""1.5",,"13.20",,"7.5",,"66.60""1.65",,"14.52",,"8.0",,"70.40""1.8",,"15.84",,"9.0",,"79.20""2.0",,"17.60",,"10.0",,"88.00""注 标记举例:用H90制成的,厚度为2.5mm,宽度为600mm,长度为1200mm的软板标记为:"" 板H90M2.5x600x1200xYB555-65.""铝及铝合金板""6,铝及铝合金板""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)"0.5,"1.40",,"2.5","7.00",,"9.0","25.2",,"25","70.0"0.6,"1.68",,"3.0","8.40",,"10.0","28.0",,"30","84.0"0.8,"2.24",,"3.5","9.80",,"12.0","33.6",,"35","98.0""1.0","2.80",,"4.0","11.20",,"14.0","39.2",,"40","112.0""1.2","3.36",,"5.0","14.00",,"16.0","44.8",,"50","140.0""1.5","4.20",,"6.0","16.80",,"18.0","50.4",,"60","168.0""1.8","5.04",,"7.0","19.60",,"20.0","56.0",,"70","196.0""2.0","5.60",,"8.0","22.40",,"22.0","61.6",,"80","224.0""注 (1)板的宽度有1000,1200和500mm;板的长度有2000,3000和4000mm."" (2)理论重量按LY11,LY12和LD10等牌号铝合金的比重2.8计算,对于其他牌号的铝合金和工业纯铝,应乘以"" 下列换算系数:LD2-0.961;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975;LC4-1.018;工业纯铝-0.967.""铅板""7,铅板(GB1470-79)""厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)",,"厚度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2)""1.0","11.37",,"3.0","34.11",,"5.0","56.85",,"9.0","102.33""1.5","17.06",,"3.5","39.80",,"6.0","68.22",,"10.0","113.70""2.0","22.74",,"4.0","45.48",,"7.0","79.59",,"12.0","136.44""2.5","28.43",,"4.5","51.17",,"8.0","90.96",,"16.0","170.55""注 (1)铅的化学成分按GB469-64标准."" (2)板材理论重量按比重为11.34计算,宽度按500mm进张."" (3)板材成卷供应,厚度大于15mm的板材,以片状供应,厚度不大于1.5mm的板材,应用木箱包装.""纯铜带"",纯铜带(YB464-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (m)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""0.05","18~150","≥20","0.44",,"0.50","18~300","≥10","4.45""0.06",,,"0.53",,"0.55",,,"4.90""0.07",,,"0.62",,"0.60",,,"5.34""0.08",,,"0.71",,"0.65",,,"5.79""0.09",,,"0.80",,"0.70",,,"6.23""0.10","18~300",,"0.89",,"0.75",,,"6.68""0.12",,,"1.07",,"0.80",,,"7.12""0.15",,,"1.34",,"0.85",,,"7.57""0.18",,,"1.60",,"0.90",,,"8.01""0.20",,,"1.78",,"1.00",,,"8.90""0.22",,,"1.96",,"1.10",,,"9.79""0.25",,,"2.23",,"1.20",,"≥7","10.68""0.30",,,"2.67",,"1.30",,,"11.57""0.35",,,"3.12",,"14.40",,,"12.46""0.40",,,"3.56",,"1.50",,,"13.35""0.45",,,"4.01""注 纯铜带的制造牌号为T2,T3,T4,TUP,其化学成分符合YB145-71的规定.""铝带""9,铝带""宽 度 (mm)","厚 度 (mm)","3","4","5","6","8","10","12","重 量 (kg/m)""10","0.080","0.107","0.134 0.161 0.268 0.335 0.402 0.536 0.670 0.804 1.072 1.340 1.608","0.161","0.214","0.268","0.322""12","0.096","0.129",,"0.193","0.257","0.322","0.386""15","0.121","0.161",,"0.241","0.322","0.402","0.482""20","0.161","0.214",,"0.322","0.429","0.568","0.643""25","0.201","0.268",,"0.402","0.568","0.670","0.804""30","0.241","0.332",,"0.482","0.643","0.804","0.965""40","0.322","0.429",,"0.643","0.858","1.072","1.286""50","0.402","0.536",,"0.804","1.072","1.340","1.608""60","0.482","0.643",,"0.965","1.286","1.608","1.930""80","0.643","0.858",,"1.286","1.715","2.144","2.573""100","0.804","1.072",,"1.608","2.144","2.680","3.216""120","0.965","1.286",,"1.930","2.573","3.216","3.859""注 表中重量系以LY11,LY12,(比重2.8)为准,其他合金应乘以下列系数:"" L1~L6-0.967;LF2-0.953;LF21-0.975.""热轧铜条""1,热轧铜条(YB459-64)""厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)",,"厚 度 (mm)","宽度 (mm)","长度 (mm)","理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)""4.0","200~500","≥1000","35.60",,"8.0","200~500","≥1000","71.20""4.5",,,"40.05",,"9.0",,,"80.10""5.0",,,"44.05",,"10.0",,,"89.0""5.5",,,"48.95",,"11.0",,,"97.9""6.0",,,"53.40",,"12.0",,,"106.8""6.5",,,"57.85",,"13.0",,,"115.7""7.0",,,"62.30",,"14.0",,,"124.6""7.5",,,"66.75",,"15.0",,,"133.5""英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""(二)英国标准线规(BWG)号数与线径的关系""线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm",,"线规号码","in.","mm""0","0.324","8.230",,"14","0.080","2.032",,"28","0.0148","0.376""1","0.300","7.020",,"15","0.072","1.829",,"29","0.0136","0.345""2","0.276","7.010",,"16","0.064","1.626",,"30","0.0124","0.315""3","0.252","6.401",,"17","0.056","1.422",,"31","0.0116","0.295""4","0.232","5.893",,"18","0.048","1.219",,"32","0.0108","0.274""5","0.212","5.385",,"19","0.040","1.016",,"33","0.0100","0.254""6","0.192","4.877",,"20","0.036","0.914",,"34","0.0092","0.234""7","0.176","4.470",,"21","0.032","0.813",,"35","0.0084","0.213""8","0.160","4.064",,"22","0.028","0.711",,"36","0.0076","0.193""9","0.144","3.658",,"23","0.024","0.610",,"37","0.0068","0.173""10","0.128","3.251",,"24","0.022","0.559",,"38","0.0060","0.152""11","0.116","2.946",,"25","0.020","0.508",,"39","0.0052","0.132"12,"0.104","2.642",,"26","0.018","0.457",,"40","0.0048","0.122"13,"0.092","2.337",,"27","0.0164","0.417",,"41","0.0044","0.112""刺钢丝""三)刺钢丝规格和重量""说 明 和 用 途",,"钢丝划号 (号)","刺间距离 (mm)","每kg长度 (m)","重量 (kg/km)""刺钢丝又名刺铁丝,俗称"花园铅丝"(因常作花园围墙篱笆之用,故名),系以镀锌钢丝经机器铰缠而成(一般用#12或#14钢丝制作).适于作各种围墙(尤其是公园围墙和临时建筑场地 的围墙)篱笆或障碍物用.",,"12","65","6.4","156",,,"75","7.2","139",,,"100","7.9","127",,,"125","8.6","116",,"14","65","10.9","91.8",,,"75","11.5","86.9",,,"100","13.0","76.9",,,"125","14.0","71.4""注 (1)刺钢丝规格的注写方法为"钢丝直径(号数)x尖数x刺间距离",或"钢丝直径(号数)x刺间距离"."" (2)表列刺钢丝的"每kg长度"和"重量",仅供参考.""刻痕钢丝""四)刻痕钢丝规格和重量""直径 (mm)","断面积 (mm2)","重量 (kg/m)"," 抗 拉 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,"屈 服 强 度 (kg/mm2)",,,"I组","II组","I组","II组""2.5","4.90","0.034","190","160","152","128""3","7.06","0.056","180","150","144","120""4","12.56","0.094","170","140","136","112""5","19.63","0.150","160","130","126","104""注 刻痕钢丝是由预应力混凝土结构用碳素钢丝(冷拔高强度钢丝)在经特制的"刻痕机"进行刻痕而制成的"" 预应力钢筋混凝土结构用的钢丝.""钢丝网""五)钢丝网规格和重量""号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)",,"号数","钢丝直径(mm)","重量(kg/m2)"20,"1.6","1.5",,"6","2.0","6.7",,"2.5","0.7","2.0",,"1","0.3","0.9","3.0","5.1",,"5.5","0.5","0.6",,"2.2","0.45","1.0",,,"0.35","1.2""18","1.6","1.7",,,"1.6","4.7",,,"0.6","1.6",,"0.9","0.25","0.7","3.0","5.7",,,"2.0","7.2",,,"0.8","2.9",,,"0.3","1.0""16","1.6","1.9",,"5","0.7","1.1",,"2","0.4","0.9",,,"0.4","1.6","3.0","6.3",,,"1.4","4.1",,,"0.5","1.3",,"0.8","0.22","0.6""14","1.4","1.7",,,"2.2","8.9",,,"0.6","1.9",,,"0.28","0.9","2.5","4.9",,"4.5","0.5","0.7",,,"1.2","6.0",,,"0.3","1.0""12","1.2","1.4",,,"1.0","2.3",,"1.8","0.4","0.9",,"0.7","0.2","0.6","2.5","5.7",,,"1.8","6.8",,,"0.5","1.4",,,"0.25","0.9""11","1.2","1.5",,"4","0.6","1.0",,,"0.7","2.6",,,"0.30","1.2","2.5","6.1",,,"1.0","2.6",,"1.6","0.3","0.6",,"0.63","0.22","0.7""10","1.0","1.2",,,"1.4","4.8",,,"0.4","1.0",,,"0.25","0.9","2.5","6.6",,"3.5","0.7","1.5",,,"0.45","1.3",,,"0.28","1.2""9","1.0","1.3",,,"1.0","2.9",,"1.4","0.30","0.7",,"0.56","0.22","0.8","2.2","5.7",,,"1.2","4.0",,,"0.35","0.9",,,"0.25","1.0""8","0.7","0.7",,"3.2","0.45","0.7",,,"0.65","2.7",,,"0.28","1.2","1.2","2.1",,,"0.9","2.7",,"1.2","0.28","0.7",,"0.5","0.22","0.9","1.8","4.5",,,"1.2","4.3",,,"0.35","1.0",,,"0.25","1.1""7","0.7","0.8",,"2.8","0.4","0.7",,,"0.4","1.3",,,"0.3","1.5","1.2","2.3",,,"0.7","1.8",,"1.1","0.28","0.7",,"0.45","0.2","0.8","1.8","5.0",,,"1.0","3.6",,,"0.35","1.1",,,"0.25","1.2""6","0.7","0.9",,"2.5","0.4","0.7",,,"0.40","1.4",,,"0.2","0.9","1.2","2.7",,,"0.5","1.1",,"1","0.25","0.7",,"0.4","0.25","1.3""钢板网""六)钢板网规格和重量""品 种","规 格 (mm)",,,,,,"每张大约重量(kg)","生产单位","丝梗厚度 h","孔眼宽度 T","丝梗宽度 b","节 距 t","网面宽度 B","网面长度 L""小","0.5","9","1","25","1800","600","0.875","上海中国钢板网厂",,,,,"2000",,"0.875","0.6","9","1","25","1800","600","1.000",,,,,"2000",,"1.125","0.7","9","1","25","1800","600","1.125",,,,,"2000",,"1.250""网","0.75","9","1","25","1800","600","1.250",,,,,"2000",,"1.375","0.8","9","1","25","1800","600","1.375",,,,,"2000",,"1.500","1","9","1","25","1500","600","1.625",,,,,"1800",,"1.875",,,,,"2000",,"2.125""大","0.5","7","1.2","2.5","1800","2800","5.85","上海中国钢板网厂","1","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","11.70",,"9","1.2","25","1500","3000","7.95",,,,,"1800","3600","11.70",,"9","1.1","25","2000","4000","14.76",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","11.70",,,,,"2000","4000","14.60","1.2","7","1.2","25","1800","2800","14.04",,"9","1.2","25","1800","3600","14.04",,,"1.1","25","2000","4000","17.71",,"11","1.6","40","1800","3600","14.04""网",,,,,"2000","4000","17.71","1.5","11","1.6","40","1800","3600","17.55",,"17","2.3","65","2000","4000","22.14","2","17","2.3","65","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"22","3.0","75","1500","3000","15.90",,,,,"1800","3600","23.41",,,,,"2000","4000","29.52",,"27","3.8","100","2000","4000","29.52","3","36","4.6","115","2000","4000","44.28",,"45","6.1","150""钢丝纱""七)钢丝纱(窗纱)规格和重量""规 格","面 积(m2/卷)","重 量",,"(kg/卷)","(kg/m2)""14目3x100","27.87","12.5","0.448""14目4x100","37.16","16.6","0.448""16目3x100",27.87,13.5,"0.484""16目4x100",37.16,"18.0","0.484""紫铜丝布""(八)紫铜丝布(紫铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","22","2.691",,"30","30","2.5116",,"65","36","1.9734""10","24","2.691",,"35","31","1.9734",,"70","36","1.9734""12","24","3.0498",,"40","32","1.9734",,"75","37","1.9734""16","26","2.1528",,"45","33","1.9734",,"80","37","1.9734""20","27","2.1528",,"50","34","1.9734",,"100","39","1.7940""24","30","2.1528",,"55","35","1.9734""28","30","2.3322",,"60","35","1.7940""黄铜丝布""(九)黄铜丝布(黄铜纱)规格和重量""网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)",,"网 孔 目","铜 丝 线 号","净 重(kg/m2)""8","24","1.5787",,"24","34","0.8611",,"50","38","0.6458""10","26","1.2375",,"26","34","0.8252",,"60","41","0.3947""12","27","1.2558",,"28","36","0.5386",,"70","42","0.3347""14","27","1.3276",,"30","36","0.5741",,"80","43","0.3767""16","32","0.6100",,"32","36","0.6100",,"90","43","0.4306""18","33","0.6100",,"34","36","0.6279",,"100","43","0.5023""20","33","0.7176",,"36","36","0.7176",,"110","44","0.3347""22","33","0.8611",,"40","36","0.4844",,"120","44","0.4485""铝及铝合金直角角型材""1,铝及铝合金直角角型材(XC111)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,"截面面积(mm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b",,,,,"H=B","b"1,"12","1","0.234","0.065",,"25","25","1.3","0.734","0.204",,"49","38.3","5","3.590","0.998"2,"12","2","0.440","0.122",,"26","25","1.6","0.777","0.216",,"50","38.3","6.3","4.444","1.235"3,"12.5","1.6","0.377","0.105",,"27","25","2","0.964","0.268",,"51","40","2","1.564","0.435"4,"15","1","0.294","0.082",,"28","25","2.5","1.189","0.331",,"52","40","2.5","1.944","0.540"5,"15","1.2","0.353","0.098",,"29","25","3","1.410","0.392",,"53","40","3","2.320","0.645"6,"15","1.5","0.434","0.121",,"30","25","3.2","1.509","0.429",,"54","40","3.5","2.671","0.743"7,"15","2","0.564","0.157",,"31","25","3.5","1.641","0.456",,"55","40","3.5","2.694","0.749"8,"15","3","0.820","0.223",,"32","25","4","1.857","0.516",,"56","40","4","3.057","0.850"9,"16","1.6","0.429","0.119",,"33","25","5","2.242","0.623",,"57","40","5","3.750","1.043"10,"16","2.4","0.726","0.202",,"34","27","2","1.041","0.289",,"58","45","4","3.475","0.961"11,"18","1.5","0.524","0.146",,"35","27","2","1.090","0.303",,"59","45","5","4.277","1.189"12,"18","2","0.684","0.190",,"36","30","1.5","0.884","0.246",,"60","50","3","2.920","0.812"13,"19","1.6","0.585","0.163",,"37","30","2","1.164","0.324",,"61","50","4","3.857","1.072"14,"19","2.4","0.861","0.239",,"38","30","2.5","1.438","0.400",,"62","50","5","4.777","1.328"15,"19","3.2","1.125","0.313",,"39","30","3","1.720","0.478",,"63","50","6","5.655","1.572"16,"20","1","0.397","0.110",,"40","30","4","2.240","0.623",,"64","50","6.5","6.110","1.699"17,"20","1.2","0.473","0.131",,"41","32","2.4","1.491","0.415",,"65","50","12","10.600","2.947"18,"20","1.5","0.584","0.162",,"42","32","3.2","1.957","0.554",,"66","60","5","5.777","1.606"19,"20","2","0.764","0.212",,"43","32","3.5","2.131","0.592",,"67","60","6","6.855","1.906"20,"20","3","1.140","0.137",,"44","32","6.5","3.723","1.036",,"68","75","7","10.010","2.783"21,"20","4","1.475","0.410",,"45","35","3","2.005","0.557",,"69","75","8","11.360","3.158"22,"20.5","1.6","0.633","0.176",,"46","35","4","2.657","0.739",,"70","75","10","14.000","3.892"23,"23","2","0.680","0.245",,"47","38","2.4","1.773","0.498",,"71","90","5","8.750","2.433"24,"25","1.2","0.597","0.166",,"48","38.3","3.5","2.562","0.712",,"72","90","8","13.760","3.825""注 (1)铝及铝合金型材的尺寸,规格等摘自冶金工业部1970年颁发的《铝及铝镁合金挤压型材》."" (2)表内理论重量均按LY12合金比重(2.78)进行计算,其他材料的比重及换算系数如下:L1~L7(2.71)-0.975;"" LF2(2.68)-0.964;LF11(2.65)-0.953;LF21(2.73)-0.982;LD2(2.70)-0.971;"" LY11(2.80)-1.007;LY12(2.78)-1.000."" (3)铝型材主要生产单位有哈尔滨和西北铝加工厂等.西北铝加工厂的产品断面为100~400cm2,宽度小于530mm."" (4)铝及铝合金型材规格的表示方法是型材类别组号加序号,如XC111-4,其中,XC表示型材,后面的数字依次为"" 类别,组号,连字符后的数字为顺序号.""铝及铝合金直丁字型材""2,铝及铝合金直丁字型材(XC211)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"15","25","1","0.405","0.113",,"34","32","45","3","2.259","0.628"2,"19","50","2","1.378","0.383",,"35","32","48","2.4","1.874","0.521"3,"20","20","2","0.760","0.211",,"36","32","50","3","2.423","0.674"4,"20","30","1.5","0.740","0.206",,"37","35","32","1.5","1.000","0.278"5,"20","35","2","1.060","0.295",,"38","35","35","4","2.713","0.754"6,"20","37","2","1.117","0.311",,"39","35","40","2","1.468","0.408"7,"20","42","2","1.200","0.334",,"40","37","42","2","1.500","0.417"8,"20","42","2","1.240","0.345",,"41","38","44","5","3.910","1.087"9,"20","45","2","1.860","0.517",,"42","38","50","3.5","3.026","0.841"10,"20","90","2","2.160","0.600",,"43","38","50","4.8","3.990","1.109"11,"21","53","1.8","1.300","0.361",,"44","39","75","5","5.510","1.532"12,"22","48","1.4","1.960","0.267",,"45","40","36","5","3.350","0.933"13,"25","29","1.6","0.847","0.25",,"46","40","45","3","2.479","0.689"14,"25","35","1.5","0.890","0.247",,"47","40","45","4","3.274","0.910"15,"25","38","2.5","1.510","0.420",,"48","40","68","3","3.300","0.917"16,"25","40","2","1.280","0.356",,"49","40","130","6","9.840","2.736"17,"25","45","2.5","1.726","0.480",,"50","42","64","4","4.100","1.140"18,"25","45","3","2.019","0.561",,"51","45","40","2.2","1.860","0.517"19,"25","45","4","2.708","0.753",,"52","50","70","4","4.640","1.300"20,"25","48","1.4","1.012","0.288",,"53","51","51","2.4","2.443","0.679"21,"25","48","1.5","1.082","0.301",,"54","54","50","3","3.040","0.845"22,"25","50","2","1.499","0.417",,"55","54","68","3","3.608","1.003"23,"25","50","2.5","1.851","0.515",,"56","64","50","5","5.781","1.607"24,"26","38","2.5","1.554","0.432",,"57","63","50","2","2.320","0.645"25,"27","70","2","1.920","0.534",,"58","70","37","2","2.100","0.584"26,"29","38","1.6","1.055","0.293",,"59","70","55","2","2.460","0.684"27,"29","58","2.5","2.180","0.606",,"60","74","66","6","8.080","2.246"28,"29","58","3.5","2.991","0.831",,"61","75","40","3","3.400","0.945"29,"30","40","1.5","1.040","0.289",,"62","80","50","2","2.560","0.712"30,"30","40","2","1.370","0.381",,"63","80","60","3","4.110","1.143"31,"30","45","3","2.150","0.597",,"64","83","50","3","3.953","1.099"32,"30","56","4","3.280","0.912",,"65","90","77","10","15.700","4.365"33,"30","68","6.5","6.100","1.696""热轧铜板""1,热轧铜板(YB459-64)""厚度(mm)","宽 度 (mm)",,,,,,,,"理论重量(kg/m2) (比重:8.9)","600~900","1000~1200","1300~1500","1600~1800","1900~2200","2300~2500","2600~2800","2900~3000","最 大 长 度 (mm)""5.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"44.50""5.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"48.95""6.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"53.40""6.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"57.85""7.0","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"62.30""7.5","3500","4000","6000","6000",,,,,"66.75""8.0","4000","5000","6000","5500","4800","4200","3700","3500","71.20""9.0","4000","5000","6000","5000","4200","3700","3300","3100","80.10""10.0","4000","5000","5500","4500","3800","3300","3000","3000","89.0""11.0","4000","5000","5000","4000","3400","3300","2800",,"97.9""12.0","4000","5000","4500","3800","3100","2800",,,"106.8""13.0","4000","5000","4000","3600","2900",,,,"115.7""14.0","4000","4500","3800","3300","2700",,,,"124.6""15.0","4500","4300","3600","3100","2500",,,,"133.5""16.0","4500","4300","3400","2000","2400",,,,"142.4""17.0","4500","4000","3200","2700","2200",,,,"151.3""18.0","4500","3900","3000","2600",,,,,"160.2""19.0","4500","3700","2800","2400",,,,,"169.1""20.0","4500","3500","2600","2300",,,,,"178.0""21.0","4000","3300","2500","2200",,,,,"186.9""22.0","4000","3000","2400","2100",,,,,"195.8""23.0","4000","3000","2400","2000",,,,,"204.7""24.0","3500","2800","2200","1900",,,,,"213.6""25.0","3500","2800","2000","1800",,,,,"222.5""注 热轧板的宽度按100mm进级.""铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁工字型材(XC511)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积 (mm2)","理论重量 (kg/m)","H","B","b"1,"23","38","1.2","1.178","0.327"2,"26","34.5","3.5","3.157","0.875"3,"57","48","8","11.000","3.058"4,"68","38","2.5","3.509","0.976"5,"86","60","6","11.600","3.225""铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材""4,铝及铝合金等边等壁Z字形型材(XC411)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"12.7","15.9","1.6","0.688","0.191",,11,"38","25","3","2.613","0.726"2,"20","15","1.2","0.578","0.163",,12,"44","25","4","3.690","1.001"3,"20","15","1.5","0.721","0.200",,13,"50","19","2.5","2.102","0.584"4,"25","18","1.5","0.885","0.246",,14,"80","30","3","4.020","1.118"5,"25","23","3.5","2.267","0.630",,15,"80","35","4","5.680","1.579"6,"31","25","2.5","1.900","0.528",,16,"80","40","4","6.080","1.690"7,"32","14","1.9","1.000","0.303",,17,"100","30","3","4.620","1.284"8,"34","25","3.5","2.764","0.768",,18,"100","35","4","6.480","1.801"9,"36","26","2.5","2.075","0.577",,19,"100","40","4","6.880","1.913"10,"36","31.5","3.2","2.960","0.823""铝及铝合金槽形型材""3,铝及铝合金槽形型材(XC311)""序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)",,"序 号","主要尺寸(mm)",,,"截面面积(cm2)","理论重量(kg/m)","H","B","b",,,,,"H","B","b"1,"13","13","1.6","0.561","0.156",,"31","45","40","3","3.638","1.011"2,"13","34","3.5","2.579","0.717",,"32","46","25","5","4.300","1.195"3,"20","15","1.3","0.620","0.172",,"33","50","20","4","5.331","0.926"4,"21","28","4","2.868","0.797",,"34","50","30","2","2.120","0.589"5,"25","13","2.4","1.134","0.315",,"35","50","30","4","4.131","1.148"6,"25","15","1.5","0.795","0.221",,"36","55","25","5","4.819","1.340"7,"25","18","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"37","55","30","3","3.299","0.917"8,"25","18","2","1.140","0.317",,"38","60","25","4","4.131","1.148"9,"25","20","2.5","1.520","0.423",,"39","60","35","5","6.000","1.668"10,"25","20","4","2.280","0.634",,"40","60","40","4","4.480","1.245"11,"25","25","5","3.250","0.904",,"41","63","38.3","4.8","6.275","1.744"12,"30","15","1.5","0.870","0.242",,"42","64","38","4","5.300","1.473"13,"30","18","1.5","0.960","0.267",,"43","70","25","3","3.449","0.959"14,"30","20","2","1.335","0.371",,"44","70","25","5","5.500","1.529"15,"30","22","6","3.870","1.076",,"45","70","26","3.2","3.700","1.028"16,"32","25","1.8","1.437","0.399",,"46","70","30","4","4.931","1.371"17,"32","25","2.5","1.925","0.535",,"47","70","40","5","7.080","1.968"18,"35","20","2.5","1.770","0.492",,"48","75","45","5","7.831","2.177"19,"35","30","2","1.833","0.510",,"49","80","30","4.5","6.010","1.671"20,"38","50","5","6.560","1.824",,"50","80","35","4.5","6.414","1.783"21,"40","18","2","1.453","0.404",,"51","80","35","6","8.280","2.302"22,"40","18","2.5","1.795","0.499",,"52","80","40","4","6.131","1.704"23,"40","18","3","2.129","0.592",,"53","80","40","6","8.900","2.474"24,"40","21","4","2.960","0.823",,"54","80","60","4","7.480","2.079"25,"40","25","2","1.730","0.481",,"55","90","50","6","10.680","2.969"26,"40","25","3","2.549","0.709",,"56","100","40","6","10.080","2.802"27,"40","30","3.5","3.250","0.904",,"57","100","48","6.3","11.550","3.211"28,"40","32","3","2.978","0.828",,"58","100","50","5","9.580","2.663"29,"40","50","4","5.280","1.468",,"59","128","40","9","17.100","4.754"30,"45","20","3","2.370","0.659""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管1""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","0.25","0.30","0.40","0.50","0.60","0.80","1.0","1.2",1.4,"1.5",1.6,1.8,"2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""50",,,,,,,"1.21","1.44","1.68","1.79","1.91","2.14","2.37","2.59","2.93","3.25","3.48","3.70","4.01","4.54","5.05","5.55""(51)",,,,,,,"1.23","1.47","1.71","1.83","1.96","2.18","2.42","2.64","2.99","3.32","3.55","3.79","4.10","4.64","5.16","5.67""53",,,,,,,"1.28","1.53","1.78","1.91","2.03","2.27","2.52","2.76","3.11","3.46","3.70","3.94","4.27","4.83","5.38","5.92""(54)",,,,,,,"1.31","1.59","1.82","1.94","2.07","2.31","2.56","2.81","3.18","3.53","3.77","4.02","4.36","4.93","5.49","6.04""56",,,,,,,"1.36","1.62","1.89","2.02","2.15","2.40","2.66","2.92","3.30","3.66","3.92","4.17","4.53","5.13","5.71","6.29""(57)",,,,,,,"1.38","1.65","1.92","2.05","2.18","2.45","2.71","2.97","3.36","3.74","4.00","4.25","4.62","5.23","5.83","6.41""60",,,,,,,"1.46","1.74","2.02","2.16","2.31","2.58","2.86","3.13","3.55","3.94","4.22","4.49","4.88","5.52","6.16","6.78""63",,,,,,,"1.53","1.83","2.13","2.27","2.42","2.71","3.01","3.30","3.72","4.15","4.44","4.73","5.13","5.81","6.49","7.14""65",,,,,,,"1.58","1.89","2.20","2.35","2.50","2.80","3.11","3.40","3.85","4.29","4.59","4.89","5.31","6.02","6.71","7.40""(68)",,,,,,,"1.65","1.98","2.36","2.46","2.62","2.93","3.26","3.57","4.04","4.49","4.81","5.12","5.57","6.31","7.05","7.77""70",,,,,,,"1.70","2.03","2.37","2.53","2.70","3.02","3.35","3.68","4.16","4.36","4.96","5.23","5.74","6.51","7.27","8.01""(73)",,,,,,,"1.78","2.12","2.47","2.64","2.82","3.16","3.50","3.84","4.35","4.84","5.18","5.52","6.00","6.81","7.60","8.38""75",,,,,,,"1.82","2.18","2.54","2.71","2.90","3.24","3.60","3.95","4.46","4.97","5.32","5.68","6.17","7.00","7.82","8.62""(76)",,,,,,,"1.85","2.21","2.57","2.76","2.94","3.29","3.65","4.00","4.53","5.05","5.40","5.75","6.26","7.10","7.93","8.75""80",,,,,,,,,"2.71","2.90","3.09","3.47","3.84","4.22","4.77","5.32","5.69","6.07","6.60","7.49","8.37","9.24""(83)",,,,,,,,,"2.82","3.02","3.21","3.60","4.00","4.37","4.96","5.52","5.92","6.31","6.86","7.79","8.71","9.62""85",,,,,,,,,"2.88","3.08","3.29","3.69","4.09","4.48","5.08","5.66","6.06","6.46","7.04","7.98","8.93","9.83""(89)",,,,,,,,,"3.02","3.24","3.45","3.86","4.29","4.70","5.33","5.94","6.36","6.77","7.38","8.38","9.38","10.33""90",,,,,,,,,"3.05","3.27","3.49","3.91","4.34","4.76","5.39","6.01","6.43","6.86","7.47","8.47","9.49","10.47""95",,,,,,,,,"3.21","3.46","3.68","4.13","4.59","5.02","5.70","6.36","6.81","7.26","7.90","8.98","10.04","11.10"100,,,,,,,,,"3.40","3.64","3.88","4.35","4.83","5.30","6.00","6.70","7.17","7.65","8.32","9.46","10.59","11.70""(102)",,,,,,,,,"3.46","3.73","3.97","4.45","4.93","5.40","6.13","6.84","7.32","7.81","8.50","9.67","10.82","11.96""(108)",,,,,,,,,"3.67","3.95","4.21","4.72","5.23","5.74","6.50","7.25","7.77","8.29","9.02","10.26","11.49","12.70"110,,,,,,,,,"3.74","4.03","4.28","4.81","5.32","5.84","6.62","7.39","7.92","8.43","9.19","10.46","11.70","12.93"120,,,,,,,,,,"4.36","4.66","5.25","5.83","6.38","7.24","8.07","8.66","9.22","10.06","11.44","12.93","14.30"125,,,,,,,,,,,,"5.46","6.06","6.64","7.54","8.42","9.02","9.61","10.50","11.91","13.37","14.80"130,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"7.86","8.78","9.40","10.00","10.92","12.43","13.92","15.48""(133)",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"8.05","8.98","9.59","10.25","11.18","12.75","14.26","15.75"140,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.11","10.79","11.80","13.42","15.05","16.65"150,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"10.85","11.52","12.65","14.39","16.11","17.85"160,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"13.53","15.38","17.25","19.09"170,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14.31","16.31","18.35","20.30"180,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"15.20","17.30","19.50","21.59"190,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"18.29","20.60","22.80"200,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,"19.67","21.65","24.00""冷拔(轧)无缝钢管2""2,冷拔(轧)无缝钢管(YB231-70)""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)","3.0","3.2","3.5","4.0","4.5","5.0","5.5","6.0","6.5","7.0","7.5","8.0","8.5","9","9.5","10",11,12,"钢 管 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""5""6""7""8""9""10","0.518","0.536","0.561""11","0.592","0.615","0.647""12","0.666","0.694","0.734","0.789""(13)","0.740","0.774","0.820","0.888""14","0.814","0.852","0.906","0.986""(15)","0.888","0.932","0.993","1.09","1.17","1.23""16","0.962","1.10","1.08","1.18","1.28","1.35""(17)","1.04","1.09","1.17","1.28","1.39","1.48""18","1.11","1.17","1.25","1.38","1.50","1.60""(19)","1.18","1.25","1.34","1.48","1.61","1.73","1.54","1.92""20","1.26","1.33","1.42","1.58","1.72","1.85","1.97","2.07""(21)","1.33","1.41","1.51","1.68","1.83","1.97","2.10","2.22""22","1.41","1.49","1.60","1.77","1.94","2.10","2.24","2.37""(23)","1.48","1.57","1.68","1.87","2.05","2.22","2.37","2.52""(24)","1.55","1.64","1.77","1.97","2.16","2.34","2.51","2.66","2.81","2.93""25","1.63","1.72","1.86","2.07","2.28","2.47","2.64","2.81","2.97","3.11""(27)","1.78","1.88","2.03","2.27","2.50","2.71","2.92","3.11","3.29","3.45""28","1.85","1.96","2.11","2.37","2.61","2.84","3.05","3.26","3.45","3.68""29","1.92","2.02","2.20","2.47","2.72","2.96","3.19","3.40","3.60","3.80","3.98""30","2.00","2.12","2.29","2.56","2.83","3.08","3.32","3.55","3.77","3.97","4.16","4.34""32","2.15","1.28","2.46","2.76","3.05","3.33","3.59","3.85","4.09","4.32","4.53","4.74""34","2.29","2.43","2.63","2.96","3.27","3.58","3.87","4.14","4.41","4.66","4.90","5.13""(35)","2.37","2.51","2.72","3.06","3.38","3.70","4.00","4.29","4.57","4.83","5.09","5.33""36","2.44","2.59","2.81","3.16","3.50","3.82","4.14","4.44","4.73","5.01","5.27","5.52""38","2.59","2.75","2.98","3.35","3.72","4.07","4.41","4.74","5.05","5.35","5.64","5.92","6.18","6.44""40","2.74","2.91","3.15","3.55","3.94","4.32","4.68","5.03","5.37","5.70","6.01","6.31","6.60","6.88""42","2.89","3.07","3.32","3.75","4.16","4.56","4.95","5.33","5.69","6.04","6.38","6.71","7.02","7.32""44.5","3.07","3.25","3.54","4.00","4.44","4.87","5.29","5.70","6.09","6.47","6.84","7.20","7.55","7.88""45","3.11","3.31","3.58","4.04","4.49","4.93","5.36","5.77","6.17","6.56","6.94","7.30","7.65","7.99","8.32","8.63""48","3.33","3.54","3.84","4.34","4.83","5.30","5.76","6.21","6.65","7.08","7.49","7.89","8.28","8.66","9.03","9.57""水,煤气输送钢管""1,水,煤气输送钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)234-63]""公称内径",,"钢 管 螺 纹",,"外径 (mm)","普通管",,"加厚管""mm","(in.)",,"壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)","壁厚 (mm)","理论重量 (不计管接头) (kg/m)""6","1/8''","10","2","0.89","2.50","0.46""8","1/4''","13.5","2.25","0.62","2.75","0.73""10","3/8''","17","2.25","0.82","2.75","0.97""15","1/2''","21.25","2.75","1.25","3.25","1.44""20","3/4''","26.75","2.75","1.63","3.5","2.01""25","1''","33.5","3.25","2.42","4","2.91""32","1 1''/4","42.25","3.25","3.13","4","3.77""40","1 1''/2","48","3.5","3.84","4.25","4.58""50","2''","60","3.5","4.88","4.5","6.16""70","2 1''/2","75.5","3.75","6.64","4.5","7.88""80","3''","88.5","4","8.34","4.75","9.81""100","4''","114","4","10.85","5","13.44""125","5''","140","4.5","15.04","5.5","18.24""150","6''","165","4.5","17.81","5.5","21.63""注(1)表列钢管是适用于输送水,煤气及采暖系统等用的钢管.分镀锌和不镀锌(黑管)两种;又分带螺纹和"" 不带螺纹两种;按壁厚可分为普通钢管,加厚钢管和薄壁钢管."" (2)钢管的长度规定为:无螺纹的黑管4~12m;带螺纹的黑管和镀锌管4~9m.每批允许有10%的(按根数计算)"" 2~4m长的短尺钢管或4~9m米长的接管(即用一个管接头将两根钢管连接而成)."" (3)经供需双方协议,可供应定尺长度或倍尺长度的钢管.其最大长度可到8m.按倍尺交货的钢管,每个单"" 倍尺应留切口5~10mm."" (4)钢管用易焊接的软钢制造,钢号和制造方法(炉焊或电焊)均由制造厂选择."" (5)钢管应能承受下列规定压力的水压试验:普通钢管和薄壁钢管:20kg/cm2;加厚钢管30kg/cm2.""电丝套管""2,电丝套管规格,重量表""名称","外径 (mm)","近似内径 (mm)","管壁厚度 (mm)","重量 (kg/m)","每吨长度 (m/t)""5/8''","15.9","12.3","1.8","0.626","1597.44""3/4''","19.1","15.5","1.8","0.627","1302.08""1''","25.4","21.8","1.8","0.628","954.20""1 1''/4","31.8","28.2","1.8","0.629","750.75""1 1''/2","38.1","34.5","1.8","0.630","620.73""电焊钢管""电焊钢管规格,重量表[冶标(YB)242-68]""外径 (mm)","壁 厚 (mm)",0.5,0.6,0.8,"1.0","1.2","1.4","1.5","1.6","1.8","2.0","2.2","2.5","2.8","3.0","3.2","3.5","3.8","4.0",4.2,4.5,4.8,"5.0",5.5,"钢 管 的 理 论 重 量 (kg/m)""(5)","0.055","0.065","0.083","0.099""(6)","0.068","0.080","0.108","0.123""(7)","0.080","0.095","0.122","0.148""(8)","0.092","0.110","0.142","0.173","(0.202)""(9)","0.105","0.125","0.162","0.197","0.231""10","0.117","0.139","0.182","0.222","(0.261)""(11)","0.129","0.154","0.201","0.247","0.290""12","0.142","0.169","0.221","0.271","0.320","0.365","(0.388)","0.411""(13)",,"0.184","0.241","0.296","0.349","0.400","0.425","0.451""(14)",,"0.199","0.260","0.321","0.379","0.434","0.462","0.490""15",,"0.214","0.280","0.345","0.409","0.468","(0.499)","0.529""16",,"0.228","0.300","0.370","0.438","0.503","(0.536)","0.568""(17)",,"0.244","0.320","0.395","0.468","0.537","0.573","0.608""18",,"0.258","0.340","0.419","0.497","0..572","(0.610)","0.647","(0.717)","(0.789)""(19)",,"0.274","0.359","0.444","0.527","0

冷轧：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在20-40吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。　　　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。　　　　简单来说，冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。　　　　冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由于热轧经过连续冷变型而成的冷轧，在机械性能比较差，硬度太高。必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。　　　　冷轧一般都会经过退火处理。

冷轧薄钢板，简称冷轧钢板、冷轧薄板、冷轧板、冷板等。它还包括不锈钢板、弹簧钢板、硬钢片、镀锌板、镀锡板、镀铝板等。冷轧薄钢带，简称冷轧钢带、冷轧带钢、钢带、带钢、薄钢带、冷轧卷等。还包括不锈钢带、镀锌钢带、镀锡钢带等。 冷轧钢板标准 冷轧薄钢板、钢带（以下简称冷轧薄板）主要用于零件的冲压加工，而冷轧薄板的力学性能十分重要，它直接关系到板材的冲压性能。冷轧薄板是以不同的热处理状态分级的，不同硬度的材料，用于不同的加工方法，国家标准GB/T 13237-1991《优质碳素结构钢冷轧薄钢板和钢带》将冷轧薄板大致分为三级，P级用于普通冲压，S级用于深度冲压，Z级用于最深度冲压。中国冶金标准YB/T 5059-1993《低碳钢冷轧钢带》将薄钢板按硬度分为五级，即：TR（特级）、R（软）、BR（半软）、DY（低硬）和Y（冷硬）。其实通过一定的冷轧变形程度和冷轧后热处理的恰当配合，可以在广泛的范围内满足用户关于材料力学性能方面的要求。冷轧薄板根据用户加工上的要求可以分成更多的级别。例如：日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》的分类除分为一般用（spcc）、冲压用(spcd)和深冲压用（spce）三类外，还细分为退火、标准调质、1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬、全硬等级别。 在冷轧薄板力学性能的检测方面，一些标准只规定了拉伸试验，另一些标准除拉伸试验外还规定了硬度试验。 中国标准GB/T 13237-1991就只规定了拉伸试验，技术要求冷轧钢板标准如表一所示：牌号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率不小于拉延级别Z－S和PZSP08F275～365275～38034323008,08Al,10F275～390275～41032302810295～410295～43030392815F315～430315～45029282715335～450335～47027262520355～490335～50026252425——390～540——242330——440～590——222135——490～635——201940——510～650————1845——530～680————1650——540～715————14 日本标准JIS G3141-1996《冷轧碳素钢钢板和钢带》（该标准中包含了冷轧薄钢板和钢带）规定了拉伸试验，也规定了硬度试验，该标准的力学性能要求如下：表二：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的拉伸试验质牌号抗拉强度/MPa 不小于 伸长率/%不小于试样按以下公称厚度/mm>=0.250.250.400.601.01.6>=2.5SPCC SPCD SPCE(270) 270 270(32) 34 36(34) 36 3836 38 40　 37 39 41 　　 (38) 40 42 　39 41 435号试样轧制方向 表三：标准调质和退火的钢板、钢带的硬度值。调质区分符号 硬度最大HRBHV退火A57105标准调质S65115 注：厚度小于0.6mm的钢板和钢带，原则上不进行拉伸试验。 表四：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬材料的拉伸试验值。调质区分 符号 抗拉强度/MPa伸长率/%最小试样1/8硬8294～410255号试样轧制方向1/4硬4370～490101/2硬2440～590——硬1>=550——     表五：1/8硬、1/4硬、1/2硬和全硬状态的硬度值。调质区分符号HRBHV1/8硬 1/4硬8450～7165～8095～130 115～1501/2硬 硬2174～89 ≥85135～185 ≥170注：HRB和HV，仅选用其中之一。英国标准BS 1449/1.9-1991《厚板、薄板和钢带第一部分：碳素钢和碳锰钢厚板、薄板和钢带具有成形性能的冷轧窄钢带技术条件》对冷轧板分级为CS1（铝镇静稳定化超深冲）、CS2（超深冲）、CS3（深冲）、CS4（折边）、CS15（商品级）。这项标准的力学性能要求如表六所示： 表六：钢材交货时的力学性能轧制状态和级别退火（A）或平整冷轧（SP）状态硬度HV1)2)最大屈服强度Re1)/MPa最小抗拉强度Rm1)/MPa最小伸长率A1)/%最小弯心直径1)（180°弯曲）原始标距LO50mm80mmCS1A9514027038（36）0aSP10514027036（34）0aCS2A9514027036（34）0a SP10014027036（34）0aCS3A100（140）（280）（34）（32）0aSP110（140）（280）（34）（32）0aCS4A105（140）（280）——0aSP115（140）（280）——0a 注：1）窄钢带交货应符合，或者硬度和弯曲试验，或者拉伸和弯曲试验，但硬度和拉伸试验不应同时进行。     2）对于SP（平整冷轧）状态，与镀层精整（PL）或镜面光洁度（MF），或以“无拉伸痕”交货的钢材组合，最大硬度可以提高5个HV或抗拉强度可以提高20MPa。     3）牌号CS2、CS3和CS4的硬度值仅适用于沸腾钢。 如上所述冷轧薄板的力学性能可以通过拉伸试验来检测，也可以通过硬度试验来检测。由于硬度试验设备简单、易于掌握，试验效率高，并且金属硬度与强度之间有一定的对应关系，所以硬度检测是确定材料力学性能的更方便的方法。冷轧薄板的硬度检测可以用于冷轧板生产过程的质量控制，更适于生产冲压产品的厂家对原材料进行力学性能的复检。 日本工业标准JIS G3141-1996规定的硬度试验是洛氏硬度HRB和维氏硬度HV。维氏硬度试验可用于冷轧薄板，但洛氏硬度HRB却不适用于测试薄板材料。因为当板材厚度小于2mm时，测试HRB硬度可能会因为发生“测砧效应”而使测量的硬度值失准。对于薄板材料，可以测试表面洛氏硬度HRN或HRT，然后换算成HRB或HV硬度。冷轧钢板标准生产了一种便携式表面洛氏硬度计，它非常适合测试薄板和钢带材料，它可以在生产现场、销售现场或材料仓库快速进行冷轧薄板材料的洛氏硬度检测，完成一次测量仅需要10秒钟时间，检测的板材厚度范围为0.05-50mm。这种仪器可以用在冷轧薄板带的生产线上，对产品的热处理效果进行在线的质量控制。这种仪器更适用于冲压产品的生产厂家。可以用它对购入的板材硬度进行复检，可以携带它去钢材市场选购材料，也可以利用它对自己厂生产的冲压产品进行硬度检测。 这种仪器如果配上一个支承座，还可以放到办公桌上使用。可以对成批的成品或半成品工件做逐件检测。它的测试精度与台式洛氏硬度计相同。 目前冷轧薄带材料正在向超薄方向发展，据报道，上海宝钢已扎制出厚度为0.08mm的冷轧薄板带材。采用本所生产的PHR-1S型表面洛氏硬度计，配一个金刚点砧座，就可测试薄至0.05mm冷轧薄板带材料的硬度。 这种应用完全可以取代维氏硬度计，使冷轧薄板材料的力学性能检测实现快速、简便、经济。

冷轧镀锌板，是一种镀锌钢板。钢板按轧制分为热轧和冷轧两种。冷轧板是平板状的，矩形的，可直接轧制而成的。冷轧是在室温条件下将钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最小厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，大部份工厂如保定普瑞钢材冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和 市场 需求而决定。冷轧和热轧的区别： 1、冷轧成型钢允许截面出现局部屈曲，从而可以充分利用杆件屈曲后的承载力；而热轧型钢不允许截面发生局部屈曲。2、热轧型钢和冷轧型钢残余应力产生的原因不同，所以截面上的分布也有很大差异。冷弯薄壁型钢截面上的残余应力分布是弯曲型的，而热扎型钢或焊接型钢截面上残余应力分布是薄膜型。3、热轧型钢的自由扭转刚度比冷轧型钢高，所以热轧型钢的抗扭性能要优于冷轧型钢。冷轧的优缺点：优点：成型速度快、 产量 高，且不损伤涂层，可以做成多种多样的截面形式，以适应使用条件的需要；冷轧可以使钢材产生很大的塑性变形，从而提高了钢材的屈服点。缺点: 1.虽然成型过程中没有经过热态塑性压缩，但截面内仍然存在残余应力，对钢材整体和局部屈曲的特性必然产生影响；2.冷轧型钢样式一般为开口截面，使得截面的自由扭转刚度较低。在受弯时容易出现扭转，受压时容易出现弯扭屈曲，抗扭性能较差；3.冷轧成型钢壁厚较小，在板件衔接的转角处又没有加厚，承受局部性的集中荷载的能力弱。冷轧镀锌板用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及 产业 设备、各种建筑材料。

黄铜酸洗流程是什么？黄铜酸洗？黄铜酸洗流程有哪些?黄铜酸洗流程怎样表明？首要，咱们先来了解一下什么黄铜酸洗吧，铜材通知你，黄铜酸洗硝酸或其混合酸中酸洗，如技术条件不注意便会使黄铜表面脱锌或脱铜，失掉原有份额，给氧化膜生成带来困难，有时乃至无法生成氧化膜，如选用铬酸洗则表面会发生钝化膜，用其他酸洗还或许发生置换层。好了，接下来我么接着来说下“黄铜酸洗流程是什么”。酸洗黄铜　　黄铜为什么要酸洗？　　黄铜件铜锌合金。酸洗液由多种酸组成，黄铜件酸洗过程中与各种酸液反响、耗费速度纷歧，酸洗液成分会失控，没有即时补加的话，洗出来产品就会变色。铜溶解随硝酸浓度进步而加速，这时黄铜表面出现灰色，硝酸浓度低时黄铜件表面色彩偏红；浓度高，黄铜件中锌溶解速度加速，工件表面出现褐色，反之则出现淡黄色；硫酸同影响差不多；因而要即时弥补短少成分，色彩就不会变。　　黄铜酸洗流程是什么？　　酸洗技术流程为:装挂→化学除油→水洗→酸洗→水洗→热水烫干　　技术配方:硫酸120～150g/L　　150～180g/L　　酒精80～100g/L　　该配方中利用了硫酸强酸去除铜件上氧化铜,强氧化性去除氧化铜与基体铜之间氧化亚铜,酒精效果是为了安稳,防止较高温度下分化.　　黄铜件酸洗过程中归于放热反响,跟着酸洗进行槽液温度会升高,会分化,因而在夏天加工就用两个酸洗槽进行替换冷却,加工时直接补加硫酸和,往常保护比较简略,操作者简略把握,长期以来未出现问题。　　黄铜酸洗使用说明？　　将抛光液1:2兑水（纯净水）加热到40~45度，抛光容器只需塑料容器耐高温即可，将清洁后铜工件放入到ZJ-503抛光液中，一般黄铜处理1~3min，紫铜处理3-5min待表面构成棕色氧化膜后取出，用水简略漂洗再将铜件放入到含铜材退膜液（1:2）兑水液中浸泡数秒退膜，最终取出工件洗净即可进行后续技术。本技术用于黄铜抛光时可不需退膜。　　黄铜酸洗优势？　　1、不会过腐蚀，因而特别适用于薄璧铜管或灯头号产品，亮光性可与传统三酸配方比美。　　2、可用硝酸纳替代硝酸，如运用硝酸，用量只需传统量10～20%。　　3、加工中氮氧化物气体逸出少，仅需塑料风机抽风，不需治氮氧化纳物专用设备。能节省费用，减轻污染。　　4、运用安全，本钱低价。

酸洗板是一个发展中的钢材品种，目前市场需求主要集中在汽车行业、压缩机行业、机械制造行业、零配加工行业、风机行业、摩托车行业、钢家具、五金配件、电柜货架及各种形状的冲压件等。随着技术进步，热轧酸洗板目前已涉及到家电、集装箱、电器控制柜等行业，其中使用热轧酸洗板代替冷板在一些行业发展很快。 1、汽车行业 热轧酸洗涂油板是汽车业需要的新钢种，其较好的表面质量、厚度公差、加工性能，可以替代车身覆盖件和以往用冷轧板生产的汽车零部件，由此降低原材料成本10%左右。随着经济的发展，汽车的生产也大幅增加，板材的使用量不断提高，国内汽车行业许多车型的零部件原设计要求使用热轧酸洗板，如：轿车的副车架、车轮轮辐、前后桥总成、卡车箱板、防护网、汽车大梁以及零配件等，由于国内热轧酸洗板的供应不足，汽车厂一般用冷板或热板代替或自行酸洗。 酸洗板卷规格2、农用车、摩托车行业 农用车制造业近年来发展迅速，其中山东市场的农用车行业发展较快，全年冷热板整体需求约为40万吨，很多农用车生产厂家愿意用酸洗板代替冷板以求降低成本，其中可“以热代冷”的部位主要是驾驶室内板、挡风板，所需规格主要为0.8—1.5×1000—1250mm等。 摩托车的轮毂也可以使用酸洗板。目前摩托车轮毂一般使用2.0mm冷板，由于成本高和厚规格的冷板较难采购，部分厂家一度改用热轧板，但热轧板又存在表面质量较差的问题，难以满足厂家的需要。使用酸洗板则可以满足用户对成本和质量的双重要求。 3、机械行业 热轧酸洗板主要用于纺织机械、矿山机械、风机以及一些通用机械等。比如制造家用冰箱、空调的压缩机壳体和上下盖，动力压缩机的压力容器和消声器，螺杆式空压机的底座等。其中家用冰箱、空调压缩机使用酸洗板最多，对酸洗板深冲性能要求较高，材质主要为SPHC、SPHD、SPHE、SAPH370，厚度范围在1.0-4.5mm，需求规格以2.0-3.5mm量最大，有关资料显示，今年上半年冰箱压缩机，空调压缩机所需热轧酸洗板分别为8万吨和13.5万吨。风机行业现主要使用冷轧板和热轧板，热轧酸洗板可以代替冷板用于制造鼓风机、通风机的叶轮、壳体、法兰、消声器、底座、平台等。 4、其他行业 其他行业应用主要有自行车零件、各种焊管、电气柜、高速公路护栏、超市货架、仓库货架、栅栏、热水器内胆、制桶、铁梯以及各种形状的冲压件。随着经济的不断发展，零配加工遍布各行业，加工厂如雨后春笋迅速发展，对板材的需求大大增加，同时也增加了热轧酸洗板潜在需求量。 三、酸洗板市场前景 酸洗板是以优质热轧薄板为原料，经酸洗机组去除氧化层，切边，精整后，表面质量和使用要求（主要是冷弯成型或冲压性能）介于热轧板和冷轧板之间的中间产品，是部分热轧板和冷轧板理想的替代产品。与热轧板相比，酸洗板的优势主要在于：1）表面质量好，由于热轧酸洗板去除了表面氧化铁皮，提高了钢材的表面质量，便于焊接、涂油和上漆。2）尺寸精度高，平整后，可使板型发生一定变化，从而减少不平度的偏差。3）提高了表面光洁度，增强了外观效果。4）能减少用户分散酸洗造成的环境污染。与冷轧板相比，酸洗板的优势在于在保证表面质量使用要求的前提下，使用户有效的降低采购成本。目前，许多企业对钢材的高性能、低成本提出越来越高的要求。随着轧钢工艺技术不断进步，热轧薄板的性能正向冷轧板接近，使“以热代冷”在技术上得以实现。可以说，酸洗板是介于冷轧板和热轧板之间的性能价格比比较高的一种产品，有着良好的市场发展前景。但是从目前看，酸洗板在我国各个行业的使用才刚刚起步，专业的酸洗板生产从2001年9月宝钢酸洗生产线投产开始。 酸洗板市场主要体现在以下四个方面：替代冷轧、替代热轧、替代进口和替代小酸洗。其中替代进口和小酸洗实际上是已有的市场，市场有限也不可能完全替代。而随着汽车、机械、轻工等行业的快速发展，企业面临这市场竞争带来的巨大的压力，对产品成本和产品质量要求日益提高，酸洗板以其较高的性价比完全替代部分冷板和热板，必将逐渐为用户所认可。在钢材的深加工加工过程中，需对其表面进行酸洗除锈处理。常用的酸洗液为和硫酸，现大多数企业已不再使用硫酸，改用。 钢材经酸洗后，会产生大量的酸洗废液。酸洗废液的组成主要是氯化氢、氯化亚铁和水等少量杂质。其含量随酸洗工艺、操作温度、钢材品种和规格不同而异，一般含氯化亚铁10～20%，氯化氢 3～10%。 酸洗废液按国家环保要求是不能直接排放的，传统的处理方法是采用焙烧回收法和中和法。焙烧回收法投资巨大，一般企业无法接受。中和法是现有钢铁企业普遍采用的方法，但其存在的缺点也较突出，一方面要消耗大量的碱性药剂（如烧碱、石灰等），处理成本十分昂贵，另一方面又会生成大量难以处置的含铁污泥，对环境造成变相二次污染。 针对钢铁行业酸洗废水的特点，科研单位做了大量的研究开发工作，成功地开发了一套钢材酸洗废液处理系统。该系统为全封闭系统，达到零排放标准，回收和氯化亚铁。如能进一步深加工可生产液体、聚合等水处理絮凝剂产品。 铁盐絮凝剂是目前经济高效的废水处理絮凝剂其独有的脱色能力，适用于染料、染料中间体及印染行业的污水处理。能简化水处理工艺，缩短水处理周期，降低水处理成本，提高处理水质十分有效。对各类电镀废水有明显的处理效果，对废水中各种重金属离子的去除率接近100%。

冷轧钢板就是经过冷轧生产的钢板。冷轧是在室温条件下将No.1钢板进一步轧薄至为目标厚度的钢板。和热轧钢板比较，冷轧钢板厚度更加精确，而且表面光滑、漂亮，同时还具有各种优越的机械性能，特别是加工性能方面。因为冷轧原卷比较脆硬，冷轧钢板的密度不太适合加工，所以通常情况下冷轧钢板要求经过退火、酸洗及表面平整之后才交给客户。冷轧最大厚度是0.1--8.0MM以下，如大部份工厂冷轧钢板厚度是4.5MM以下；最少厚度、宽度是根据各工厂的设备能力和市场需求而决定。冷轧钢板的密度：热轧钢板含碳量可比冷轧钢板略高些。在成份相持不大的情况下密度是一样的。但如果成份相差悬殊，如不锈钢不论冷轧、热轧密度都在7.9g/cm3左右。具体还要看成份，热轧只是延展性更好，钢材同样受到压力作用

冷轧板卷是以热轧卷为原料，在室温下在再结晶温度以下进行轧制而成，包括板和卷，国内众多钢厂如宝钢、武钢、鞍钢等均可以生产。其中成张交货的称为钢板，也称盒板或平板；长度很长、成卷交货的称为钢带，也称卷板。 生产过程中由于不进行加热，所以不存在热轧常出现的麻点和氧化铁皮等缺陷，表面质量好、光洁度高。而且冷轧产品的尺寸精度高，产品的性能和组织能满足一些特殊的使用要求，如电磁性能、深冲性能等。  　　规格：厚度为0.2-4mm，宽度为600-2 000mm，钢板长度为1 200-6 000mm。  　　牌号：Q195A-Q235A、Q195AF-Q235AF、Q295A(B)-Q345 A(B)；SPCC、SPCD、SPCE、ST12-15;DC01-06  　　性能：主要采用低碳钢牌号，要求具有良好的冷弯和焊接性能，以及一定的冲压性能。 钢号规格（厚*宽*长）冷轧板规格板0.4*1000*C0.5*1250*C0.35*1000*C 1.0*1000*C0.7*1020*C0.3*1000*C 0.4*1000*C1.5*1000*C2.5*1000*C 2.5*1000*C2.0*1250*C1.5*1250*C 1.0*1250*C1.0*1000*C1.0*1000*2000 1.2*1000*20001.5*1000*20000.5*1000*C 2.0*1000*20003.0*1000*20001.0*1250*2000 1.0*1250*25001.2*1250*20001.2*1250*2500 1.5*1250*20001.5*1250*20002.0*1250*2000 2.0*1250*25002.5*1250*20002.5*1250*2500 3.0*1250*20003.0*1250*25001.0*1250*2500 0.35*1000*20000.4*1000*20000.45*1000*2000 0.5*1000*20000.6*1000*20000.7*1000*2000 0.8*1000*20002.0*1000*20001.2*1000*2000 1.5*1000*20001.0*1250*2000

（二）电工用冷轧硅钢薄板（GB2521-88）  　　用含硅0.8％-4.8％的电工硅钢为材质，经冷轧而成。  　　冷轧硅钢片分晶粒无取向和晶粒取向两种钢带。冷轧电工钢带具有表面平整、厚度均匀、叠装系数高、冲片性好等特点，且比热轧电工钢带磁感高、铁损低。用冷带代替热轧带制造电机或变压器，其重量和体积可减少0％-25％。若用冷轧取向带，性能更佳，用它代替热轧带或低档次冷轧带，可减少变压器电能消耗量45％-50％，且变压器工作性能更可靠。  　　用于制造电机和变压器。通常，晶粒无取向冷轧带用作电机或焊接变压器等的状态；晶粒取向冷轧带用作电源变压器、脉冲变压器和磁放大器等的铁芯。  　　钢板规格尺寸：厚度为0.35、0.50、0.65mm，宽度为800-1000mm，长度为≤2.0m。

冷轧板带用途很广，如汽车制造、电气产品、机车车辆、航空、精密仪表、食品罐头等。 　　冷轧薄钢板是普通碳素结构钢冷轧板的简称，也称冷轧板，俗称冷板，有时会被误写成冷扎板。冷板是由普通碳素结构钢热轧钢带，经过进一步冷轧制成厚度小于4mm的钢板。由于在常温下轧制，不产生氧化铁皮，因此，冷板表面质量好，尺寸精度高，再加之退火处理，其机械性能和工艺性能都优于热轧薄钢板，在许多领域里，特别是家电制造领域，已逐渐用它取代热轧薄钢板。 　　适用牌号：Q195、Q215、Q235、Q275；SPCC（日本牌号）；ST12（德国牌号） 　　符号：冷轧板的用途 　　1、Q—普通碳素结构钢屈服点（极限）的代号，它是“屈”的第一个汉语拼音字母的大小写；195、215、235、255、275—分别表示它们屈服点（极限）的数值，单位：兆帕MPa（N/mm2）；由于Q235钢的强度、塑性、韧性和焊接性等综合机械性能在普通碳素结构钢中属最了，能较好地满足一般的使用要求，所以应用范围十分广泛。 　　2、S-钢（Steel）、P-板（Plate）、C-冷轧（cold）、第四位C-普通级（common）。 　　3、ST-钢（Steel）、12-普通级冷轧薄钢板、　 　　标记：尺寸精度—尺寸—钢板品种标准 　　冷轧钢板：钢号—技术条件标准 　　标记示例：B-0.57501500-GB708-88；钢板、标准号Q/BQB402，牌号SPCC，热处理状态退火+平整（S），表央加工状态为麻面D，表面质量为FB级的切边（切边EC，不切边EM）钢板、厚度0.5mm，B级精度，宽度1000mm，A级精度，长度2000mm，A级精度，不平度精度为PF.A，则标记为：钢板ECQ/BQB 402-SPCC-SD-FB/（0.51000A2000A-PF.A）； 　　冷轧钢板：Q225-GB912-89 　　主要产地有：宝钢、鞍钢、本钢、武钢、邯钢、包钢、唐钢、涟钢、济钢等 　　冷轧普通薄钢板 ：由普通碳素结构钢或低合金结构钢冷轧制成。冷轧板表面质量较好。具有良好的冲压性能。对其要求要保证冷弯和杯试验合格，常用于汽车等行业和镀层板的原料。 　　冷轧优质薄钢板：主要包括各种优质钢冷轧薄板，最常用的是碳素结构钢板，尤其是深冲压用冷轧薄钢板，是由低碳优质钢08Al冷轧的薄板，钢板按表面质量分为三组；Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ，分别表示特别高级、高级、较高的精整表面,按拉延级别分为ZF、HF、F级（代表用于冲制拉延最复杂、很复杂、复杂的零件）,根据钢板厚度允许偏差，又分为A、B两级精度、广泛用于汽车拖拉机工业。 　　冷轧钢板，表面光洁，加工优良，用于汽车、冰箱、洗衣机等家电，以及产业设备、各种建筑材料。随着经济发展，冷轧钢板已被称为现代社会的必须材料。 冷轧产品的分类： 热轧酸洗、轧硬卷、普通冷轧、镀锌（电镀锌、耐指纹、热镀锌）、镀铝锌、电镀锡、彩涂、电工钢（矽钢片）等。 　　1、热轧酸洗：　　2、轧 硬 卷：在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。　　产品特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。

冷 轧 产 品 品 名        材 质碳 结 板    SPCC、St12、DC01、Q235AB优结钢板   20-45#、08-15#优质碳素钢    08AL低碳深冲板    SC1、SPCE、ST14、DC04 超深冲板  SC2、St15、DC05、SC3、St16、DC06、St17耐腐蚀钢   05CuPCrNi、09CuPCrNi、Q345GNHL 低碳冲压钢   SPCD、ST13、DC03深 冲 板   SPCEN参照： （一）冲压用冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 1、一般冲压用钢：BLC B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；L——低碳（Low Carbon）；C——一般用（Commercial） 2、抗时效性低屈服钢：BLD B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；L——低碳（Low Carbon）；D——冲压用（Drawing） 3、非时效性极深冲用钢：BUFD（BUSD） B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；U——超级（Ultra）；F——成型（Formability）； D——冲压（Drawing） 4、非时效性超深冲用钢：BSUFD B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；SU——超高级（Ultra+Super）；F——成型（Formability）； D——冲压（Drawing） （二）冷成型用高强度冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 B ××× × × B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写；×××——最小屈服点值； ×——一般用V、X、Y、Z表示 V：高强度低合金，屈服点与抗拉强度差值无规定 X：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别70MPa Y：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别100MPa Z：V中屈服点最小值与抗拉强度最小值差别140MPa ×——氧化物/硫化物夹杂控制（K：镇静、细晶粒；F：K+硫化物控制；O：K、F外） 例：B240ZK、B340VK （三）抗凹陷性冷连轧钢带牌号命名方法 B ××× × × B——宝钢（BAOSTEEL）缩写 ×××——最小屈服点值 ×——强化方式（P：强化；H：烘烤硬化） ×——由1或2表示（1：超低碳；2：低碳） 築210P1：深冲压用高强度钢；B250P2：一般加工用含磷高强度钢；B180H1：深冲用烘烤硬化钢

28日国内不锈钢冷轧上涨幅度在500元左右。据信息研究中心商场监测显现，北京区域，冷卷304/2B的0.5-3.0mm报价在3.20-3.33万元左右(吨价，下同)；热板304/No.1太钢6mm-20mm价位在2.78-3.75万元之间；321圆钢报价在4.70-5.10万元，2Cr13、3Cr13报价在0.94万元左右。佛山区域，冷卷304/2B 0.4-3.0mm张浦报价在3.18-3.33万元左右；无锡区域，冷卷304/2B报价张浦0.4-3.0mm报价在3.32-3.43万元，太钢0.5-3.0mm报价在3.25-3.48万元左右。现商场上仍无会集到货，资源继续严重，报价调高后成交状况欠安。商场304冷轧卷报价较9月出厂报价已高出500元左右，在消费旺季降临、商场库存量不大等有利要素的状况下，部分供应商对后市达观。.

目前国内铝行业发展如雨后春笋般突飞猛进，老企业也不断地改造扩大产能，特别是大型预焙电解槽的出现，对铝电解多功能机组的要求也越来越高，各企业都视先进的设备为靠前生产力，作为企业发展竞争的首要优势。　　一、铝电解多功能机组的用途　　铝电解多功能机组是预焙阳极铝电解生产的专用、关键设备。它能完成预焙阳极铝电解槽的下列工艺操作。　　①打壳和覆盖氧化铝。②更换阳极。③出铝。5辅助提升阳极母线。⑤在安装和检修电解槽时，可吊运电解槽上部结构和下部槽壳及其它零星吊运。　　二、铝电解多功能机组的分类　　预焙槽在电解车间的配置方式有横向配置和纵向配置两种，预焙槽按进电方式可分为两点进电槽和大面多点进电槽。合理设计的多点进电槽具有较好的三场分布，生产指标好，因而得到了广泛应用。目前，横向配置多用于新建铝厂；纵向配置国外多见。　　根据工艺配置和电解槽进电方式的需要，铝电解多功能机组可分成电解多功能机组和地面小车两大类。　　电解多功能机组按功能的配备可分为全功能电解多功能机组和简易电解天车两大类，其区别主要在于前者具有全自动更换阳极装置和自己配备有打壳动力源，而后者只有阳极提升、下降机构，同时兼作出铝用。　　铝电解多功能机组按操纵方式可分为驾驶室操纵机组和遥控机组两种形式。驾驶室操纵机组按驾驶室及工具的配置位置又有高位机组和低位机组之分。　　地面小车有：打壳换极车、加料车、出铝车等。　　三、铝电解多功能机组的技术现状　　目前铝电解多功能机组普遍采用了起重机械和工程技术、液气压传动技术、电子技术和较新的科研成果。　　电解多功能机组普遍采用桥式起重机的桥架作为机组机构，在桥架上配置有多个工具机构的工具小车、出铝小车、电葫芦等。　　（1）行走传动系统电解多功能机组国内是从80年代初引进的法国ECL低位机组，采用的是多极电机或电阻调速。靠前批国产的低位机组用于包头铝厂和青海铝厂的行走传动系统为立式齿轮减速机，双齿轮联轴器结构，主要缺点在于减速机易漏油、同心度差、对端梁的破坏性大等。90年代贵州铝厂将该结构的传动方式改为平面二包蜗轮蜗杆传动，减速机输出轴与车轮轴，输入轴与电机轴为整体结构，取消了联轴器，同心度较高。90年代末期至今引进或国内新制作的传动系统大部分设计、制造厂家均倾向于选择进口减速机（三合一），均采用变频调速。　　（2）主小车主小车主要功能：打壳和覆盖氧化铝，更换阳极。主小车可分为低位和高位两种。低位机组主要用于两端进电电解槽，为了便于供电和供气安装有滑环装置，该处故障率较高，随着电解槽的发展，此种车型生产的越来越少。高位机组主要用于多点进电电解槽，打壳机构和下料机构为可伸缩，取消了滑环装置，回转可在270°之内任意旋转。　　（3）出铝小车目前国内出铝小车有两种：一种为单独小车结构，另一种为工具小车结构，即提升机构位于工具小车上，前者较多，后者主要位于简易高位天车上。单独出铝小车又有两种构造方式，一种为硬钩型式，即提升机构在一固定导向框架内升降，受导向框架限制提升高度有限，应用功能较为单一，但吊运物品时无摆动。另一种为软钩型式，在大车大梁底部以下无导向框架，只在大梁底部稍上位置设有导向机构，大车高速运行之前，将吊运物品提升至该位置，可防止摆动。由于提升高度较高，除用于出铝外，还可用于吊运其它物品，应用范围较硬钩广泛。　　（4）气源供给90年代以前因受国内空压机质量影响，国内天车大部分气源由厂房内压缩空气提供，缺点在于运用时必须悬挂风管，使用时不方便。90年代后英格索兰公司进入中国市场，随即英格索兰空压机在电解天车上普遍运用。从近10年使用情况来看效果较好，但因受电解厂房环境因素制约，使用寿命难以达到设计值。据此英格索兰公司专门针对铝电解环境研制了一种抗粉尘空压机（ML37－Ⅲ），并且已投入市场，主要在包头、河南、云南、青铜峡等铝厂使用。　　（5）打壳机构目前国内大部分铝厂使用的打壳机构为气动结构，该结构振动频率高，但本世纪初在云南、焦作铝厂使用的打壳机构为全液压结构，该结构力量大，频率低，但对低位天车来说不易采用，对回转和击头悬挂主架破坏性较大。　　（6）阳极更换装置九十年代末期全液压更换阳极装置的诞生，是专门为预焙阳极铝电解厂多功能机组开发设计制造的电解槽阳极更换机构，以取代早期铝电解多功能机组所使用的四键缸式更换阳极机构，它具有对位准确、动作安全可靠、自动更换阳极等优点。　　（7）驾驶室国内原设计制造的天车在驾驶室中都安装有空调装置，但因天车工作时振动剧烈，厂房内粉尘较大，空调使用寿命均很短，后大部分已取消，取消后驾驶室内冬天采用电热器取暖（主要在北方地区），夏天采用风扇降温，工人作业时极不方便。目前大部分铝厂仍赞成安装空调，产品选用进口的较多，如贵州铝厂、平果铝厂、包头铝厂等厂家。　　（8）整车操作目前国内大部分铝厂的天车操作在驾驶室内完成，但较近几年电子、电气技术飞速发展，先进的技术在天车上得到了运用，遥控天车随即产生，主要在云南、焦作等铝厂制造的天车上。　　四、铝电解多功能机组的发展方向　　1、铝电解多功能机组产品品种的发展方向　　由于横向配置预焙槽可以提高单位面积产量，具有综合经济效益好等优点，目前国内上马在建的铝厂大多选用200KA以上的槽型，多点进电。这就给铝电解多功能机组发展起到推动作用。　　同时还应看到，大型预焙槽及车间的特殊环境对电解多功能机组在可靠性及运转率等方面提出了更高要求。由于驾驶室玻璃的防腐问题和能适合于电解车间环境的高可靠性的空调机尚无法解决，机组作业时，驾驶室处于烟气和热辐射中，司机的视场很不好（高位机组更差），靠地面人工引导作业，严重影响操作和生产效率的提高。　　因而，未来较有发展前途的铝电解多功能机组的品种应是：高可靠性、高运转率、减轻操作工劳动强度、轻而小的多功能机组。　　2、电解多功能机组的技术发展方向（1）轻型化、小型化。（2）功能扩大化。（3）功能机构全液压化。（4）电子化。（5）电气化。（6）调速方式采用变频调速，调速性能好。　　（7）控制方式采用PLC、LOGO，可以减少中间继电器，降低故障率，提高机组的可靠性和运转率。　　（8）操纵方式采用无线电遥控。　　（9）设备集中润滑。

铜管清洗工艺流程 一、工艺流程 　　酸洗-水洗-抛光-水洗-钝化-水洗 二、容器原料：塑料或玻璃钢 三、槽液办理 序号　　工序　　品名　　温度(℃)　　时刻（min）  1　　　酸洗　　酸洗剂　常温　　　　2～8  2　　　水洗　　自来水　常温　　　　1～2  3　　　抛光　　抛光剂　常温　　　　0.5～6  4　　　水洗　　自来水　常温　　　　1～2  5　　　钝化　　钝化剂　常温　　　　2～5 秒  6　　　水洗　　自来水　常温　　　　1～2 补白：各道水洗工艺均为溢流水冲刷 四、操作规程 1、酸洗（清洗）： 　　视工件原料、表面情况和处理温度恰当把握处理时刻；及时铲除表面油污，防止二次污染工件；酸洗液杂质太多或处理作用不抱负时，应替换新液。 2、水洗： 　　溢流水冲刷，工件冲刷洁净后方可进入下一道工序；水质有必要常常替换，防止污染下道工序槽液。 3、抛光： 　　视工件原料、表面情况和处理温度恰当把握处理时刻；及时铲除表面油污，防止二次污染工件；抛光作用不抱负时，应倒槽后补加新液；禁止带入其它杂质污染槽液。 4、水洗 　　溢流水冲刷，工件冲刷洁净后方可进入下一道工序；洗净后的工件当即进入下一道工序；水质有必要常常替换，防止污染下道工序槽液。 5、钝化（关闭） 　　严厉把握处理时刻 2～5 秒钟；钝化作用不抱负时，应倒槽后补加新液。禁止带入其它杂质污染槽液。 6、水洗： 　　溢流水冲刷，水洗一定要完全洁净，不然工件表面不匀、发花；水洗后的工件及时凉干。 五、注意事项 1、各道水洗有必要完全洁净，常常替换。 2、处理液处理作用不抱负时，应及时补加或替换。 3、操作人员要注意安全，穿戴好防护用品（耐酸手套、长筒胶靴、防护眼镜、工作服等），如不小心溅到皮肤上或眼睛里，须用很多清水冲刷或送医疗机构。 4、现在归纳考虑需求清洗铜管数量和工艺条件等要素，暂时依照常温下清洗后凉干。待铜管烘干箱投入使用后，将进一步修正本工艺文件。

矿产资源是人类赖以生存和开展的重要的根底质料，我国约有95%的动力和80%的工业质料都直接或间接地来自矿产资源，跟着技能的前进和工业生产的开展，人们对矿产资源的需求还将进一步添加。这无疑意味着尾矿的数量也将日积月累，尾矿不只污染环境，损害人类的生命，并且还占用了很多的土地、耗费资金、影响厂商的经济效益。但是，依据前史与技能原因，如分选配备陈腐以及分选技能落后，尾矿中仍含有很多有用物质，乃至是富矿，这些资源的搁置，造成了巨大的糟蹋。因而，进行有价元素的收回，对完成尾矿的综合利用具有重要意义[1，2]。本文首要介绍了酸洗对包钢稀土尾矿中稀土元素富集的作用，为下一步进行单一稀土元素的提取奠定了根底。 一、实验 （一）首要质料 本实验所用首要质料为包钢稀土尾矿，其化学成分分析如表1所示，矿藏成分如图1。 表1  包钢稀土尾矿元素含量/%元素TFeFeOCaOM2OSiO2Al2O3TiO2NbREK2ONa2O含量/%17.64.7522.42.1823.10.02≤0.010.710.770.911.19图1  质料矿藏物相分析 （二）实验原理 首要是依据以下化学反响，来到达去除杂质、富集稀土的意图。被溶解的稀土与溶液中的氟化氢反响，生成氟化稀土而沉积在未分化的稀土矿藏中。由于REF3溶度积（Ksp=8×10－16）小于CaF2溶度积（Ksp=217×10－11），因而式（1）、（2）、（3）所示的化学反响不断地进行，既能除掉很多的铁和钙，稀土的损失率又很小[3]。 （三）实验办法 将质料在破碎筛分的根底上，要点调查了酸洗浓度、酸洗时刻、固液比和拌和时刻对富集作用的影响，经过很多的比照实验，断定了最佳参数。 二、结果与评论 （一）浓度的影响 用不同浓度的对尾矿进行酸洗，所得浓度对各元素在酸洗渣中含量的影响如图2所示。图2  酸洗渣中元素含量和浓度的联系 从图2中能够看出，跟着浓度增大，铁的失重率先是减小后又增大，这是由于有如下反响所造成的：当浓度为60%时，CaSiO3根本反响彻底，铁在酸洗渣中的含量到达最大值，当浓度再增大时，跟着FeS和Fe2O3的反响越来越彻底，酸洗渣中铁的含量便逐步削减，因而铁的浸出率便逐步增大。钙和硅的改变根本类似，在浓度小于60%时，硅首要以硅酸的方式分出，钙被溶解，以CaCl2的方式被去除，因而，在浓度低于60%时，硅和钙在酸洗渣中的含量逐步下降，浓度大于60%时，跟着浓度添加，铁越来越能充沛的与反响，钙和硅的含量显着添加，首要以CaF2和SiO2的形状存在，因而，浓度越大，对杂质的去除作用越显着。 （二）固液比的影响 在未拌和的状态下，操控不同的固液比，所做比照实验如图3所示。从图3中能够看出，失重率跟着固液比的增大先是添加后又下降，当固液比为1∶3时，失重率最大，到达48.6%，从图3中能够得出以下几点定论：（1）固液比在1∶3之前，失重率急剧增大，这是由于的量比较少，矿藏反响不彻底所造成的；（2）固液比在1∶3之后，失重率越来越小，是由于酸与矿藏中的铁反响生成Fe（OH）3胶体溶液，还有一部分硅以胶体硅酸的方式存在，跟着酸的液体量逐步增大，在没有拌和的情况下，液固别离，使部分酸不能与矿藏充沛触摸，致使矿藏不能充沛反响。图3  固液比与矿藏失重率的联系 （三）拌和时刻的影响 操控不同的拌和时刻，所做比照实验如图4所示。图4  拌和时刻与矿藏失重率的联系 从图4中能够看出，跟着拌和时刻的添加，失重率逐步增大，当拌和时刻为6h时，曲线趋于平衡，由于在酸洗过程中，跟着拌和时刻的添加，矿藏和能充沛反响，当拌和时刻为6h时，反响根本彻底，所以再跟着拌和时刻的添加，失重率改变不大。跟着拌和时刻的不同，酸洗渣中各元素含量的改变如图5所示。图5  拌和时刻与酸洗渣中元素含量的联系 从图5中能够看出，钙的含量先是下降后又升高，这是由于在反响之初，钙的化合物跟着拌和时刻的添加，反响越来越充沛，当拌和时刻为3h时，钙根本反响彻底，跟着铁含量的下降，钙的含量又逐步添加，铈跟着拌和时刻的添加含量不断添加，当拌和时刻大于5h时，改变不大。 三、定论 （一）包钢尾矿在磨碎的情况下，用浓酸洗作用比较好，操控固液比为1∶3，能使铁的浸出率到达91.97%。 （二）酸洗最佳拌和时刻为6h，使酸洗渣中铁的含量下降到212%，铈的含量添加到515%。 （三）此办法工艺简略，合适包钢尾矿这种稀土低档次矿藏，为稀土元素特别是铈的进一步提取奠定了根底。 参考文献： [1] 胡天喜.文书明,陈明洁,等.我国尾矿综合利用的一些发展[J].国外金属矿选矿,2006,43 （2）:152181. [2] 向武.尾矿综合利用新途径[J].有色金属矿产与勘查，1998,7 （2）:12021221. [3] 吴文远.稀土冶金学[M] .北京:化学工业出版社,2005. 482491.

铝是有色金属之首，产量在所有金属中也仅次于钢铁，但其生产耗电巨大，2006年我国电解铝产量935万吨，综合交流电耗1。4671亿千瓦时，总耗电量1372亿千瓦，占全国电力消耗总量的4。9%，而总产值不到全国GDP的1%，因此电解铝已成为首屈一指的高耗能行业，电力来源与保证供应是电解铝产业的命脉。　　　　近年来，随着煤炭价格的持续上涨和国家实施的“节能减排”限制高耗能产业政策的实施，使电解铝行业的电价高于普通电价，从而导致产业利润大幅缩水，从长远发展角度看，电价持续上涨趋势将继续下去，在此形势下积极探索电解铝产业电力来源新途径就更加具有普遍的现实与长久性的影响。风力发电是新能源产业的重要组成部分，我国风能资源十分丰富，在电解铝企业分布较多的沿海、东北、西北及内陆中北部腹地山区的广大地区，均拥有十分丰富的风能资源，然而直接采购现有的风力发电机组产生的电力是不行的，因为其上网电价还大大高于现有的煤电。　　　　采用联合聚风特大功率风力发电机组发电联合聚风风电机组较新发明技术是将多个长菱形设计形态的“分风式风力发电机组”(以下简称分风机组)间隔并列联合设置，因此在相邻间隔设置的各个长菱形机组的两侧，均可形成由分风机舱分风与其相互影响聚风形成的聚风过流通道，形成相互聚风的效果。而立式双桨轮风轮的桨叶正好并列处于聚风过流通道中，从而使聚集风力持续不断地切向冲击桨轮风轮的较大力矩处，推动其旋转形成较大出力能力转换。　　　　“分风机组”是由立式双桨轮风轮相互齿合联合构成，并可通过并列设置的机组相互联合，使若干个机组实现联合联动的一体化出力态势。可通过菱形聚风斜面的双向合并天然构成机组的设备间(分风机舱)。分风机舱为面对风向的完全固定形态，其对风方法是利用自然界风力路径直线来回运动的特点，通过桨轮风轮正、反旋转方向的调节变化适应风力方向的整体变化，因聚风通道有顺风作用，桨轮风轮对风向又没有特别严格的要求，因此在风向小角度左右偏离主线方向的情况下，不会对机组运行产生任何影响;其通过“分风聚风、联动出力、桨轮径、高、叶面三重设计拓展能力”的共同作用，可使单机超过10兆瓦~100兆瓦特大功率设计成为现实，通过其“伞式桨叶伸缩调控系统”可简单、准确、快速、有效地整体调控桨轮风轮各个桨叶的伸展幅面，实现微风启动、随风调频与刹车减力的控制，并可有效消除台风的影响，其通过多发电机组的并列设置与调控可使机组充分利用微风与强风发电，可实现大功率、低成本维护等众多全新优势的集成，可形成不同规格功率的系列产品。　　　　产生的风电直接输送到电解铝企业风力发电并入国家公共电网输送是电力输送的通常做法，但其技术难度大，控制实施难，设备成本高，涉及的部门多。此外，与公共电网的电力指标比较，应用于电解铝产业的电力指标要求具有特殊性，如对频率的要求、直流输电等，其指标可以大幅度降低，因此采用单独建设风电厂与电解铝企业之间的输电线路进行单独大规模直接输电具有多方面的突出优势和长久效益。展望与效益成熟完善的“联合聚风风电机组”为上述设想提供了坚实的技术能力保证，建设完成后可使该风电设备长期在“大致无成本”的状态下运行;其可使风电的上网电价低于煤电;而“将风电直接输送到电解铝企业使用”设计方式不仅提供了更加简单具体的可行实施保证，还将使其电力价格进一步下降。中国是电解铝生产与出口大国，我国的电解铝企业如果规模化采用无任何消耗与污染排放的风电不仅是长久巨大获益的基础，大幅度增加产品竞争力，还可为国家实现“十一五”节能减排整体目标做出无法估量的贡献。

铝带材横切机组的主要工作是将经冷轧机轧制完毕的铝带材切去头尾、切边、矫直、横切、垛板。主要设备有开卷机、切头剪、圆盘剪、矫直机、飞剪、皮带机、垛板台等。飞剪是其中的关键设备，它在保证剪刃和机列其它设备及带材的速度同步配合的情况下，将平动中的带材按要求的定尺进行高精度的剪切。 　　系统技术性能参数： 　　较高机列速度：60m/min、剪切长度：1000-4500mm、剪切误差：小于±0。5mm、 　　开卷较大张力：20000N、开卷卷径：φ500-φ1700mm来料宽度：620-1260mm、 来料厚度：0。2-3。2mm（取决于矫直机）。 　　A、 将传统的接近开关定位，改为剪刃脉冲码盘自动定位（调试时或更换码盘时进行一次自动定位），消除了接近开关有死区、易受温度、震动等因素影响的缺点； 　　B、 主程序执行的循环时间不到1mS，从根本上保证了控制精度； 　　C、 在线更改机列速度或剪切长度，不影响正常剪切； 　　D、 采用特殊的优化开方程序，大大减少了开方程序的执行时间； 　　E、 PLC采用PROFIBUS总线结构的主从方式，大大地减少了现场电缆及接线工作，同时系统的可靠性也得到较大提高。

澳大利亚研制出铝冷轧机板型控制新技术澳大利亚工业自动化服务公司日前开发研制出铝冷轧机板型控制新技术，采用铝板带边部热喷淋技术来控制板型，并已成功应用于美国纳西州诺兰达公司的六重铝冷轧机改造。据了解，该技术的铝板带边部热喷淋控制系统由计算机控制软件和边部热喷淋系统组成，在铝板带两边的每一边按装有两个热喷淋装置，每个装置上的喷咀控制范围为25mm区段，由几个喷咀组成一个整体，在轧机工作时实施边部热喷淋，从而决了铝板带边部紧的板型缺陷，提高了轧制速度，增加了每个道次的金属通过量。

板带冷轧机这一多质量、旋转运动体系统，在其高速、瞬态轧制过程中，时常会发生轧机振动现象。当轧制工艺、设备和控制等参数配合良好时，这种振动现象并不会明确体现。但是，一旦轧机运行状态超出对产品的精度要求或设备的承受能力，便会导致轧机振动的频繁发生。在带钢冷连轧过程中经常出现的传动系统扭转振动、垂直振动及垂扭耦合振动等振动形式中，以垂向系统的三倍频振动危害较大，它轻则会对轧件产品的板厚-板形质量指标造成不良的影响，重则会导致轧机设备的损害。　　　　北京科技大学的学者针对高速铝板轧制过程中频繁出现的冷轧机垂直振动现象，结合轧制工艺润滑原理和机械振动理论，建立基于辊缝动态摩擦方程的轧机垂直振动模型。该模型由辊缝几何形状模型，轧辊-轧件工作界面的动态摩擦模型，变形区内的正向轧制应力、摩擦应力分布模型，以及单机架铝板冷轧机二自由度垂向系统结构模型组成。同时，为研究轧辊--轧件工作界面动态摩擦机制影响下的冷轧机垂振机理及系统稳定性，采用某厂单机架铝轧机设备及工艺参数，搭建Matlab/Simulink平台，分别模拟仿真轧制压力和正向轧制应力曲线，验证该模型的有效性；并讨论分析了变形区混合摩擦状态，轧辊--轧件表面粗糙度、轧件入口厚度与系统稳定性的关系。

中色万基铝加工有限公司1450冷轧机试车成功12月16日23时45分，中色万基铝加工有限公司1450冷轧机一次带料试车成功。靠前卷厚度为0.7mm、重达5吨的铸轧卷以36米/秒的轧速通过冷轧机，10分钟后，顺利地完成了靠前道次，变为0.5mm。12月18日上午，中色万基1450冷轧线试生产开机仪式在冷轧部隆重举行。河南省委常委、洛阳市委书记孙善武及新安县四大领导班子参加了开机仪式。院党委书记张策、中色科技总经理吴跃武、副总经理刘劲波、王思臣、余铭臬和工业所、装备所领导及相关人员也参加了开机仪式。中色万基副懂事长王清凯主持开机仪式。中色万基总经理郭峰介绍了中色万基的建设情况。在仪式上，院党委书记张策代表懂事长王京海宣读了董事会贺信。在阵阵鞭炮声中，市委书记孙善武按动了开关，冷轧机徐徐转动，现场响起了热烈的掌声。1450冷轧机带料试车成功，掀开了中色万基铝板带工程建设史上新的一页，为喜迎新年献上了一份厚礼。下一阶段，中色万基将进行冷轧机及相关设备的安装调试。建设者们表示，公司上下要以取得的成绩为新起点，总结经验，再接再励，连续作战，继续扎实、细致的做好各项工作，为早日创造经济效益再立新功

登电集团铝加工有限公司新上马的一台￠360/960×1450mm冷轧机于9月份试车成功，10月份将步入正常生产阶段。　　该公司于1997年开始筹建，拥有￠680×1600mm铸轧机两台，￠1000×1850mm铸轧机两台，￠380/1050×1800mm四重不可逆全液压冷轧机一台，年生产板、带、箔能力可达6万吨。公司原有的￠380/1050×1800mm冷轧机生产品种单一，不能满足用户的需求，尤其是生产窄料时成本高，降低了公司的利润空间。为了满足用户要求，公司决定新上一台￠360/960×1450mm冷轧机，专门生产窄料。公司在流动资金十分困难的情况下，多方筹措资金，克服重重困难，在2006年5月份开始安装￠360/960×1450mm冷轧机，7月底安装结束，创造了国内轧机安装较短时间之较。这台轧机主机电机功率大，冷却系统全部采用水冷式冷却，较大的轧制力可减少轧制道次，能够提高生产率，有效降低了窄料的生产成本。    该轧机设计轧制较薄厚度为0.08mm,试车时轧制到了0.06mm。目前，正计划投入使用，以后将以生产PS版基坯料为主。该轧机的投产，对产品的多元化、调整产品结构及新产品开发有着积极的推进作用，将会为铝加工公司创造一个新的经济增长点。

用冷轧、冷拔或冷轧和冷拔相结合的冷加工方法生产管材的整套装备组合。是对热轧管材或焊接管进行深度加工的机组。    依据金属的加工性能、管材尺寸、质量要求以及投资和效益来选择不同的加工方法及相应的辅助工序。冷轧冷拔管的基本工序有：(1)管料供给，所用管料为热轧成品管或半成品管、挤压管以及焊接管；(2)管料准备，包括检查、打捆、酸洗、清洗、冲洗、中和、烘干、涂润滑剂等；(3)冷加工(冷轧或冷拔)；(4)成品精整包括成品热处理、矫直、取样、切头尾、检查(人工检查和各种探伤)、水压试验、涂油、包装、入库等。不同的产品精整内容有所差异。 冷拔管的制造工艺流程    冷加工管机组生产特点是管料从投入到加工成成品通常要经过多次冷变形并产生加工硬化，因而整个生产过程由多个准备工序和变形工序组成，且具有往复循环的特点，因而工序多，生产周期长、金属消耗较大，生产效率较低，一般生产规模均不大。一般是这样： 原料管经酸洗后进入拉管机。 如果管径减缩大要经过几次拉管操作。 如果是合金钢，拉管后要退火。 最后要探伤检验。 成品表面可以认为没有氧化铁皮。

直发卷属热轧卷 热轧卷是用连铸板坯或初轧板坯作原料，经步进式加热炉加热，高压水除鳞后进入粗轧机，粗轧料经切头、尾、再进入精轧机，实施计算机控制轧制，终轧后即经过层流冷却(计算机控制冷却速率)和卷取机卷取、成为直发卷。直发卷的头、尾往往呈舌状及鱼尾状，厚度、宽度精度较差，边部常存在浪形、折边、塔形等缺陷。其卷重较重、钢卷内径为760mm。(一般制管行业喜欢使用。) 热轧产品具有强度高、韧性好、易于加工成型及良好的可焊接性等优良性能，因而被广泛用于船舶、汽车、桥梁、建筑、机械、压力容器等制造行业。 热连轧钢板产品包括钢带（卷）及有其剪切而成的钢板。而钢带（卷）可以分为直发卷及精整卷（分卷、平整卷及纵切卷）。轧硬卷知识轧硬卷：在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。 特点：因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。 应用范围： （1）退火后加工成普通冷轧； （2）有退火前处理装置的镀锌机组加工镀锌； （3）基本不需要加工的面板。中厚板定义：钢板厚度大于等于5.0mm。 分普碳板、优碳板、低合金板、船板、桥梁板、锅炉板、容器板等。 用途：应用于建筑、机械、造船、桥梁、锅炉、压力容器等行业。用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退 火线。轧硬卷重一般在20-40吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。又因为没有经过退火处理，其硬度很高（HRB大于90），机械加工性能极差，只能进行简单的有方向性的小于90度的折弯加工（垂直于卷取方向）。简单点儿来说，冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由于热轧经过连续冷变型而成的冷轧，在机械性能比较差，硬度太高。必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。

采用SAE1006,生产设施配套热轧板表面处理酸洗线、光亮罩式退火炉、四棍可逆冷轧，并配有板面精密平整机组，消除应力平面拉矫机，高精密分条机组。 齐全可轧制厚度为0.08mm～1.5mm厚薄公差控制在±0.02mm以内，宽度由180mm～630mm冷轧卷板。 具有延伸率高、表面光滑达到镜面效果、厚薄度标准、板形平直、耐生锈等特点，适用于各种五金冲压、拉伸性能良好。如LED支架、转定子、灯饰、风扇、摩托车油箱、钢管、家用电器及外壳等各类五金产品。 热卷规格为:2.75*1500*C、3.0*1500*C、3.25*1500*C、3.5*1500*C、3.75*1500*C、4.25*1500*C、4.5*1500*C、4.75*1500*C、5.25*1500*C、5.5*1500*C、5.75*1500*C、6.5*1500*C、7.25*1500C、7.5*1500*C、7.75*1500*C、9.25*1500*C、9.5*1500*C、9.75*1500*C、11.25*1500*C、11.5*1500*C、11.75*1500*C... 热轧板规格板材：（1）中厚板 ：钢板是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。按厚度为为薄钢板(厚度 4毫米)在实际工作中 ，常将厚度 20-60毫米的钢板称为厚板，厚度>60毫米的钢板称为特厚板，统称为中厚钢板。宽度比较小，长度很长的钢板，称为钢带，列为一个独立的品种。钢板有很大的覆盖和包容能力，可用作屋面板、苫盖材料以及制造容器、储油罐、包装箱、火车车箱、汽车外壳、工业炉的壳体等：可按使用要求进行剪裁与组合，制成各种结构件和机械零件，还可制成焊接型钢，进一步扩大钢板的使用范围；可以进行弯曲和冲压成型，制成锅炉、容器、冲制汽车外壳、民用器皿、器具、还可用作焊接钢管、冷弯型钢的坯料。钢板成张或成卷供应。成张钢板的规格以厚度*宽度*长度的毫米数表示。熟悉板、带材的规格，在宽度和长度上充分利用，对提高材料利用率，减少不适当的边角余料、降低工时及产品成本，有十分重要的意义。 普中板、低合金板、容器板 锅炉板 桥梁板、船板。注：这几种板材均出自中厚板轧机，只是由于炼钢所加入材料的不同而区分开来，其外形、厚度、规格基本设置基本相同，一般厚度为6-120mm，其中6 mm、8 mm、10 mm、12mm中厚板价格依次降低，6mm中厚板价格在其中属最贵档次；14-30mm为常用规格，价格处于同一水平；32-49mm属于厚板系列，价格处于同一水平，比常用规格板价格略贵；50-120mm属于超厚板系列，50-90mm板价格处于同一水平，90mm以上规格板价格随着厚度的增加将提高。中厚板代表规格为20mm。 （2）板卷：a、热轧板卷：热轧，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成钢带。从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。简单点儿来说，一块钢坯在加热后（就是电视里那种烧的红红的发烫的钢块）精过几道轧制，再切边，矫正成为钢板，这种叫热轧。 热轧板卷（以平板形式或者卷板形式存在）一般厚度在2.0-13.5mm之间，其中2.0-3.0mm热卷价格从薄到厚逐渐降低；大部分钢厂3.1mm-13.5mm价格基本相当，部分厂家、市场3.1-4.0mm以及9.5mm-13.5mm热板卷价格可能高于4.0mm-9.5mm板的价格，热板卷代表规格为5.5mm厚产品，正常情况下平板的价格略高于卷板的价格。 b、冷轧板卷：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制，内径为610mm。冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。

英文名称：silver-copper alloys 　　银和铜的二元合金，铜具有强化作用。 　　有AgCu3，AgCu7.5，AgCul0，AgCu28和AgCu55等合金。 　　有良好的导电性、流动性和浸润性、较好的机械性能、耐磨性和抗熔焊性。有偏析倾向。 　　用真空中频炉熔炼，铸锭经均匀化退火后可冷加工成板材、片材和丝材。 　　作空气断路器、电压控制器、电话继电器、接触器、起动器等器件的接点，导电环和定触片。真空钎料，还可制造硬币、装饰品和餐具等。银铜合金是通过将纯铜和纯银加入电熔炉进行熔炼，经铸造得到坯料，再加工成各种规模的成品，据专家介绍，铜银总量一般大于９９．５％，银铜合金的一般生产工艺流程主要包括配料、熔炼、铸造、铣面、热轧和冷开坯、中间退火等１５个步骤。　　１、配料　　根据不同的合金品种，选择合格的铜及其他金属原材料，经成份分析和冶金配料计算，按批配料入熔炼炉。　　２、熔炼　　熔炼炉主要有工频有芯感应电炉和中频无芯感应电炉。根据不同合金制订相应熔炼工艺。　　３、铸造　　分水平连续铸造和立式连续铸造两种生产工艺。其中水平连续铸造采用计算机控制交流电机，实现微引程反推工艺，产出符合冷轧开坯的大卷重带坯。　　４、铣面　　水平连续生产的带坯以及立式半连铸经热轧后的带坯，经双面铣削铣面机组铣去带坯表皮缺陷，为冷轧提供良好的带坯。　　５、热轧和冷开坯　　立式半连续之锭坯需经加热后由热轧机轧制成８－１２毫米厚的带坯，水平连续之带坯无需加热轧，经铣面后直接经冷轧机轧制成２．５毫米（根据不同合金和工艺而定）带坯。　　６、中间退火　　合金带卷均在冷轧到一定厚度时（根据不同合金的工艺规模决定），经钟罩式保护气体退火炉中间退火，消除冷轧时产生之加工硬化，以恢复金属塑性，便于继续冷轧。　　７、中轧　　经退火后的２．５毫米带卷，由四辊轧机轧到０．５毫米－０．１毫米，再经中间退火，酸洗后轧到留底厚度或直接冷轧到留底厚度。（根据不同合金产品规模状态由工艺规程决定。）　　８、精轧　　经退火，酸洗后的中轧坯料（留底料），经四辊次冷轧机或二十一辊精轧机直接轧到成品厚度。　　９、脱脂酸洗、洗刷　　冷轧或退火后的铜带，需经脱脂或酸洗洗刷工序，出去表面残留或氧化物，以保证铜带表面光洁。　　１０、连续退火和张力退火　　部分合金铜带，通过单张连续退火以控制产品状态（性能），对部分弹性铜带和电子铜带通过张力退火，达到需要之性能状态和消除内应力不匀，保证带材平整。　　１１、拉弯矫直　　铜带经过拉弯矫直工序，可改善带材板型和消除内应力不匀，并可使带材纵、横向弯曲和波浪消除，尤其是电子铜带和高要求弹性铜带，必须经拉弯矫直，才能保证板型和分剪后铜带之扭曲度。　　１２、电镀　　对来料带材进行清洗活化，通过带材表面进行镀铜，镀铜表面镀上所需金属（如镍、锡等），然后清洗干燥，以保证电镀铜带表面光滑。　　１３、异型带成型加工　　经纵剪后之部分铜带，经异型带加工机列进行连续铣削、刮削等工序，加工成用户需要之对称或非对称断面异型带材。　　１４、剪切及包装　　铜带及纵剪分条后，达到用户所要求宽度并满足公差要求，剪切后用指定之包装材料将铜带包装捆扎。　　１５、检验　　（１）所有原材料和熔铸过程均需取样进行化学成成份分析。　　（２）轧制生产过程均需进行表面质量和尺寸偏差之控制和检验。　　（３）所有成品均按产品标准规定进行尺寸偏差、机械性能、工艺性能和表面质量之检验。　　银铜合金生产需要的主要加工设备包括水平连铸机列、双面铣、初轧机、精轧机、钟罩式退火机、张力退火炉、通过式连续退火炉、拉伸弯曲矫直机、脱脂酸洗机列、纵剪机列、横切机列、异型机成型机等。　　测试仪器包括直读光谱仪、原子吸收光谱、分光光度计、拉力试验机、杯突测试仪、维氏硬度计、洛氏硬度计、用于金相分析和晶粒度测试之金相显微镜、测试导电率的直流电阻电桥等。

热卷规格为:2.75*1500*C、3.0*1500*C、3.25*1500*C、3.5*1500*C、3.75*1500*C、4.25*1500*C、4.5*1500*C、4.75*1500*C、5.25*1500*C、5.5*1500*C、5.75*1500*C、6.5*1500*C、7.25*1500C、7.5*1500*C、7.75*1500*C、9.25*1500*C、9.5*1500*C、9.75*1500*C、11.25*1500*C、11.5*1500*C、11.75*1500*C... 中厚板规格板材：（1）中厚板 ：钢板是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。按厚度为为薄钢板(厚度 4毫米)在实际工作中 ，常将厚度 20-60毫米的钢板称为厚板，厚度>60毫米的钢板称为特厚板，统称为中厚钢板。宽度比较小，长度很长的钢板，称为钢带，列为一个独立的品种。钢板有很大的覆盖和包容能力，可用作屋面板、苫盖材料以及制造容器、储油罐、包装箱、火车车箱、汽车外壳、工业炉的壳体等：可按使用要求进行剪裁与组合，制成各种结构件和机械零件，还可制成焊接型钢，进一步扩大钢板的使用范围；可以进行弯曲和冲压成型，制成锅炉、容器、冲制汽车外壳、民用器皿、器具、还可用作焊接钢管、冷弯型钢的坯料。钢板成张或成卷供应。成张钢板的规格以厚度*宽度*长度的毫米数表示。熟悉板、带材的规格，在宽度和长度上充分利用，对提高材料利用率，减少不适当的边角余料、降低工时及产品成本，有十分重要的意义。 普中板、低合金板、容器板 锅炉板 桥梁板、船板。注：这几种板材均出自中厚板轧机，只是由于炼钢所加入材料的不同而区分开来，其外形、厚度、规格基本设置基本相同，一般厚度为6-120mm，其中6 mm、8 mm、10 mm、12mm中厚板价格依次降低，6mm中厚板价格在其中属最贵档次；14-30mm为常用规格，价格处于同一水平；32-49mm属于厚板系列，价格处于同一水平，比常用规格板价格略贵；50-120mm属于超厚板系列，50-90mm板价格处于同一水平，90mm以上规格板价格随着厚度的增加将提高。中厚板代表规格为20mm。 （2）板卷：a、热轧板卷：热轧，是以板坯（主要为连铸坯）为原料，经加热后由粗轧机组及精轧机组制成钢带。从精轧最后一架轧机出来的热钢带通过层流冷却至设定温度，由卷取机卷成钢带卷，冷却后的钢带卷，根据用户的不同需求，经过不同的精整作业线（平整、矫直、横切或纵切、检验、称重、包装及标志等）加工而成为钢板、平整卷及纵切钢带产品。简单点儿来说，一块钢坯在加热后（就是电视里那种烧的红红的发烫的钢块）精过几道轧制，再切边，矫正成为钢板，这种叫热轧。 热轧板卷（以平板形式或者卷板形式存在）一般厚度在2.0-13.5mm之间，其中2.0-3.0mm热卷价格从薄到厚逐渐降低；大部分钢厂3.1mm-13.5mm价格基本相当，部分厂家、市场3.1-4.0mm以及9.5mm-13.5mm热板卷价格可能高于4.0mm-9.5mm板的价格，热板卷代表规格为5.5mm厚产品，正常情况下平板的价格略高于卷板的价格。 b、冷轧板卷：用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制，内径为610mm。冷轧，是在热轧板卷的基础上加工轧制出来的，一般来讲是热轧---酸洗---冷轧这样的加工过程。冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。 冷轧板卷（以平板形式或者卷板形式存在）一般厚度在0.2mm-3.0mm之间，其中0.2mm-1mm(不包括1.0mm) 产品价格从薄到厚逐渐降低，1.0mm-2.0mm产品价格基本相当，大于2.0mm小于等于3.0mm冷板卷价格略高于1.0mm-2.0mm组距冷板卷价格，冷轧板卷的代表规格为1.0mm，正常情况下平板的价格略高于卷板的价格。 c、镀锌板卷：镀锌钢板是为防止钢板表面遭受腐蚀，延长其使用寿命，在钢板表面涂以一层金属锌，这种涂锌的薄钢板称为镀锌板。按生产及加工方法可分为以下几类：①热浸镀锌钢板。将薄钢板浸入熔解的锌槽中，使其表面粘附一层锌的薄钢板。目前主要采用连续镀锌工艺生产，即把成卷的钢板连续浸在熔解有锌的镀槽中制成镀锌钢板；②合金化镀锌钢板。这种钢板也是用热浸法制造，但在出槽后，立即把它加热到500℃左右，使其生成锌和铁的合金被膜。这种镀锌板具有良好的涂料的密着性和焊接性；③电镀锌钢板。用电镀法制造这种镀锌钢板具有良好的加工性。但镀层较薄，耐腐蚀性不如热浸法镀锌板；④单面镀和双面差镀锌钢板。单面镀锌钢板，即只在一面镀锌的产品。在焊接、涂装、防锈处理、加工等方面，具有比双面镀锌板更好的适应性。为克服单面未涂锌的缺点，又有一种在另面涂以薄层锌的镀锌板，即双面差镀锌板；⑤合金、复合镀锌钢板。它是用锌和其他金属如铅、锌制成合金乃至复合镀成的钢板。这种钢板既具有卓越的防锈性能，又有良好的涂装性能。 除上述五种外，还有彩色镀锌钢板、印花涂装镀锌钢板、聚氯乙烯叠层镀锌钢板等。但目前最常用的仍为热浸镀锌板。 镀锌钢板按用途又可分为一般用、屋顶用、建筑外侧板用、结构用、瓦垄板用、拉伸用和深冲用等镀锌钢板。 镀锌板：一般规格在0.3mm-2.0mm，其价格从薄到厚逐渐降低，镀锌板卷代表规格为1.0mm。 d、彩涂板卷：一般彩涂的基板有热镀锌和镀铝锌的。就是在热镀锌板和镀铝锌板上喷涂料，经过几次喷涂，烤漆后加工出来的就是彩涂板啦！！彩涂板的基板可以分成冷轧基板、热镀锌基板、电镀锌基板。 彩涂板的涂层种类可以分成：聚酯、硅改性聚酯、偏聚二氟乙烯、塑料溶胶。彩涂板的颜色可以按用户的要求分成很多种类如桔黄、奶黄、深天蓝、海蓝、绯红、砖红、象牙、瓷蓝等。彩涂板的表面状态可以分成涂层板、压花板、印花板。彩涂板市场用途主要分为建筑、家电和交通运输等三部分，其中建筑领域所占比例最大，家电业次之，交通运输业只占较少一部分。建筑用彩涂板一般以热镀锌钢板和热镀铝锌钢板为基板，主要加工成瓦楞板或与聚酯复合夹芯板后，用于建造钢结构厂房、机场、库房、冷冻库等工业和商业建筑的屋顶、墙面、门。 家电彩板一般以电镀锌和冷板为基板，用于生产冰箱和大型空调系统，冰柜、面包机、家具等。交通运输业上一般以电镀锌和冷板为基板，主要用于油底壳，汽车内饰件等。 彩涂板：一般规格在0.25 mm -0.7mm，其价格从薄到厚逐渐降低，彩涂板卷代表规格为0.47mm。

4月20日消息： 定义铝铸锻件是指是采用铸造的加工方式而得到的纯铝或铝合金的设备器件。一般是采用砂型模或金属模将加热为液态的铝或铝合金浇入模腔，而得到的各种形状和尺寸的铝零件或铝合金零件通常就称为铝压铸件。 铸造模式铸轧、热轧、冷轧、箔轧 铸轧 连续铸轧是直接将金属熔体“轧制”成半成品带坯或成品带材的工艺，这种工艺的显著特点是使其结晶器为两个带水冷却系统的旋转铸轧辊，熔体在辊缝间完成凝固和热轧两个过程，而且是在很短的时间内。 铸轧工艺参数： 铸轧采用双辊倾斜式铸轧机φ650mm×1600mm和φ980mm×1600mm。前箱内熔体温度，纯铝为685～700℃，3A11为690～705℃；辊缝要求，板坯厚7.0～7.5mm时，纯铝为6.3～6.5mm，3A11为6.0～6.3mm；铸轧区长度，φ650mm铸轧机为40～45mm，φ980mm铸轧机为55～60mm；冷却水压0.3～0.5MPa，水温低于25℃；铸轧速度，纯铝为0.95～1.10m/min，3A11为0.8～0.95m/min；新铸轧辊凸度值：φ650mm铸轧辊时纯铝为0.10～0.12mm，3A11为0.15～0.20mm；φ980mm铸轧辊时，纯铝为0.04～0.06mm，3A11为0.10～0.12mm；供料嘴预热时，加热炉膛定温300℃，保温8h以上；前箱液面高度控制在10～20mm之间。 热轧  热轧就是在再结晶温度以上进行的轧制 热轧优缺点： （1）热轧能显著降低能耗，降低成本。热轧时金属塑性高，变形抗力低，大大减少了金属变形的能量消耗 （2）热轧能改善金属及合金的加工工艺性能，即将铸造状态的粗大晶粒破碎，显著裂纹愈合，减少或消除铸造缺陷，将铸态组织转变为变形组织，提高合金的加工性能。（3）热轧通常采用大铸锭，大压下量轧制，不仅提高了生产效率，而且为提高轧制速度、实现轧制过程的连续化和自动化创造了条件1.经过热轧之后，钢材内部的非金属夹杂物（主要是硫化物和氧化物，还有硅酸盐）被压成薄片，出现分层（夹层）现象。分层使钢材沿厚度方向受拉的性能大大恶化，并且有可能在焊缝收缩时出现层间撕裂。焊缝收缩诱发的局部应变时常达到屈服点应变的数倍，比荷载引起的应变大?枚啵?2.不均匀冷却造成的残余应力。残余应力是在没有外力作用下内部自相平衡的应力，各种截面的热轧型钢都有这类残余应力，一般型钢截面尺寸越大，残余应力也越大。残余应力虽然是自相平衡的，但对钢构件在外力作用下的性能还是有一定影响。如对变形、稳定性、抗疲劳等方面都可能产生不利的作用。3热轧不能非常精确地控制产品所需的力学性能，热轧制品的组织和性能不能够均匀。其强度指标低于冷作硬化制品，而高于完全退火制品;塑性指标高于冷作硬化制品，而低于完全退火制品。4热轧产品厚度尺寸较难控制，控制精度相对较差;热轧制品的表面较冷轧制品粗糙Ra值一般在0.5～1.5μm。因此，热轧产品一般多作为冷轧加工的坯料。 冷轧  冷轧：冷轧是在再结晶温度以下进行的轧制，用热轧钢卷为原料，经酸洗去除氧化皮后进行冷连轧，其成品为轧硬卷，由于连续冷变形引起的冷作硬化使轧硬卷的强度、硬度上升、韧塑指标下降，因此冲压性能将恶化，只能用于简单变形的零件。轧硬卷可作为热镀锌厂的原料，因为热镀锌机组均设置有退火线。轧硬卷重一般在6~13.5吨，钢卷在常温下，对热轧酸洗卷进行连续轧制。内径为610mm。 冷轧是在常温状态下由热轧板加工而成，虽然在加工过程因为轧制也会使钢板升温，尽管如此还是叫冷轧。由于热轧经过连续冷变型而成的冷轧，在机械性能比较差，硬度太高。必须经过退火才能恢复其机械性能，没有退火的叫轧硬卷。轧硬卷一般是用来做无需折弯，拉伸的产品，1.0以下厚度轧硬的运气好的两边或者四边折弯。 冷轧与热轧比较 1、冷轧成型钢允许截面出现局部屈曲，从而可以充分利用杆件屈曲后的承载力；而热轧型钢不允许截面发生局部屈曲。　　2、热轧型钢和冷轧型钢残余应力产生的原因不同，所以截面上的分布也有很大差异。冷弯薄壁型钢截面上的残余应力分布是弯曲型的，而热扎型钢或焊接型钢截面上残余应力分布是薄膜型。　　3、热轧型钢的自由扭转刚度比冷轧型钢高，所以热轧型钢的抗扭性能要优于冷轧型钢。1、外观及表面质量：由于冷板是热板在冷轧工序后得到的，而且冷轧同时还会进行一些表面精整所以冷板在表面质量（如表面粗糙度之类）上比热板来得好，所以如果对产品后序上漆等涂覆质量存在较高要求的，一般选择冷板，另热板又分酸洗板和未酸洗板，酸洗板表面由于酸洗过所以成正常的金属色，但是未冷轧所以表面还是没冷板高，未酸洗板通常表面会有氧化层带着，发乌，或者存在四氧化三铁乌层，通俗讲就是火烤过似的，而且如果存放环境不好的话通常会带点绣。2、性能：一般情况下，热板和冷板在工程中其机械性能是认为无区别的，虽然冷板在冷轧过程中存在一定的加工硬化，（不过不排除对机械性能要求严格的情况，那就需要区别对待了），冷板通常比热板的屈服强度稍高，表面硬度也高一些，具体怎么样需要看冷板退火的程度。。但是不管怎么退火冷板强度是比热板高的。3、成形性能，由于冷热板得性能基本差不太多，所以成形性能的影响因素就要看其表面质量的区别的，由于表面质量是冷板来的要好，所以通常来讲同材质的钢板，冷板比热板的成形外观效果要好一些。 箔轧  铝箔是很薄的带材，在不同国家，厚度不同。我国定为0.2mm以下，铝箔生产以0.4～0.6mm的退火带卷坯为原料，经3～6道次轧制成所要求的厚度，厚度轧制至0.09～0.014mm时则进行双合叠轧，铝箔生产基本工艺流程如下：液体铝→铸锭→锯切→铣面→铸锭加热→热轧→热轧带卷→冷轧→切边/分边→铝箔毛料→退火→初轧→合卷→精轧→铝箔→分切和切边→成品退火→包装→发货。 （一）铝箔坯料     铝箔坯料生产有铸锭热轧和连铸轧两种方法。铝板带生产铝箔采用铸锭热轧法、即半连续铸造出的铸锭经铣面后，加热热轧至0.4～0.6mm。 （二）坯料退火     经冷轧后的带卷坯料塑性差，为进行箔材轧制必须给予退火炉中进行，退火温度一般为400～500℃，退火周期6～12h。 （三）轧制 规模较大的铝箔车间，根据所轧箔材的厚度和轧机专业分工，将轧制工序分为粗轧、中精轧等工序。 （四）分卷 分卷是将叠轧的两张箔材分开，分别卷在两个套筒上。 （五）成品退火 箔材成品退火的目的不仅是为了提高作为包装材料所必需的塑性，而且也是为了消除箔材表面上残留的轧制油，获得表面无油渍、光亮的箔材。 （六）剪切 箔材剪切时应避免边部不齐或损坏的缺陷。其生产的原因是刀片位置不对或刀片不锐所致。 （七）检查 检查包括：卷材外观检查、尺寸检查和表面质量检查。

         银铜合金 silver-copper alloys 　　银和铜的二元合金，铜具有强化作用。 　　有AgCu3，AgCu7.5，AgCul0，AgCu28和AgCu55等合金。 　　有良好的导电性、流动性和浸润性、较好的机械性能、耐磨性和抗熔焊性。有偏析倾向。 　　用真空中频炉熔炼，铸锭经均匀化退火后可冷加工成板材、片材和丝材。 　　作空气断路器、电压控制器、电话继电器、接触器、起动器等器件的接点，导电环和定触片。真空钎料，还可制造硬币、装饰品和餐具等。银铜合金线是银铜合金的一种材料类型。        银铜合金是通过将纯铜和纯银加入电熔炉进行熔炼，经铸造得到坯料，再加工成各种规模的成品，据专家介绍，铜银总量一般大于99.5%，银铜合金的一般生产工艺流程主要包括配料、熔炼、铸造、铣面、热轧和冷开坯、中间退火等15个步骤。1、配料根据不同的合金品种，选择合格的铜及其他 金属 原材料，经成份分析和冶金配料计算，按批配料入熔炼炉。2、熔炼熔炼炉主要有工频有芯感应电炉和中频无芯感应电炉。根据不同合金制订相应熔炼工艺。3、铸造分水平连续铸造和立式连续铸造两种生产工艺。其中水平连续铸造采用计算机控制交流电机，实现微引程反推工艺，产出符合冷轧开坯的大卷重带坯。4、铣面水平连续生产的带坯以及立式半连铸经热轧后的带坯，经双面铣削铣面机组铣去带坯表皮缺陷，为冷轧提供良好的带坯。5、热轧和冷开坯立式半连续之锭坯需经加热后由热轧机轧制成8-12毫米厚的带坯，水平连续之带坯无需加热轧，经铣面后直接经冷轧机轧制成2.5毫米（根据不同合金和工艺而定）带坯。6、中间退火合金带卷均在冷轧到一定厚度时（根据不同合金的工艺规模决定），经钟罩式保护气体退火炉中间退火，消除冷轧时产生之加工硬化，以恢复 金属 塑性，便于继续冷轧。7、中轧经退火后的2.5毫米带卷，由四辊轧机轧到0.5毫米－0.1毫米，再经中间退火，酸洗后轧到留底厚度或直接冷轧到留底厚度。（根据不同合金产品规模状态由工艺规程决定。）8、精轧经退火，酸洗后的中轧坯料（留底料），经四辊次冷轧机或二十一辊精轧机直接轧到成品厚度。9、脱脂酸洗、洗刷冷轧或退火后的铜带，需经脱脂或酸洗洗刷工序，出去表面残留或氧化物，以保证铜带表面光洁。10、连续退火和张力退火部分合金铜带，通过单张连续退火以控制产品状态（性能），对部分弹性铜带和电子铜带通过张力退火，达到需要之性能状态和消除内应力不匀，保证带材平整。11、拉弯矫直铜带经过拉弯矫直工序，可改善带材板型和消除内应力不匀，并可使带材纵、横向弯曲和波浪消除，尤其是电子铜带和高要求弹性铜带，必须经拉弯矫直，才能保证板型和分剪后铜带之扭曲度。12、电镀对来料带材进行清洗活化，通过带材表面进行镀铜，镀铜表面镀上所需 金属 （如镍、锡等），然后清洗干燥，以保证电镀铜带表面光滑。13、异型带成型加工经纵剪后之部分铜带，经异型带加工机列进行连续铣削、刮削等工序，加工成用户需要之对称或非对称断面异型带材。14、剪切及包装铜带及纵剪分条后，达到用户所要求宽度并满足公差要求，剪切后用指定之包装材料将铜带包装捆扎。15、检验所有原材料和熔铸过程均需取样进行化学成成份分析。轧制生产过程均需进行表面质量和尺寸偏差之控制和检验。所有成品均按产品标准规定进行尺寸偏差、机械性能、工艺性能和表面质量之检验。银铜合金生产需要的主要加工设备包括水平连铸机列、双面铣、初轧机、精轧机、钟罩式退火机、张力退火炉、通过式连续退火炉、拉伸弯曲矫直机、脱脂酸洗机列、纵剪机列、横切机列、异型机成型机等。测试仪器包括直读光谱仪、原子吸收光谱、分光光度计、拉力试验机、杯突测试仪、维氏硬度计、洛氏硬度计、用于金相分析和晶粒度测试之金相显微镜、测试导电率的直流电阻电桥等。  银铜合金接触线的制造新工艺，概述了电气化铁路银铜合金接触线的常用工艺方法,说明了研究新的接触线制造工艺的必要性,并提出了新的银铜合金接触线制造方法———连续挤压法。通过对上引连铸、连铸连轧、连续挤压工艺所生产的银铜合金接触线的组织和性能的比较分析,得出了连续挤压法是一种优于上引连铸和连铸连轧工艺的银铜合金接触线制造方法的结论。